The Campaigns of Sargon II, King of Assyria, 721–705 B.C.

Download The Campaigns of Sargon II, King of Assyria, 721–705 B.C. PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806156821
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Campaigns of Sargon II, King of Assyria, 721–705 B.C. by : Sarah C. Melville

Download or read book The Campaigns of Sargon II, King of Assyria, 721–705 B.C. written by Sarah C. Melville and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2016-07-27 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Backed by an unparalleled military force, Sargon II outwitted and outfought powerful competitors to extend Assyrian territory and secure his throne. As Sarah C. Melville shows through a detailed analysis of each of his campaigns, the king used his army not just to conquer but also to ensure regional security, manage his empire’s resources, and support his political agenda. Under his leadership, skilled chariotry, cavalry, and infantry excelled in all types of terrain against an array of culturally diverse enemies. This book represents the first in-depth military study of the great Assyrian king. Drawing extensively from original sources, including cuneiform inscriptions, the letters of Sargon and his officials, archival documents, and monumental art, Melville presents Sargon’s achievements as king, diplomat, and conqueror. Contrary to the stereotype of the brutal Assyrian despot, Sargon applied force selectively, with deliberate economy, and as only one of several possible ways to deal with external threat or to exploit opportunity. The Campaigns of Sargon II demonstrates how Sargon changed the geopolitical dynamics in the Near East, inspired a period of cultural florescence, established long-lasting Assyrian supremacy, and became one of the most influential kings of the ancient world.

The Campaigns of Sargon II, King of Assyria, 721-705 B.C., 55

Download The Campaigns of Sargon II, King of Assyria, 721-705 B.C., 55 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780806169071
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (69 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Campaigns of Sargon II, King of Assyria, 721-705 B.C., 55 by : Sarah C. Melville

Download or read book The Campaigns of Sargon II, King of Assyria, 721-705 B.C., 55 written by Sarah C. Melville and published by . This book was released on 2021-07-13 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Backed by an unparalleled military force, Sargon II outwitted and outfought powerful competitors to extend Assyrian territory and secure his throne. As Sarah C. Melville shows through a detailed analysis of each of his campaigns, the king used his army not just to conquer but also to ensure regional security, manage his empire's resources, and support his political agenda. Under his leadership, skilled chariotry, cavalry, and infantry excelled in all types of terrain against an array of culturally diverse enemies. This book represents the first in-depth military study of the great Assyrian king. Drawing extensively from original sources, including cuneiform inscriptions, the letters of Sargon and his officials, archival documents, and monumental art, Melville presents Sargon's achievements as king, diplomat, and conqueror. Contrary to the stereotype of the brutal Assyrian despot, Sargon applied force selectively, with deliberate economy, and as only one of several possible ways to deal with external threat or to exploit opportunity. The Campaigns of Sargon II demonstrates how Sargon changed the geopolitical dynamics in the Near East, inspired a period of cultural florescence, established long-lasting Assyrian supremacy, and became one of the most influential kings of the ancient world.

Sargon II, King of Assyria

Download Sargon II, King of Assyria PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SBL Press
ISBN 13 : 9780884142249
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sargon II, King of Assyria by : Josette Elayi

Download or read book Sargon II, King of Assyria written by Josette Elayi and published by SBL Press. This book was released on 2017-07-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A critical resource that traces the reign of Sargon in context Josette Elayi's book is the only existing biography of Sargon II, the famous Assyrian king, who was a megalomaniac and a warlord. Elayi addresses such important questions, including what was his precise role in the disappearance of the kingdom of Israel; how did Sargon II succeed in enlarging the borders of the Assyrian Empire by several successful campaigns; how did he organize his empire (administration, trade, agriculture, libraries), and what was the so-called sin of Sargon? Features: Interpretations of decisive events during the life and reign of the Assyrian king An evaluation of Sargon II s reign Maps, tables, and illustrations

Sennacherib, King of Assyria

Download Sennacherib, King of Assyria PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SBL Press
ISBN 13 : 088414318X
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (841 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sennacherib, King of Assyria by : Josette Elayi

Download or read book Sennacherib, King of Assyria written by Josette Elayi and published by SBL Press. This book was released on 2018-09-14 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A critical resource for students and scholars of the ancient Near East and the Bible Josette Elayi’s Sennacherib, King of Assyria is the only biography of Sargon II’s famous son. Elayi traces the reign of Sennacherib in context in order to illuminate more fully the life and contributions of this warlord, builder, innovator, and social reformer—a unique figure among the Assyrian kings. Elayi offers both an evaluation of this royal figure and an assessment of the Assyrian Empire by interpreting the historical information surrounding the decisive events of his reign. Features: Exploration of why Sennacherib did not seize Jerusalem or remove Hezekiah from the throne An extensive investigation of annals, royal inscriptions, letters, palace reliefs, clay tablets, and excavation reports Maps and tables

The Campaigns of Sargon II, King of Assyria, 721–705 B.C.

Download The Campaigns of Sargon II, King of Assyria, 721–705 B.C. PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 080615683X
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Campaigns of Sargon II, King of Assyria, 721–705 B.C. by : Sarah C. Melville

Download or read book The Campaigns of Sargon II, King of Assyria, 721–705 B.C. written by Sarah C. Melville and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2016-07-27 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Backed by an unparalleled military force, Sargon II outwitted and outfought powerful competitors to extend Assyrian territory and secure his throne. As Sarah C. Melville shows through a detailed analysis of each of his campaigns, the king used his army not just to conquer but also to ensure regional security, manage his empire’s resources, and support his political agenda. Under his leadership, skilled chariotry, cavalry, and infantry excelled in all types of terrain against an array of culturally diverse enemies. This book represents the first in-depth military study of the great Assyrian king. Drawing extensively from original sources, including cuneiform inscriptions, the letters of Sargon and his officials, archival documents, and monumental art, Melville presents Sargon’s achievements as king, diplomat, and conqueror. Contrary to the stereotype of the brutal Assyrian despot, Sargon applied force selectively, with deliberate economy, and as only one of several possible ways to deal with external threat or to exploit opportunity. The Campaigns of Sargon II demonstrates how Sargon changed the geopolitical dynamics in the Near East, inspired a period of cultural florescence, established long-lasting Assyrian supremacy, and became one of the most influential kings of the ancient world.

The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721-705 BC)

Download The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721-705 BC) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781646021093
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (21 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721-705 BC) by : Grant Frame

Download or read book The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721-705 BC) written by Grant Frame and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II was one of the most important and famous rulers of ancient Mesopotamia. In this volume of critically important ancient documents, Grant Frame presents reliable, updated editions of Sargon's approximately 130 historical inscriptions, as well as several from his wife, his brother, and other high officials. Beginning with a thorough introduction to the reign of Sargon II and an overview of the previous scholarship on his inscriptions, this modern scholarly edition contains the entire extant corpus. It presents more than 130 inscriptions, preserved on stone wall slabs from his palace, paving slabs, colossi, steles, prisms, cylinders, bricks, metal, and other objects, along with brief introductions, commentaries, comprehensive bibliographies, accurate transliterations, and elegant English translations of the Akkadian texts. This monumental work is complemented by more than two dozen photographs of the inscribed objects; indices of museum and excavation numbers, selected publications, and proper names; and translations of relevant passages from several other Akkadian texts, including chronicles and king lists. Informed by advances in the study of the Akkadian language and featuring more than twice as many texts as previous editions of Sargon II's inscriptions, this will be the editio princeps for Assyriologists and students of the Sargonic inscriptions for decades to come.

The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721–705 BC)

Download The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721–705 BC) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1646021495
Total Pages : 622 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (46 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721–705 BC) by : Grant Frame

Download or read book The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721–705 BC) written by Grant Frame and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2020-11-18 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II was one of the most important and famous rulers of ancient Mesopotamia. In this volume of critically important ancient documents, Grant Frame presents reliable, updated editions of Sargon’s approximately 130 historical inscriptions, as well as several from his wife, his brother, and other high officials. Beginning with a thorough introduction to the reign of Sargon II and an overview of the previous scholarship on his inscriptions, this modern scholarly edition contains the entire extant corpus. It presents more than 130 inscriptions, preserved on stone wall slabs from his palace, paving slabs, colossi, steles, prisms, cylinders, bricks, metal, and other objects, along with brief introductions, commentaries, comprehensive bibliographies, accurate transliterations, and elegant English translations of the Akkadian texts. This monumental work is complemented by more than two dozen photographs of the inscribed objects; indices of museum and excavation numbers, selected publications, and proper names; and translations of relevant passages from several other Akkadian texts, including chronicles and king lists. Informed by advances in the study of the Akkadian language and featuring more than twice as many texts as previous editions of Sargon II’s inscriptions, this will be the editio princeps for Assyriologists and students of the Sargonic inscriptions for decades to come.

A Companion to Assyria

Download A Companion to Assyria PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118325230
Total Pages : 648 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Companion to Assyria by : Eckart Frahm

Download or read book A Companion to Assyria written by Eckart Frahm and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-24 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Companion to Assyria is a collection of original essays on ancient Assyria written by key international scholars. These new scholarly contributions have substantially reshaped contemporary understanding of society and life in this ancient civilization. The only detailed up-to-date introduction providing a scholarly overview of ancient Assyria in English within the last fifty years Original essays written and edited by a team of respected Assyriology scholars from around the world An in-depth exploration of Assyrian society and life, including the latest thought on cities, art, religion, literature, economy, and technology, and political and military history

Cavalry Operations in the Ancient Greek World

Download Cavalry Operations in the Ancient Greek World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 9780806134444
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (344 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cavalry Operations in the Ancient Greek World by : Robert E. Gaebel

Download or read book Cavalry Operations in the Ancient Greek World written by Robert E. Gaebel and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2002 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this comprehensive narrative, Robert E. Gaebel challenges conventional views of cavalry operations in the Greek world. Applying both military and historical perspectives, Gaebel shows that until the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C., cavalry played a larger role than is commonly recognized. Gaebel traces the operational use of cavalry in the ancient Greek world from circa 500 to 150 B.C., the end of Greek and Macedonian independence. Emphasizing the Greek and Hellenistic periods (359322 B.C.), he provides information about the military use of horses in the eastern Mediterranean, Greek stable management and horse care, and broad battlefield goals.

The Assyrian Army

Download The Assyrian Army PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Assyrian Army by : Tamás Dezsö

Download or read book The Assyrian Army written by Tamás Dezsö and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Ancient Assyrians

Download The Ancient Assyrians PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1472848071
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (728 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Ancient Assyrians by : Mark Healy

Download or read book The Ancient Assyrians written by Mark Healy and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2023-07-20 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on 30 years of scholarship, this is a unique, richly illustrated history of the Ancient Assyrian Army and Empire. For the greater part of the period from the end of the 10th century to the 7th century BC, the Ancient Near East was dominated by the dynamic military power of Assyria. This book examines the empire that is now acknowledged as the first 'world' empire, and thus progenitor of all others. Fully illustrated in colour throughout, with photographs of artefacts, drawings and maps, it focuses on the Assyrian Army, the instrument that secured such immense conquests, now regarded by historians as being the most effective of pre-classical times. It was not only responsible for the creation of history's first independent cavalry arm, but also for the development of siege weapons later used by both Greece and Rome. There is a great deal of visual evidence showing how this army evolved over three centuries. During the rediscovery and excavation of the Assyrian civilisation in the mid-19th century, many wall reliefs and artefacts were recovered, and the enormous amount of research carried out by Assyriologists since that time has revealed the immense impact of the Assyrian Empire on history. Such has been the scale of archaeological discovery in more recent years that it is now possible to give the actual names of chariot/cavalry unit commanders. Drawing on this rich scholarship, and utilising the fantastic collections of museums around the world, Mark Healy presents a unique new history of this fascinating army and empire.

Canaanites

Download Canaanites PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 9780806131085
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Canaanites by : Jonathan N. Tubb

Download or read book Canaanites written by Jonathan N. Tubb and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Canaanites explores the ancient population of the Western Levant (Israel, Transjordan, Lebanon, and coastal Syria), examining the development of its distinctive culture from the early farming communities of the eighth millennium B.C. to the fragmentation of its social and cultural ideals in the latter half of the first millennium B.C. Jonathan N. Tubb makes judicious use of the Hebrew Bible in describing Canaanite culture. He views the Bible as a rich resource for understanding the literary and theological heritage of Israel, which he classifies as a subculture of Canaan. At the same time he reveals the limitations of the Bible as a historical document, arguing that to reconstruct the Canaanites' history we must first look at the archaeological data. Tubb stresses the continuity of Canaanite civilization, portraying events such as the imposition of Egyptian imperial rule and the development of historical Israel as episodic interruptions.

Women in Prehistory

Download Women in Prehistory PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Women in Prehistory by : Margaret R. Ehrenberg

Download or read book Women in Prehistory written by Margaret R. Ehrenberg and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: " "ocial attitudes in our culture have led to the assumption that early advances in human knowledge were the achievements of men; the role of women in prehistoric times has been largely overlooked. In this thought-provoking book, however, Margaret Ehrenberg argues that the true contribution of women especially in the discovery and development of agriculture was much greater than has been acknowledged to date. Examining the evidence from archaeological, anthropological, and classical documentary sources, Ehrenberg throws new light on the lives of women and their social status in Europe from the Palaeolithic era to the Iron Age. The relationship between the role of women and economic production is a central theme of this survey. In Bronze Age and Iron Age societies individual women are seen to be in positions of power. Although available evidence is fragmentary and often controversial, Ehrenberg shows how information can be gathered from skeletons and grave goods found in burials, from settlement sites, from rock carvings and sculpted figurines, as well as from anthropological parallels, to enable significant inferences to be drawn about the life of prehistoric women.

The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III (744–727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726–722 BC), Kings of Assyria

Download The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III (744–727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726–722 BC), Kings of Assyria PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1575066572
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (75 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III (744–727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726–722 BC), Kings of Assyria by : Hayim Tadmor

Download or read book The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III (744–727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726–722 BC), Kings of Assyria written by Hayim Tadmor and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2011-06-23 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744–727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726–722 BC), Kings of Assyria (Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 1) carries on where the Assyrian Periods sub-series of the Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia (RIM) Project ended. The volume provides reliable, up-to-date editions of seventy-three royal inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III and of his son and immediate successor Shalmaneser V, eleven late Neo-Assyrian inscriptions which may be attributed to one of those two eighth-century rulers, and eight texts commissioned by Assyrian queens and high-ranking officials. Following the style of the now-defunct RIM series, each text edition (with its English translation) is supplied with a brief introduction containing general information, a catalogue containing basic information about all exemplars, a commentary containing further technical information and notes, and a comprehensive bibliography. RINAP 1 also includes: (1) a general introduction to the reigns of Tiglath-pileser III and Shalmaneser V, the corpus of inscriptions, previous studies, and dating and chronology; (2) translations of the relevant passages of Mesopotamian king lists and chronicles; (3) several photographs of objects inscribed with texts of Tiglath-pileser III and Shalmaneser V; (4) indices of museum and excavation numbers and selected publications; and (5) indices of proper names (Personal Names; Geographic, Ethnic, and Tribal Names; Divine Names; Gate, Palace, and Temple Names; and Object Names). The RINAP Project is under the direction of G. Frame (University of Pennsylvania) and is supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Subotai the Valiant

Download Subotai the Valiant PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 0313038341
Total Pages : 177 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Subotai the Valiant by : Richard A. Gabriel

Download or read book Subotai the Valiant written by Richard A. Gabriel and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2004-06-30 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book tells the story of Subotai the Valiant, one of the greatest generals in military history, surely the equal of Hannibal and Scipio in tactical brilliance and ranking right along with both Alexander and Caesar as a strategist. Subotai commanded armies whose size, scale, and scope of operations surpassed all of the commanders of the ancient world. Under his direction and command, Mongol armies moved faster, over greater distances, and with a greater scope of maneuver than any army had ever done before. His legacy lives to the present day, for much of the theory and practice of modern military operations was first used by Subotai. The modern emphasis on speed, maneuver, surprise, envelopment, the rear battle, the deep battle, concentration of firepower, and the battle of annihilation all emerged as tactical skills first practiced by this great Mongol general. Subotai died at age 73, by which time he had conquered 32 nations and won 65 pitched battles, as the Muslim historians tell us. For 60 of those years, Subotai lived as Mongol soldier, first as a lowly private who kept the tent door of Genghis himself, rising to be the most brilliant and trusted of Genghis Khan's generals. When Genghis died, Subotai continued to be the moving force of the Mongol army under his successors. It was Subotai who planned and participated in the Mongol victories against Korea, China, Persia, and Russia. It was Subotai's conquest of Hungary that destroyed every major army between the Mongols and the threshold of Europe. Had the great Khan not died, it is likely that Subotai would have destroyed Europe itself.

The Last Days of the Kingdom of Israel

Download The Last Days of the Kingdom of Israel PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110566605
Total Pages : 431 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (15 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Last Days of the Kingdom of Israel by : Shuichi Hasegawa

Download or read book The Last Days of the Kingdom of Israel written by Shuichi Hasegawa and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-11-05 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite considerable scholarly efforts for many years, the last two decades of the Kingdom of Israel are still beneath the veil of history. What was the status of the Kingdom after its annexation by Assyria in 732 BCE? Who conquered Samaria, the capital of the Kingdom? When did it happen? One of the primary reasons for this situation lies in the discrepancies found in the historical sources, namely the Hebrew Bible and the Assyrian texts. Since biblical studies and Assyriology are two distinct disciplines, the gaps in the sources are not easy to bridge. Moreover, recent great progress in the archaeological research in the Southern Levant provides now crucial new data, independent of these textual sources. This volume, a collection of papers by leading scholars from different fields of research, aims to bring together, for the first time, all the available data and to discuss these conundrums from various perspectives in order to reach a better and deeper understanding of this crucial period, which possibly triggered in the following decades the birth of "new Israel" in the Southern Kingdom of Judah, and eventually led to the formation of the Hebrew Bible and its underlying theology.

Divining the Etruscan World

Download Divining the Etruscan World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139536400
Total Pages : 425 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (395 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Divining the Etruscan World by : Jean MacIntosh Turfa

Download or read book Divining the Etruscan World written by Jean MacIntosh Turfa and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-07-16 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Etruscan Brontoscopic Calendar is a rare document of omens foretold by thunder. It long lay hidden, embedded in a Greek translation within a Byzantine treatise from the age of Justinian. The first complete English translation of the Brontoscopic Calendar, this book provides an understanding of Etruscan Iron Age society as revealed through the ancient text, especially the Etruscans' concerns regarding the environment, food, health and disease. Jean MacIntosh Turfa also analyzes the ancient Near Eastern sources of the Calendar and the subjects of its predictions, thereby creating a picture of the complexity of Etruscan society reaching back before the advent of writing and the recording of the calendar.