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Author : Gang Lin (Ph. D.)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 582 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (75 download)
Download or read book The Arrest of Delayed Hydride Cracking in ZR-2.5%NB Alloys at Elevated Temperatures written by Gang Lin (Ph. D.) and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Gang Lin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (131 download)
Download or read book The Arrest of Delayed Hydride Cracking in Zr-2.5%Nb Alloys at Elevated Temperatures written by Gang Lin and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Arrest of Delayed Hydride Cracking in Zr-2.5%Nb Alloys at Elevated Temperatures written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Manfred P. Puls
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1447141954
Total Pages : 475 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)
Download or read book The Effect of Hydrogen and Hydrides on the Integrity of Zirconium Alloy Components written by Manfred P. Puls and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-04 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By drawing together the current theoretical and experimental understanding of the phenomena of delayed hydride cracking (DHC) in zirconium alloys, The Effect of Hydrogen and Hydrides on the Integrity of Zirconium Alloy Components: Delayed Hydride Cracking provides a detailed explanation focusing on the properties of hydrogen and hydrides in these alloys. Whilst the emphasis lies on zirconium alloys, the combination of both the empirical and mechanistic approaches creates a solid understanding that can also be applied to other hydride forming metals. This up-to-date reference focuses on documented research surrounding DHC, including current methodologies for design and assessment of the results of periodic in-service inspections of pressure tubes in nuclear reactors. Emphasis is placed on showing how our understanding of DHC is supported by progress in general understanding of such broad fields as the study of hysteresis associated with first order phase transformations, phase relationships in coherent crystalline metallic solids, the physics of point and line defects, diffusion of substitutional and interstitial atoms in crystalline solids, and continuum fracture and solid mechanics. Furthermore, an account of current methodologies is given illustrating how such understanding of hydrogen, hydrides and DHC in zirconium alloys underpins these methodologies for assessments of real life cases in the Canadian nuclear industry. The all-encompassing approach makes The Effect of Hydrogen and Hydrides on the Integrity of Zirconium Alloy Component: Delayed Hydride Cracking an ideal reference source for students, researchers and industry professionals alike.
Author : Christopher E. Coleman
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 23 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (125 download)
Download or read book Measurement of Rates of Delayed Hydride Cracking (DHC) in Zr-2.5Nb Alloys--An IAEA Coordinated Research Project written by Christopher E. Coleman and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Values of DHC rates in Zr alloys are sensitive to measurement procedures. A standard method has been developed at the laboratories of AECL and evaluated in a round-robin involving ten IAEA member states. Two test materials were used--Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes in the cold-worked (CANDUTM) and heat-treated (RBMK) conditions. Cracks were grown from fatigued starter cracks in the axial direction on the axial-radial plane of the original tubes. To obtain the maximum value of Vc, specimens were heated to dissolve all their hydrogen, then cooled at 1 to 3°C/min to the test temperature before loading at 15 MPa?m. Although the start of cracking was detected by potential drop, the extent of cracking was measured directly on the crack faces. The values of incubation time to the start of cracking were highly variable but Vc was well behaved. The values of Vc were normally distributed with a range varying from a factor of 1.2 to 5.2. At 250°C the mean value of Vc from 80 specimens of cold-worked material was 8.9(±1.12)x10-8 m/s and from 41 specimens of heat-treated material the mean value of Vc was3.3(±0.64)x10-8 m/s. Tests were also done at six other temperatures between 144 and 283°C, using up to 22 specimens at each temperature. Both materials had an Arrhenius-type temperature dependence, Vc=Aexp(-Q/RT). The use of strictly defined and coordinated experimental procedures gave a consistent set of Vc values, allowing effective comparison of results obtained in different national laboratories and resulting in good correlations between the DHC velocity values and differences in strength, crystallographic texture, and distribution of ?-phase in the test materials.
Author : GK. Shek
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 22 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (125 download)
Download or read book Effects of Loading and Thermal Maneuvers on Delayed Hydride Cracking in Zr-2.5 Nb Alloys written by GK. Shek and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Delayed hydride crack velocities in Zr-2.5 wt% Nb alloys with different ther-momechanical treatments were measured. Materials with higher strength have higher crack velocity, and the stepwise crack propagation occurred by smaller increments associated with a smaller zone of crack tip hydrides. A series of load reduction experiments were performed on specimens with an active delayed hydride crack. An incubation period was required for the specimen to resume cracking after reducing the applied K to a level still significantly above the threshold stress intensity factor K1H. The length of the incubation period depended on the amount of K reduction, material strength, temperature, and the final K in which cracking occurred. Crack velocity increases with the amount of hydrogen in solution in the matrix. Crack velocity increased as a function of the peak temperature reached in the initial cooldown thermal cycle. There is hysteresis in hydride solubility which results in different levels of hydrogen in solution depending upon the thermal history. The implication of this in terms of crack velocity is discussed.
Author : S.-Q. Shi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (141 download)
Download or read book Hydrogen concentration limit and critical temperatures for delayed hydride cracking in zirconium alloys written by S.-Q. Shi and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nucirc2 is a steady state thermohydraulic code designed to analyze the primary heat transport system of a candu nuclear reactor for a variety of operating conditions. this document describes the nucirc2 capabilities and options as well as the information necessary for the preparation of the input data.
Author : International Atomic Energy Agency
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (12 download)
Download or read book Delayed Hydride Cracking in Zirconium Alloys in Pressure Tube Nuclear Reactors. IAEA TECDOC Series written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report describes all of the research work undertaken as part of the IAEA coordinated research program on hydrogen and hydride induced degradation of the mechanical and physical properties of zirconium based alloys, and includes a review of the state of the art in understanding crack propagation by Delayed Hydride Cracking (DHC), and details of the experimental procedures that have produced the most consistent set of DHC rates reported in an international round-robin exercise to this date.
Author : International Atomic Energy Agency
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781280180798
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (87 download)
Download or read book Delayed Hydride Cracking in Zirconium Alloys in Pressure Tube Nuclear Reactors written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : ERIC. TULK
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)
Download or read book Bulk Hydrides and Delayed Hydride Cracking in Zirconium Alloys written by ERIC. TULK and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : S-Q. Shi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (141 download)
Download or read book Advances in the theory of delayed hydride cracking in zirconium alloys written by S-Q. Shi and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Christopher E. Coleman
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (125 download)
Download or read book Is Spent Nuclear Fuel Immune from Delayed Hydride Cracking During Dry Storage? An IAEA Coordinated Research Project written by Christopher E. Coleman and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Delayed hydride cracking (DHC) has been responsible for cracking in zirconium alloy pressure tubes and fuel cladding and is a concern for spent fuel storage. For cracking to start, sufficient hydrogen must be present for hydride to form at a flaw tip and the local tensile stress must be sufficiently large to crack the hydride (a crack will not extend if the threshold in the stress intensity factor, KIH, is not exceeded. A high-temperature limit exists when the yield stress of the cladding alloy becomes too low to crack the hydride. In this paper we describe measurements of KIH and the crack growth rate, V, in unirradiated Zircaloy-4 fuel cladding containing approximately 130 ppm hydrogen in the cold-worked stress-relieved condition representing pressurized water reactors (PWRs) and pressurized heavy-water (PHWR) reactors. Four methods are used to evaluate KIH. The test specimen and fixture used in these methods was the pin-loading tension configuration. The test temperature ranged from 227 to 315°C. The mean value of KIH below 280°C had little temperature dependence; it was about 5.5 MPa?m in the PWR cladding and slightly higher at 7 MPa?m in the PHWR material. At higher test temperatures, KIH increased dramatically to more than 12 MPa?m, whereas the crack growth rate declined toward zero. This behavior suggests that unirradiated Zircaloy-4 fuel cladding is immune from DHC above about 320°C; this temperature may be increased to 360°C by irradiation. The implications for spent fuel storage are that during early storage when the temperatures are high, any flaw will not extend by DHC, whereas at low temperatures, after many years of storage, flaws would have to be very large, approaching through wall, before being extended by DHC. To date, spent nuclear fuel is not known to have failed by DHC during storage, confirming the inference.
Author : L. A. Simpson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (141 download)
Download or read book The effect of microstructure on rates of delayed hydride cracking in zr-2.5 percent nb alloy written by L. A. Simpson and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : JFR Ambler
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 17 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (125 download)
Download or read book Prevention of Delayed Hydride Cracking in Zirconium Alloys written by JFR Ambler and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Zirconium alloys are susceptible to a mechanism for crack initiation and propagation called delayed hydride cracking. From a review of component failures and experimental results, we have developed the requirements for preventing this cracking. The important parameters for cracking are hydrogen concentration, flaws, and stress; each should be minimized. At the design and construction stages hydrogen pickup has to be controlled, quality assurance needs to be at a high enough level to ensure the absence of flaws, and residual stresses must be eliminated by careful fabrication and heat treatment.
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Author : M. Resta Levi
Publisher : Chalk River, Ont. : Materials and Mechanics Branch, Chalk River Laboratories
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (576 download)
Download or read book The Effect of Texture on Delayed Hydride Cracking in Zr-2.5Nb Alloy [electronic Resource] written by M. Resta Levi and published by Chalk River, Ont. : Materials and Mechanics Branch, Chalk River Laboratories. This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : LA. Simpson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 22 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (125 download)
Download or read book Factors Controlling Hydrogen Assisted Subcritical Crack Growth in Zr-2.5Nb Alloys written by LA. Simpson and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The delayed failure of cold-worked Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube. material has been studied using static load tests on compact-tension specimens containing hydrogen within the range ~ 10 to 400 ?g/g. The experimental approach was to measure crack velocity (V) as a function of crack tip stress intensity factor (K), temperature and hydrogen content, relate these data to fractographic and metallographic observations, and compare the results with recent models of hydrogen embrittlement. Slow crack growth was observed at all temperatures between 25 and 325 °C and at K values between ~ 10 and 50 MPam. Below 250°C, the V-K relationships exhibited two-stage behavior; at K > 15 to 20 MPam, the crack velocity was only weekly dependent on stress intensity, whereas at smaller K values, the crack velocity decreased rapidly with K, an indication of a threshold value of K ~ 5 to 10 MPam. The crack velocity increased with increase in temperature, although because of scatter in the data, this could not be expressed quantitatively. At 250°C and above, slow crack growth was not reproducible except after a thermal cycle. The thermal cycle produced a region of reoriented hydrides concentrated at the crack tip which significantly reduced the incubation period for crack growth and confirmed the important role of the hydride phase in the fracture process. Fractography showed that the features of the slow growth fracture were similar at all temperatures studied. The main observations were of ductile striations, or stretch zones, parallel to the crack front, with brittle, plate-like regions, some of which contained cleavage features, between the striations. A fracture mechanism is suggested which involves the repeated precipitation of hydride at the crack tip, followed by crack advance through this embrittled region, and crack arrest in the more ductile matrix, leading to discontinuous crack growth. This general mode of crack growth has been considered in a recent model for embrittlement in hydride-forming materials, the predictions of which show good agreement with the results from this study.
Author : Douglas Keith Rodgers
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (872 download)
Download or read book Initiation of Delayed Hydride Cracking in Zr-2.5Nb written by Douglas Keith Rodgers and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Delayed Hydride Cracking (DHC) occurs in Zr-2.5Nb when certain requirements are met. The mechanism of DHC consists of diffusion of hydrogen to a stress concentrator, such as a crack-tip, precipitation then fracture of a hydride at the crack-tip, and repetition of the process; the crack advances in steps. Incubation times, to the start of cracking and crack-tip hydride morphologies have been measured in pre-cracked cantilever beam specimens tested at applied K$\rm\sb I$'s up to 20 MPam$\sp{1/2}$ and temperatures ranging from 100 to 250$\sp\circ$C. The incubation time for DHC was found to vary inversely with DHC velocity. Contrary to previous research, the incubation time is highly variable, even for a given temperature and applied K$\rm\sb I,$ and the crack-tip hydride morphology is much more complicated than the simple model of a single hydride at a crack-tip.
