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Teachers Perceptions Of Formative Assessment And The Factors Contributing To Those Perceptions
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Book Synopsis Teachers' Perceptions of Formative Assessment and the Factors Contributing to Those Perceptions by : Helene B. White
Download or read book Teachers' Perceptions of Formative Assessment and the Factors Contributing to Those Perceptions written by Helene B. White and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This qualitative research study investigated teachers' perceptions of formative assessment and the factors contributing to those perceptions. Twenty-six teachers from four southeastern Pennsylvania school districts provided the data for this study. Participants responded to Likert scale survey questions and open ended questions. In addition, the perceptions of seven teachers selected from those who volunteered to participate in a personal interview were considered. The survey results revealed that a majority of the participants shared a common understanding of formative assessment, had the ability to conduct formative assessment practices in their classrooms on a daily basis, and benefitted from sharing techniques with their colleagues and learning ideas from those who had been through workshop training. Overall, the majority of teachers supported the use of formative assessment in concept and practice. However, the findings also identified challenges regarding whether or not teachers are being provided with useful training in assessment techniques and whether or not time constraints impede the application of these techniques in the classroom.
Book Synopsis Teacher Perceptions of Formative Assessments on Student Learning in K-12 Classrooms by : Stacey Leigh Robinson
Download or read book Teacher Perceptions of Formative Assessments on Student Learning in K-12 Classrooms written by Stacey Leigh Robinson and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A mixed methods design was utilized to examine teacher perceptions of formative assessments and its impact on student motivation. Teachers from 32 public schools in a southeastern school district were invited to participate in a formative assessment survey using a Likert scale to share their perceptions of their understanding and use of formative assessments in the classroom. The survey and interview items addressed teachers’ own self-efficacy values as they relate to their implementation of formative assessments and their relationship with motivating students to learn. Data analysis indicated most teachers had a strong understanding of formative assessments, but some of their responses showed they confused formative assessments with summative assessment measures. Although most of the participating teachers indicated they shared learning goals with their students, some of the data showed the learning goals were directly related to proficiency goals on state-mandated tests. Additionally, teachers who had established protocols for self-assessment practices in their classroom did not include one form of self-assessing with students actually grading their own work. Finally, even though half of the teachers interviewed stated formative assessment practices had the greatest impact on motivating their students to learn, the other half of the teachers contributed it to other factors. Based on the findings of the research study from the district data, recommendations, professional development needs, and ideas for future research needs were identified and shared in detail.
Book Synopsis Formative Assessment Improving Learning in Secondary Classrooms by : OECD
Download or read book Formative Assessment Improving Learning in Secondary Classrooms written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2005-01-25 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study features a collection of eight case studies of exemplary cases from secondary schools as well as international literature reviews and policy analysis related to formative assessment.
Book Synopsis COMPARISON OF TEACHERS & STUDE by : Kit-Ling Lena Chow
Download or read book COMPARISON OF TEACHERS & STUDE written by Kit-Ling Lena Chow and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-27 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "A Comparison of Teachers' and Students' Perceptions of the Purpose and Value of Assessment Within Project Work" by Kit-ling, Lena, Chow, 周潔玲, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: ABSTRACT of thesis entitled A Comparison of Teachers' and Students' Perceptions of the Purpose and Value of Assessment within Project Work Chow Kit Ling Lena For the degree of Master of Education at the University of Hong Kong August, 2004 This study explores the perceptions of teachers and students of assessment within project work. Project work has been stipulated as a key learning task to help students develop independent learning capabilities in the current curriculum reform in Hong Kong. To support this, the reform calls for a new mode of project assessment focusing on learning process and feedback. The research objectives were to: (1) unveil and compare teachers' and students' perceptions of the purpose and value of project assessment; (2) identify factors that explained their varied perceptions of assessment; and (3) develop a grounded theory of the ways that participants' perceptions were affected. The study takes the form of an interpretative investigation of a case study using both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Data were collected from a questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews, supplemented by document analysis. Grounded theory is used to derive theory inductively from data collected. The findings reveal that both teachers and students perceived the objectives of project work as being to help students improve learning skills and develop an active and self-learning attitude, which were broadly speaking congruent with the intended official purposes. Teachers' and students' perceptions of the value of assessing project work were generally positive, although the actual improvement was not as great as teachers had expected. Their perceptions of the top four important purposes and ratings of values of assessment of project work were similar. Differences were found but the discrepancies were relatively small. Several factors such as teachers' beliefs and experience, students' abilities and attitudes, and school's assessment policy and design of project programme were identified as possible explanations of varied perceptions of teachers and students. A few issues such as the role of a teacher- advisor, lack of clarity of assessment criteria and insufficient time for progress meetings were noted as affecting participants' perceptions of the project assessment negatively. A model developed from the data is expected to provide a framework for individual teachers, project work leaders in school and education officers to consider, when designing and implementing project work and its assessment, to understand participants' perceptions at the frontline. Understanding of the factors in the model can facilitate implementation and help to avoid problems. To implement formative assessment successfully, summative assessments and beliefs of both teachers and students need to change in order to cope with the new expectations in education. School policy, teachers' understanding and interpretation of the role of assessment, and teachers' professional development are important catalysts. i DOI: 10.5353/th_b3015294 Subjects: Project method in teaching - China - Hong Kong Grading and marking (Students) - China - Hong Kong Junior high school teachers - China - Hong Kong - Attitudes Junior high school students - China - Hong Kong - Attitudes
Book Synopsis Student Feedback on Teaching in Schools by : Wolfram Rollett
Download or read book Student Feedback on Teaching in Schools written by Wolfram Rollett and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-12 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book provides a comprehensive and informative overview of the current state of research about student perceptions of and student feedback on teaching. After presentation of a new student feedback process model, evidence concerning the validity and reliability of student perceptions of teaching quality is discussed. This is followed by an overview of empirical research on the effects of student feedback on teachers and instruction in different contexts, as well as on factors promoting the successful implementation of feedback in schools. In summary, the findings emphasize that student perceptions of teaching quality can be a valid and reliable source of feedback for teachers. The effectiveness of student feedback on teaching is significantly related to its use in formative settings and to a positive feedback culture within schools. In addition, it is argued that the effectiveness of student feedback depends very much on the support for teachers when making use of the feedback. As this literature review impressively documents, teachers in their work - and ultimately students in their learning - can benefit substantially from student feedback on teaching in schools. “This book reviews what we know about student feedback to teachers. It is detailed and it is a pleasure to read. To have these chapters in one place – and from those most up to date with the research literature and doing the research - is a gift.” John Hattie
Book Synopsis Teachers' Perceived Understanding of Formative Assessment and how this Understanding Impacts Their Own Classroom Instruction by : Melanie K. Brink
Download or read book Teachers' Perceived Understanding of Formative Assessment and how this Understanding Impacts Their Own Classroom Instruction written by Melanie K. Brink and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The key purpose of this qualitative case study was to gain an understanding of classroom teachers' perceptions of the process and impact of formative assessment on classroom instruction in a secondary school. The study was designed to obtain information about how teachers view formative assessment as part of their everyday planning and preparation, as well as sought to determine whether or not there was a correlation between teachers' perceived understanding of formative assessment and their implementation of formative assessment in the classroom. The three main research questions that guided this study were: 1) How do teachers' perceptions of their own understanding of formative assessment affect their instructional practice? 2) How do teachers' perceptions of their own understanding of formative assessment evolve over time? 3) What supports exist to help teachers implement formative assessment at the high school level? The case study focused on participants who were current 9-12 public school teachers representing mathematics, physical education, and foreign language. To triangulate the data, multiple types of data were collected from the teachers. Pre- and post-surveys, unstructured interviews, focus groups, classroom observations with participant observation notes, and logs were used to collect the data. Data was then analyzed using analysis of the pre-surveys and compared with information gained from the other data sources. Data was later analyzed using the post-survey and compared with the information from other data sources to determine individual teacher growth over time. The results from the first research question indicated that teachers understood the accountability of both teachers and students in the assessment process, but required additional support in determining how student learning becomes the basis for use of formative assessment, types of different methods used, and overall teacher competencies about formative assessment. The second research question indicated that growth occurred when professional supports were given in areas where weaknesses were identified. Initially, formative assessment was viewed by many as a means of compliance with the new teacher evaluation system. With continued professional development, teachers' acceptance of formative assessment increased as their understanding of the process dually increased. In addition, as teachers began to see growth in student achievement, their overall acceptance of formative assessment also increased. The third and final research question indicated that supports must not only be global in nature, but must also be focused on the individual. When teachers know where they are and know the target of where they want or need to be, instructional growth does occur. Supports for teacher instructional practice will vary based on identified needs, understanding of formative assessment, and the type of supports available. Recommendations for follow-up study include the use of additional focus groups, extending the formative assessment survey to include lengthening the time of the study, and a change in setting to avoid certain nuances that can occur with studying the same school district. Additionally, research should be completed on the long-term effects of personalized professional development and whether teachers continue to use formative assessment practices as they gain more extensive experience. Since this particular school was undergoing a complete system change while the study was being completed, it would be dually important to investigate a school that was not in the midst of such a change. With all the additional supports available to the teachers in this study, it is important to see if a teacher's perceived understanding of formative assessment would continue to translate into instructional practice if whole school and individual supports were not as prevalent.
Book Synopsis An English Teacher's Formative Assessment Perceptions and Practices by : Maria-Lourdes Lira G.
Download or read book An English Teacher's Formative Assessment Perceptions and Practices written by Maria-Lourdes Lira G. and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2012 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last twenty years, assessment practices for improving student learning (i.e., self-assessment, peer assessment, feedback) in the classroom has been considered as essential (Black & Wiliam, 1998; Harlen & Winter, 2004; van de Watering & van der Rijt, 2006). In the field of second language learning, however, research in this area is quite limited. In order to address this gap, an exploratory research, based on Colby-Kelly and Turner's (2007) and Lyster and Ranta's (1997)studies has been conducted . The general objective was to understand how formative assessment is practiced in two Intermediate Oral English courses at the Universite de Montreal and to compare how these practices are perceived and performed by the teacher and the students. Three research questions were pursued: 1. What is the nature of formative assessment in a second language classroom setting? 2. Do the teacher's assessment practices reflect what she thinks about formative assessment? 3. What are the coincidences and differences between teacher's perceptions and her students' perceptions regarding the benefits of formative assessment for learning English?"
Book Synopsis Teacher Perception and Formative Assessment by : Madeline J. Parker
Download or read book Teacher Perception and Formative Assessment written by Madeline J. Parker and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This researcher set out to analyze how teachers perceive and use formative assessment strategies. The literature review analyzed literature regarding the definition, implementation, and effects of formative assessment strategies in the classroom. It outlined the variety of formative assessment strategies that exist and the purpose that they hold in promoting academic achievement. The reviewed literature included qualitative evidence of the effect of formative assessment to increase student self-reflection and growth. Although there are ample studies around strategies that can be used to increase the quality and quantity of data gathered, there is a need for ways that teachers and students can respond to this data. The research that was conducted in this study asked participating teachers questions about the use of formative assessment strategies and how teachers respond to them. The data showed a correlation between district trainings about how teachers should use formative assessment data and actual re-teaching in the classroom. Future research on this topic should look into which strategies should pursue student data and analyze subgroups from different demographics.
Book Synopsis Teachers Perceptions of Their Understanding and Engagement in Formative Classroom Assessment by : Tracy Hetzler Doyal
Download or read book Teachers Perceptions of Their Understanding and Engagement in Formative Classroom Assessment written by Tracy Hetzler Doyal and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which teachers understand the formative assessment process and to determine how they perceive engagement in that process"--Leaf iii. The study was conducted in a northwestern county of Georgia and the participants were elementary school classroom teachers (pre-K through 5th grade).
Download or read book Boom Or Bust? written by Jesus Jara and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 2001 reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (esea), No Child Left Behind, brought the use of student assessment data to the fore. This mandate-based and sanction-laden legislation ushered in a new era of accountability rooted in the collection, analysis, and use of student assessment data for educational improvements. As a result, a new boon industry has emerged around formative assessment products. This study begins by exploring the policies that have ushered in an assessment-driven accountability era. Then, the empirical and conceptual literature around the implementation and use of formative assessment systems is summarized. While there is promising literature on the effectiveness of formative assessment products, understanding what fosters or inhibits the use of assessment data for school teachers' needs further exploration. The purpose of this study is to understand if and how teachers are using formative assessment products or systems to impact their pedagogical decision-making in classrooms. This study will also focus on how school and district leadership teams choose or support the formative assessment system. In essence, this study seeks to investigate the fidelity of formative assessment products the actual impact used by schoolteachers; and more importantly, how data is transformed into information and ultimately knowledge. Research Questions: The research questions from this study are anchored in elements of fit, readiness, coherence, and use. Specifically, the intent of this research is to understand: (1) The district's intended purpose and the formative assessment system purpose of validity ("Fit"); (2) The capacity of teachers' to use formative assessment data to inform their pedagogical decision-making ("Readiness"); (3) The school district (and individual schools') ability to create, support, and resources the implementation and use of formative assessment systems ("Coherence"); And, (4) The actual use of formative assessment data by school teachers' in regard to pedagogical decision-making. Consequently, the study's research questions are as follows: (1) Are teachers and district/school leaders using the formative assessment data to inform educative decision-making and pedagogy? (A). How are teachers using these data to modify instruction/practice? (B) How are school leaders using these data for programmatic and in-service decisions? (2) Are the formative assessment products valid for their intended purposes? (A) Are the assessments used by the district valid for evaluating and improving instruction? (B) Are the assessments used by the district valid for measuring student progress? (C) Are the assessment used by the district valid for modifying teaching practices? (3) Are teachers ready and able to use formative assessment data in meaningful and effective ways? (A) How has the school district supported and resource the use of the formative assessment system? (B) How are teachers using these data to modify instruction/practice? Research Design: To answer the research questions, the research implements a three-phase design. To begin, phase one involves the identification of school districts in the state of Florida that have implemented a formative assessment system. These systems are examined to ascertain which are truly student-level diagnostic instruments (the Black and Wiliam (1998), definition of formative assessment was used to guide this analysis). Phase two documents why and how the formative assessment system was implemented into the district. Finally, phase three examines the actual use of the formative assessment system by teachers in the district. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest llc. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.].
Book Synopsis SCHOOL PROFESSIONALS' PERCEPTIONS OF FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT AS RELATED TO STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT. by : William Hill
Download or read book SCHOOL PROFESSIONALS' PERCEPTIONS OF FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT AS RELATED TO STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT. written by William Hill and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examined potential relationships between North Carolina school professionals' perceptions of formative assessment and district-level EOG, EOC, and AYP proficiencies. There were three primary areas of interest for the study as follows: 1. Analyze North Carolina school professionals' perceptions toward formative assessment after completing online learning modules that define formative assessment and identify formative assessment practices. 2. Use pre-existing survey data to identify potential district-level clusters based on perceptions toward formative assessment. 3. Investigate district-level clusters for potential relationships with district EOG, EOC, and AYP academic proficiencies. A literature review on formative assessment as a school improvement strategy was performed. Quantitative research methodologies were utilized to describe the perceptions of formative assessment in a sample of North Carolina school district professionals and tested for any statistically significant relationships to EOG, EOC, and AYP proficiencies. The findings provided preliminary data on the perceptions of formative assessment in North Carolina school districts. Each district was able to be statically placed in a cluster and then evaluated for relationships with student and district proficiencies. It was found that differences between clusters were statistically significant; however, the parametric statistic was extremely sensitive to the large sample size of the study. Due to the small differences and the large sample sizes, it was determined that the differences were practically insignificant. The findings indicate the lack of a dominant perception about formative assessment and may suggest North Carolina education professionals are unsure or unaware of formative assessment implementation. A major implication from the study that is relevant to state educational policymakers and school leaders is the importance of communicating a clear, coherent formative assessment implementation plan consistent with the purpose. Over time, future research studies on the perceptions of formative assessments may build a more comprehensive picture of school professionals' perceptions of formative assessment and how they affect school improvement in North Carolina. Such research could include qualitative inclusive case studies focusing on specific districts that have a cohesive perception of formative assessment. This work could also include a methodological component that quantifies the relationship between perceptions of formative assessment and student proficiencies.
Book Synopsis Designing Assessment for Quality Learning by : Claire Wyatt-Smith
Download or read book Designing Assessment for Quality Learning written by Claire Wyatt-Smith and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-03-10 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together internationally recognised scholars with an interest in how to use the power of assessment to improve student learning and to engage with accountability priorities at both national and global levels. It includes distinguished writers who have worked together for some two decades to shift the assessment paradigm from a dominant focus on assessment as measurement towards assessment as central to efforts to improve learning. These writers have worked with the teaching profession and, in so doing, have researched and generated key insights into different ways of understanding assessment and its relationship to learning. The volume contributes to the theorising of assessment in contexts characterised by heightened accountability requirements and constant change. The book’s structure and content reflect already significant and growing international interest in assessment as contextualised practice, as well as theories of learning and teaching that underpin and drive particular assessment approaches. Learning theories and practices, assessment literacies, teachers’ responsibilities in assessment, the role of leadership, and assessment futures are the organisers within the book’s structure and content. The contributors to this book have in common the view that quality assessment, and quality learning and teaching are integrally related. Another shared view is that the alignment of assessment with curriculum, teaching and learning is linchpin to efforts to improve both learning opportunities and outcomes for all. Essentially, the book presents new perspectives on the enabling power of assessment. In so doing, the writers recognise that validity and reliability - the traditional canons of assessment – remain foundational and therefore necessary. However, they are not of themselves sufficient for quality education. The book argues that assessment needs to be radically reconsidered in the context of unprecedented societal change. Increasingly, communities are segregating more by wealth, with clear signs of social, political, economic and environmental instability. These changes raise important issues relating to ethics and equity, taken to be core dimensions in enabling the power of assessment to contribute to quality learning for all. This book offers readers new knowledge about how assessment can be used to re/engage learners across all phases of education.
Book Synopsis Assessment Reform in Education by : Rita Berry
Download or read book Assessment Reform in Education written by Rita Berry and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-04-07 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the recent assessment movements in the eastern and western worlds with particular focuses on the policies, implementation, and impacts of assessment reform on education. A new perspective of assessment sees assessment as a means to enhance learning. This book examines the tensions, challenges and outcomes (intended and unintended) of assessment reform arising at the interface of policy and implementation, and implementation and student learning. The book reviews the experiences insights gained from research, and identifies the facilitators and hindrances to effective change. It reflects current thinking of assessment and provides the readers with ample background information of assessment development in many countries including USA, England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, Australia, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong.
Book Synopsis A View from the Inside by : Research for Action
Download or read book A View from the Inside written by Research for Action and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has invested in the development and dissemination of instructional tools to support teachers' incorporation of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) into their classroom instruction. Math experts have developed formative assessment lessons (FALs) that teachers can incorporate throughout the year's curriculum. The Foundation has asked RFA to study teachers' early adoption of the FALs, focusing particularly on their response to and use of the lessons. The lessons were piloted in urban, rural, and suburban school districts in four states and two national networks of schools during the 2010-11 school year, which is referred to as Year 1 in this booklet. This booklet is a synthesis of what the authors learned from practitioners over the course of the pilot year, 2010-11. It highlights how Math Design Collaborative (MDC) worked in schools and includes what teachers can expect when using the formative assessment lessons (FALs), points out promising practices, as well as teachers' early impressions about MDC's impact on their teaching and student learning.
Book Synopsis Embedding Formative Assessment by : Dylan Wiliam
Download or read book Embedding Formative Assessment written by Dylan Wiliam and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Effective classroom formative assessment helps educators make minute-by-minute, day-by-day instructional decisions. This clear, practical guide for teachers centers on five key instructional strategies, along with practical formative assessment techniques for implementing each strategy in K-12 classrooms. The authors provide guidance on using the specific techniques, along with tips, cautions, and enhancements to sustain formative assessment.
Book Synopsis Understanding Assessment by : David Lambert
Download or read book Understanding Assessment written by David Lambert and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-04-15 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first title in this new series, which is aimed principally at secondary PGCE and BAEd students and school- and HEI-based tutors. Each book provides a digest of the central issues around a particular topic or issues, grounded in or supported by examples of good practice, with suggestions for further reading, study and investigation. The books are not intended as 'how to' books, but rather as books which will help students and teachers to explore and understand critical theoretical issues in ways that are challenging, that invite critical reappraisals of taken-for-granted practices and perceptions, and that provide appropriate links between theory and practice. Issues related to equal opportunities and special needs are included in each separate volume . There are boxes of questions, 'think abouts' , further reading, and bulleted summary lists for the reader. This book is written specifically for teachers-in-training which will clarify the 'big picture' of monitoring and assessment and makes the crucial distinctions in this large (and still taken-for-granted) field. The authors have written widely on assessment matters and have also worked in various capacities for the QCA (and its former manifestations). They are also engagerd in initial teacher education and so know the level and market extremely well.
Book Synopsis Teacher Perceptions of Authentic Assessments and Student Outcome Data to Inform Instruction by : Jeremy C. Walden
Download or read book Teacher Perceptions of Authentic Assessments and Student Outcome Data to Inform Instruction written by Jeremy C. Walden and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examined changes made within one high school's formative assessment system and shed light on the successes and frustrations that teachers experienced with an authentic assessment model. Best practices for using formative assessment data were investigated, and new assessments, which blended the authentic and Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) assessment models (i.e., performance-based tasks), were written and administered by participants. Following each assessment, results were compiled and organized, and teachers met in course-level groups to analyze the results and discuss implications for instruction. Nearly all teachers in the study were able to make meaning of assessment data results in terms of instructional implications, and teachers found value in participating in collaborative discussion about how to use assessment data to increase student achievement. However, drawbacks to the authentic-CBM model including increased time spent scoring student work were also discovered. Ultimately, the study concludes that the authentic-CBM assessment model is a promising assessment option for educators to consider, especially in light of significant shifts in education (i.e., Common Core and Smarter Balanced Assessments).
