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Synthesis Of Polymers And Copolymers Of Lactide Through Titanium Initiators
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Book Synopsis Synthesis of Polymers and Copolymers of Lactide Through Titanium Initiators by :
Download or read book Synthesis of Polymers and Copolymers of Lactide Through Titanium Initiators written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The research described in this thesis explored the synthesis and characterisation of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers of lactide through non-toxic titanium alkoxide initiators. The research objectives focused on the preparation of polylactides in both solvent and solventless media, to produce materials with a wide range of molecular weights. The objectives of this research were also focused on the enhancement of the flexibility of the polymer chains by synthesising random and block copolymers of lactide and e-caprolactone using Ti(O-i-Pr)4 as an initiator. This work involved extensive characterisation of the synthesised copolymers using gel permeation chromatography and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis. Kinetic studies of the ring opening polymerisation of e-caprolactone and of the copolymerisation of lactide and e-caprolactone with Ti(O-i-Pr)4 as an initiator were also carried out. The last section of this work involved the synthesis of block and star-shaped copolymers of lactide and poly(ethylene glycol) [PEG]. The preparation of lactide/PEG block copolymers was carried out by ring opening polymerisation of L-lactide using Ti(O-i-Pr)4 as an initiator and hydroxyl-terminated PEG's with different numbers of hydroxyl groups as co-initiators both in solution and solventless media. These all-in-one polymerisations yielded the synthesis of both lactide homopolymer and lactide/PEG block copolymers. In order to selectivity synthesise copolymers of lactide and PEG, the experiment was carried out in two steps. The first step consisted of the synthesis of a titanium macro-initiator by exchanging the iso-propoxide ligands by PEG with different numbers of hydroxyl groups. The second step involved the ring opening polymerisation of lactide using the titanium macrocatalyst that was prepared as an initiator. The polymerisations were carried out in a solventless media. The synthesis of lactide/PEG copolymers using polyethylene glycol with amino terminal groups was also discussed.
Book Synopsis Poly(lactic acid) Science and Technology by : Alfonso Jiménez
Download or read book Poly(lactic acid) Science and Technology written by Alfonso Jiménez and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2015 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive overview of the synthesis, characterisation, properties and applications of poly(lactic acid) science and technology covering scientific, ecological, social and economic issues.
Download or read book Biopolyesters written by Wolfgang Babel and published by Springer. This book was released on 2003-07-01 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Living systems synthesize seven different classes of polymers. They provide structure and form for cells and organisms, function as catalysts and energy storage and carry the genetic information. All these polymers possess technically interesting properties. Some of these biopolymers are already used commercially. This special volume of Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology comprises 10 chapters. It gives an overview of the water insoluble biopolyesters, in particular of the microbially synthesized poly-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) family. It reports the state of the art of metabolism, regulation and genetic background, the latest advances made in genetic optimization of bacteria, "construction" of transgenic plants and in vitro synthesis by means of purified enzymes. Furthermore, it describes relevant technologies and evaluates perspectives concerning increasing the economic viability and competitiveness of PHA and discusses applications in medicine, packaging, food and other fields.
Book Synopsis Titanium Complexes Based on Aminodiol Ligand for Ring Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters by : Dakshinamoorthy Deivasagayam
Download or read book Titanium Complexes Based on Aminodiol Ligand for Ring Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters written by Dakshinamoorthy Deivasagayam and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A series of titanium isopropoxides complexes coordinated by enantiopure, racemic, meso and diastereomeric aminodiol ligands have been prepared and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. The complexes were tested as initiators for the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters such as L/rac-lactide, caprolactone, butyrolactone and trimethylene carbonate via coordination-insertion mechanism. In lactide polymerizations, all complexes showed significant activity both in solution at 70°C and in bulk at 130°C with a good control. The complex derived from rac-aminodiol ligand gave partially heterotactic polylactide in ROP of rac-lactide, whereas all other complexes yielded atactic polylactides. For caprolactone polymerizations, all complexes were found to be effective initiators under both solution and bulk conditions (up to 60% monomer conversion was reached within 10 min in bulk condition at 70°C), again with good control. Kinetic studies of ROP of lactides and caprolactone in solution conditions have been investigated and showed a first kinetic order in monomer. Significant activities were also observed for (ROP) of butyrolactone and trimethylene carbonate. Block copolymers of caprolactone and lactides were successfully synthesized with these catalytic systems by sequential polymerization techniques. The complexes were also tested as initiators for the production of random copolymers containing caprolactone and lactides and a reverse order of reactivity was observed between lactide and caprolactone compared to homopolymerization.
Book Synopsis Synthesis and Polymerization of Metal-Containing Monomers by : Anatoly D. Pomogailo
Download or read book Synthesis and Polymerization of Metal-Containing Monomers written by Anatoly D. Pomogailo and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-01-31 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book overviews methods for the synthesis of metal-containing monomers with various types of metal bonds to the organic moiety of the molecule, such as ionic, covalent, donor-acceptor, and others. Published data on homopolymerization, copolymerization, and graft polymerization of these monomers are generalized. Synthesis and Polymerization of Metal-Containing Monomers discusses features typical of the molecular and structural organization of the resulting metal-containing polymers, their properties and the associated major applications, such as catalytical and biological activity, electrophysical characteristics, and thermal resistance.
Book Synopsis Synthesis and Characterization of New Macromolecular Architecture Using Living Titanium (IV) Initiators by : Susanne Marie Hoff
Download or read book Synthesis and Characterization of New Macromolecular Architecture Using Living Titanium (IV) Initiators written by Susanne Marie Hoff and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Synthesis and Characterization of New Multifunctional Initiators for Anionic Polymerization and the Use of Poly(4-hydroxystyrene) as a Template for New Polymers by : Christopher Michael Hurley
Download or read book Synthesis and Characterization of New Multifunctional Initiators for Anionic Polymerization and the Use of Poly(4-hydroxystyrene) as a Template for New Polymers written by Christopher Michael Hurley and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation explores the synthesis and use of multifunctional anionic polymerization initiators for the purpose of opening the gateway to the synthesis of polymer architectures of greater complexity. First the multifunctional oxyanion initiator generated by reacting poly(4-hydroxystyrene) with sodium hydride was used to synthesize a previously unknown polymer containing an aryl halide functional group. The homopolymer solution self-assembly behavior of poly(4-hydroxystyrene) and the newly synthesized poly (4-(4-bromophenyloxy)styrene) were both investigated. This is followed by the synthesis and characterization of multifunctional alkyne core molecules and random copolymers of polystyrene-co-poly(4-hydroxystyrene) which served as templates for the synthesis of new random copolymers of polystyrene-co-poly(4-(2- propynyloxy)styrene). The newly formed multifunctional alkyne core molecules and alkyne functionalized random copolymers served as polymer backbones in a "grafting to" strategy. Previously prepared azide terminated polymers were grafted to the multifunctional alkyne core molecules and polymer backbones by copper (I) catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition reactions. Lastly, the synthesis of a new hydrocarbon soluble multifunctional initiator was undertaken. The resulting molecule was shown to be an efficient initiator of anionic polymerization in non-polar solvent in the absence of polar additives, necessary in all previous attempts to combat large scale aggregation of such multifunctional initiator. This new initiator will open the way to facile synthesis of well-defined star polymers, star-block copolymers, and more complex polymer architectures.
Book Synopsis Solid State Polymerization by : Constantine D. Papaspyrides
Download or read book Solid State Polymerization written by Constantine D. Papaspyrides and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-04-27 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most current guide to solid state polymerization Solid State Polymerization (SSP)is an indispensable tool in the design, manufacture, and study of polymers, plastics, and fibers. SSP presents significant advantages over other polymerization techniques due to low operating temperatures, inexpensive equipment, and simple and environmentally sound procedures. Combining fundamentals of polymer science, chemistry, physical chemistry, and engineering, SSP also offers many research applications for a wide range of students and investigators. Gathering and filtering the latest literature on SSP, Solid Solid State Polymerization offers a unique, one-stop resource on this important process. With chapters contributed by leaders in the field, this text summarizes SSP, and provides essential coverage that includes: An introduction to SSP, with chemical and physical steps, apparatus, advantages, and parameters SSP physical chemistry and mechanisms Kinetic aspects of polyesters and polyamides SSP Catalysis in SSP processes Application of SSP under high pressure conditions in the laboratory Engineering aspects regarding process modeling and industrial application Recent developments and future possibilities Solid State Polymerization provides the most up-to-date coverage of this constantly developing field to academic and industry professionals, as well as graduate and postgraduate-level students in chemical engineering, materials science and engineering, polymer chemistry, polymer processing and polymer engineering.
Book Synopsis Synthesis of Polymers by : Dieter A. Schlüter
Download or read book Synthesis of Polymers written by Dieter A. Schlüter and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-05-23 with total page 1229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymers are huge macromolecules composed of repeating structural units. While polymer in popular usage suggests plastic, the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials. Due to the extraordinary range of properties accessible, polymers have come to play an essential and ubiquitous role in everyday life - from plastics and elastomers on the one hand to natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins on the other hand. The study of polymer science begins with understanding the methods in which these materials are synthesized. Polymer synthesis is a complex procedure and can take place in a variety of ways. This book brings together the "Who is who" of polymer science to give the readers an overview of the large field of polymer synthesis. It is a one-stop reference and a must-have for all Chemists, Polymer Chemists, Chemists in Industry, and Materials Scientists.
Book Synopsis Synthesis of Scandium and Gallium Metal Complexes for Use in the Ring-opening Polymerization of Lactide and Propylene Oxide by : Melanie Butler
Download or read book Synthesis of Scandium and Gallium Metal Complexes for Use in the Ring-opening Polymerization of Lactide and Propylene Oxide written by Melanie Butler and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: As the demand for polymers increases, it is becoming clear that the current methods used to produce polymers and the types of polymers manufactured are not sustainable. Currently, about 99% of plastics produced worldwide are made from petroleum sources. Thus the development of polymers from renewable resources such as biomass and carbon dioxide is increasingly attractive. This project investigates the efficacy of scandium and gallium complexes of tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) and Jacobsen's ligand (salen) in the polymerization of lactide and the copolymerization of CO2 and propylene oxide. Thus far (TPP)ScCl, (TPP)GaCl, (salen)ScCl, and (salen)GaCl have been synthesized. These compounds were synthesized from the metal chlorides and protonated ligands using standard Schlenk-line and dry box techniques. Preliminary results show that these complexes are inactive in the homopolymerizations of lactide and propylene oxide. This is likely due to the low nucleophilicity of the chloride anion, which makes it a poor initiator for ring-opening polymerizations. Currently attempts to synthesize the alkoxide derivatives of these compounds are in progress.
Book Synopsis Redox Switchable Synthesis and Applications of Biodegradable Lactide Copolymers by : Ruxi Dai
Download or read book Redox Switchable Synthesis and Applications of Biodegradable Lactide Copolymers written by Ruxi Dai and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lactide copolymers were developed to increase the utility of biodegradable polymers. Using redox switchable ring-opening polymerization, we synthesized a series of zirconium compounds to be used as precatalysts. We studied their geometry change behaviors in polymerization, and one compound, (salfen)Zr(OiPr)2 (salfen = N,N'-bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenoxy)-1,1'-ferrocenediimine), was selected and then tested as a precatalyst for redox switchable ring-opening polymerization. Copolymers from LA (lactide) and CHO (cyclohexene oxide) were prepared as a proof of concept, and conditions were optimized for the redox switchable copolymerization method. LA-LO (limonene oxide) copolymers were then prepared and their solid state self-assembly properties were studied. Finally, LA-CHDO (cyclohexadiene oxide) copolymers were prepared and post-functionalized to enhance the mechanical properties.
Book Synopsis Kinetic Evaluation of Copolymerization of Lactide with Substituted Lactides by : Chun Wang
Download or read book Kinetic Evaluation of Copolymerization of Lactide with Substituted Lactides written by Chun Wang and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Early Transition Metal Catalyzed Synthesis of Complex Polymer Architectures by : Gobinda Saha
Download or read book Early Transition Metal Catalyzed Synthesis of Complex Polymer Architectures written by Gobinda Saha and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These advances provide powerful new synthetic tools for polymer science on the way of bridging radical, ring opening and coordination polymerizations. Their implementation will converge in the controlled synthesis of monodisperse polymer structures with complex new architectures and unusual topologies and compositions based on a wide, previously inaccessible selection of monomers and therefore leading to new material properties.
Book Synopsis Poly(lactic acid) by : Rafael A. Auras
Download or read book Poly(lactic acid) written by Rafael A. Auras and published by Wiley. This book was released on 2010-10-19 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the synthesis, properties, and processing methods of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), an important family of degradable plastics. As the need for environmentally-friendly packaging materials increases, consumers and companies are in search for new materials that are largely produced from renewable resources, and are recyclable. To that end, an overall theme of the book is the biodegradability, recycling, and sustainability benefits of PLA. The chapters, from a base of international expert contributors, describe specific processing methods, spectroscopy techniques for PLA analysis, and and applications in medical items, packaging, and environmental use.
Book Synopsis Stereocontrolled Ring-opening Polymerization of Lactide Monomers by Lewis-acidic Metal Complexes by : Andreas Kapelski
Download or read book Stereocontrolled Ring-opening Polymerization of Lactide Monomers by Lewis-acidic Metal Complexes written by Andreas Kapelski and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization by : Stanislaw Penczek
Download or read book Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization written by Stanislaw Penczek and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-03-12 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Bio-Based Plastics by : Stephan Kabasci
Download or read book Bio-Based Plastics written by Stephan Kabasci and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-10-02 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of bio-based plastics has developed significantly in the last 10 years and there is increasing pressure on industries to shift existing materials production from petrochemicals to renewables. Bio-based Plastics presents an up-to-date overview of the basic and applied aspects of bioplastics, focusing primarily on thermoplastic polymers for material use. Emphasizing materials currently in use or with significant potential for future applications, this book looks at the most important biopolymer classes such as polysaccharides, lignin, proteins and polyhydroxyalkanoates as raw materials for bio-based plastics, as well as materials derived from bio-based monomers like lipids, poly(lactic acid), polyesters, polyamides and polyolefines. Detailed consideration is also given to the market and availability of renewable raw materials, the importance of bio-based content and the aspect of biodegradability. Topics covered include: Starch Cellulose and cellulose acetate Materials based on chitin and chitosan Lignin matrix composites from natural resources Polyhydroxyalkanoates Poly(lactic acid) Polyesters, Polyamides and Polyolefins from biomass derived monomers Protein-based plastics Bio-based Plastics is a valuable resource for academic and industrial researchers who are interested in new materials, renewable resources, sustainability and polymerization technology. It will also prove useful for advanced students interested in the development of bio-based products and materials, green and sustainable chemistry, polymer chemistry and materials science. For more information on the Wiley Series in Renewable Resources, visit www.wiley.com/go/rrs
