Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Sufactants Suspended Solid Drag Reduction Systems In Pipelines
Download Sufactants Suspended Solid Drag Reduction Systems In Pipelines full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Sufactants Suspended Solid Drag Reduction Systems In Pipelines ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis Sufactants- Suspended Solid Drag Reduction Systems in Pipelines by : Hayder A. Abdulbari Al-Khfaji
Download or read book Sufactants- Suspended Solid Drag Reduction Systems in Pipelines written by Hayder A. Abdulbari Al-Khfaji and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2011-09 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concept of drag reduction allows the pipelines to be operated at a lower pressure drop, thus reducing energy consumption and costs while transporting fluids through onshore and offshore pipelines, channels, cooling and heating devices, etc. The objective of drag reduction study is to find a suitable means to reduce the physical force or drag that resists the movement of fluids through transporting media. Drag is identified through pressure drop measurement in piping system. The addition of a small amount of certain chemical additives in transporting system could reduce the drag. These chemicals additives are known as drag reducing agents (DRA). Surfactants, fibers and polymers are among the well-known additives which are used as a DRA. The mechanism of drag reduction depends on the form or type of DRA and thus the effect on drag varies with the choice of DRA. The present book analyzed the effect of anionic surfactants and suspended fibers on drag reduction based on solution concentration, combination of two different materials, fluid Reynolds number, pipe scales, surfactant molecular number and surfactant compound structure.
Book Synopsis Drag Reduction of Complex Mixtures by : Keizo Watanabe
Download or read book Drag Reduction of Complex Mixtures written by Keizo Watanabe and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-06-15 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drag Reduction of Complex Mixtures discusses the concept of drag reduction phenomena in complex mixtures in internal and external flows that are shown experimentally by dividing flow patterns into three categories. The book is intended to support further experiments or analysis in drag reduction. As accurately modeling flow behavior with drag reduction is always complex, and since drag reducing additives or solid particles are mixed in fluids, this book covers these complex phenomena in a concise, but comprehensive manner. Comprehensively addresses a range of drag reduction themes involving different kinds of complex mixtures Provides data to support further experimentation and computer modeling of drag in complex flow Includes an introduction to the nature and characteristics of different kinds of complex mixtures
Book Synopsis Turbulent Drag Reduction by Polymers, Surfactants and Their Mixtures in Pipeline Flow by : Ali Asghar Mohsenipour
Download or read book Turbulent Drag Reduction by Polymers, Surfactants and Their Mixtures in Pipeline Flow written by Ali Asghar Mohsenipour and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lthough extensive research work has been carried out on the drag reduction behavior of polymers and surfactants alone, little progress has been made on the synergistic effects of combined polymers and surfactants. A number of studies have demonstrated that certain types of polymers and surfactants interact with each other to form surfactant-polymer complexes. The formation of such complexes can cause changes in the solution properties and may result in better drag reduction characteristics as compared with pure additives. A series of drag-reducing surfactants and polymers were screened for the synergistic studies. The following two widely used polymeric drag reducing agents (DRA) were chosen: a copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate (referred to as PAM) and polyethylene oxide (PEO). Among the different types of surfactants screened, a cationic surfactant octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (OTAC) and an anionic surfactant Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were selected for the synergistic study. In the case of the cationic surfactant OTAC, sodium salicylate (NaSal) was used as a counterion. No counterion was used with anionic surfactant SDS. The physical properties such as viscosity, surface tension and electrical conductivity were measured in order to detect any interaction between the polymer and the surfactant. The drag reduction (DR) ability of both pure and mixed additives was investigated in a pipeline flow loop. The effects of different parameters such as additive concentration, type of water (deionized (DI) or tap), temperature, tube diameter, and mechanical degradation were investigated. The addition of OTAC to PAM solution has a significant effect on the properties of the system. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the mixed surfactant-polymer system is found to be different from that of the surfactant alone. The anionic PAM chains collapse upon the addition of cationic OTAC and a substantial decrease in the viscosity occurs. The pipeline flow behaviour of PAM/OTAC mixtures is found to be consistent with the bench scale results. The drag reduction ability of PAM is reduced upon the addition of OTAC. At low concentrations of PAM, the effect of OTAC on the drag reduction behavior is more pronounced. The drag reduction behavior of polymer solutions is strongly influenced by the nature of water (de-ionized or tap). The addition of OTAC to PEO solution exhibited a week interaction based on the viscosity and surface tension measurements. However, the pipeline results showed a considerable synergistic effect, that is, the mixed system gave a significantly higher drag reduction (lower friction factors) as compared with the pure additives (pure polymer or pure surfactant). The synergistic effect in the mixed system was stronger at low polymer concentrations and high surfactant concentrations. Also the resistance against mechanical degradation of the additive was improved upon the addition of OTAC to PEO. The mixed PEO/SDS system exhibited a strong interaction between the polymers (PEO) and the surfactant (SDS), Using electrical conductivity and surface tension measurements, the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) and the polymer saturation point (PSP) were determined. As the PEO concentration is increased, the CAC decreases and the PSP increase. The addition of SDS to the PEO solution exhibits a remarkable increase in the relative viscosity compared to the pure PEO solution. This increase is attributed to the changes in the hydrodynamic radius of the polymer coil. The pipeline flow exhibited a considerable increase in DR for the mixed system as compared to the pure PEO solution. The addition of surfactant always improves the extent of DR up to the PSP. Also the mixed PEO/ SDS system shows better resistance against shear degradation of the additive.
Book Synopsis Formulation of Natural Drag-reducing Agent from Malabar Sinach for Aqueous Liquid Flowing in Turbulent Mode Through Pipelines by : Jo Ann Lim
Download or read book Formulation of Natural Drag-reducing Agent from Malabar Sinach for Aqueous Liquid Flowing in Turbulent Mode Through Pipelines written by Jo Ann Lim and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this study, the drag-reducing properties of mucilage extracted from the stem of the Malabar spinach in both aqueous liquids flowing in pipelines are investigated. Fluid flowing in turbulent through pipelines produce pressure drop as a result of friction resistance. Pumps are installed to reduce pressure drop; however this increases the costs of the pipeline system. Conventional drag-reducing agents include polymers, suspended solids and surfactants. Mucilage is a new member to this class of additives and has great potential as it is natural, cost-effective and biodegradable. An experimental piping rig was used to study the effects of Reynolds number, pipe length and mucilage concentration on drag reduction in water. The relationship between these factors and DR are discussed. The study shows that the maximum DR recorded was 78.2% at 300ppm concentration with internal pipe diameter of 0.0254m.
Book Synopsis Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives by : Feng-Chen Li
Download or read book Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives written by Feng-Chen Li and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-01-10 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Turbulent drag reduction by additives has long been a hot research topic. This phenomenon is inherently associated with multifold expertise. Solutions of drag-reducing additives are usually viscoelastic fluids having complicated rheological properties. Exploring the characteristics of drag-reduced turbulent flows calls for uniquely designed experimental and numerical simulation techniques and elaborate theoretical considerations. Pertinently understanding the turbulent drag reduction mechanism necessities mastering the fundamentals of turbulence and establishing a proper relationship between turbulence and the rheological properties induced by additives. Promoting the applications of the drag reduction phenomenon requires the knowledge from different fields such as chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, municipal engineering, and so on. This book gives a thorough elucidation of the turbulence characteristics and rheological behaviors, theories, special techniques and application issues for drag-reducing flows by surfactant additives based on the state-of-the-art of scientific research results through the latest experimental studies, numerical simulations and theoretical analyses. Covers turbulent drag reduction, heat transfer reduction, complex rheology and the real-world applications of drag reduction Introduces advanced testing techniques, such as PIV, LDA, and their applications in current experiments, illustrated with multiple diagrams and equations Real-world examples of the topic’s increasingly important industrial applications enable readers to implement cost- and energy-saving measures Explains the tools before presenting the research results, to give readers coverage of the subject from both theoretical and experimental viewpoints Consolidates interdisciplinary information on turbulent drag reduction by additives Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives is geared for researchers, graduate students, and engineers in the fields of Fluid Mechanics, Mechanical Engineering, Turbulence, Chemical Engineering, Municipal Engineering. Researchers and practitioners involved in the fields of Flow Control, Chemistry, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Experimental Fluid Dynamics, and Rheology will also find this book to be a much-needed reference on the topic.
Book Synopsis Zwittrionic Surfactants Flow Enhancment in Solid-Liquid Flow Systems by : Al-Khfaji Hayder a Abdulbari
Download or read book Zwittrionic Surfactants Flow Enhancment in Solid-Liquid Flow Systems written by Al-Khfaji Hayder a Abdulbari and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2011-11-02 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transporting liquids, especially crude oils, refinery products and water through pipelines always occur in turbulent mode through strategic pipelines. Massive amounts of the pumping power are lost during the transportation due to the power dissipation caused by the turbulent structures formed in the flow media. Due to the velocity difference between the laminar sub layer and the core of the turbulent flow system, eddies are formed. The introduction of minute quantities of certain chemical additives is proven to have the ability to improve the flow inside pipelines carrying liquids in a turbulent regime. In some cases, it is necessary to increase the transported liquid flow rate in built pipelines to avoid any extra costs and time spend on building new pipelines to have the same flow improvement needed. In the present book, an experimental approach towards understanding the relation between soluble and insoluble drag reducing agents, is introduced.
Book Synopsis Drag Reduction in Pipeline by Polymer-surfactant and Polymer-polymer Mixtures by : Weicong Huang
Download or read book Drag Reduction in Pipeline by Polymer-surfactant and Polymer-polymer Mixtures written by Weicong Huang and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extensive researches have been conducted to investigate into the drag reduction behavior of the polymer-surfactant mixture and the polymer-polymer mixture. The drag reduction effect of PAM (polyacrylamide), PEO (polyethylene oxide) and CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) has already been studied respectively. However, the drag reduction effects of the combination of these polymers have not been studied before. It is interesting to investigate into these combinations because the synergy between different polymers can enhance the drag reduction effect under the right condition. SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) is a surfactant widely used in many commercially available detergents. When dissolved in water and circulated in the flow loop, the drag reduction effect of SDS has also been observed. Therefore, the combination of PAM and SDS is also worth exploring. The synergy between the polymer and the surfactant may strengthen the drag reduction effect. In this thesis, the drag reduction effects are investigated for the following combinations: the PAM-SDS system, the PAM-CMC system and the PEO-CMC system. The mixed solutions are circulated in the flow loop, where the pressure drop over a certain distance and the flow rate are recorded in order to plot the friction factor against the Reynolds number. In addition, the viscosity, conductivity and surface tension of the mixed solutions are studied at bench-scale to look for the synergy in the mixed system.
Book Synopsis Drag Reduction of Turbulent Flows by Additives by : A. Gyr
Download or read book Drag Reduction of Turbulent Flows by Additives written by A. Gyr and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drag Reduction of Turbulent Flows by Additives is the first treatment of the subject in book form. The treatment is extremely broad, ranging from physicochemical to hydromechanical aspects. The book shows how fibres, polymer molecules or surfactants at very dilute concentrations can reduce the drag of turbulent flow, leading to energy savings. The dilute solutions are considered in terms of the physical chemistry and rheology, and the properties of turbulent flows are presented in sufficient detail to explain the various interaction mechanisms. Audience: Those active in fundamental research on turbulence and those seeking to apply the effects described. Fluid mechanical engineers, rheologists, those interested in energy saving methods, or in any other application in which the flow rate in turbulent flow should be increased.
Book Synopsis Developments in the Flow of Complex Fluids in Tubes by : Dennis A. Siginer
Download or read book Developments in the Flow of Complex Fluids in Tubes written by Dennis A. Siginer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-11 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is dedicated to the tube flow of viscoelastic fluids and Newtonian single and multi-phase particle-laden fluids. This succinct volume collects the most recent analytical developments and experimental findings, in particular in predicting the secondary field, highlighting the historical developments which led to the progress made. This book brings a fresh and unique perspective and covers and interprets efforts to model laminar flow of viscoelastic fluids in tubes and laminar and turbulent flow of single and multi-phase particle-laden flow of linear fluids in the light of the latest findings.
Book Synopsis Investigations on Drag Reduction by Interactions Between Polymer and Surfactant and Polymer and Polymer by : Jia Yang
Download or read book Investigations on Drag Reduction by Interactions Between Polymer and Surfactant and Polymer and Polymer written by Jia Yang and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A large amount of studies have been carried out on pipeline flow with several kinds of drag reducing agents, especially polymers and surfactants. Drag reducing agents, by definition, are additives which help suppress or eliminate turbulence in a pipeline. The mechanism and methodology of polymer only or surfactant only as drag reducing additives have been fully discovered. Whether mixed drag reducers such as polymer-surfactant or polymer-polymer systems would be effective is still not clear. In our study, polymer-surfactant and polymer-polymer mixed additives are used in order to explore the synergistic effects and interactions in pipeline flow loops. The experimental work was divided into two sections: bench-scale experiments and pilot-scale experiments. In bench-scale experiments, the properties of prepared fluids such as, surface tension, conductivity and shear viscosity were measured. Several comparison methods and calculations were applied to give better understandings of the properties resulting from mixing of polymer with surfactant and polymer with polymer. After analysis of the properties, several combinations of concentrations were selected and solutions were prepared in the main tank of pilot plant and pumped into the pipeline set-up to test the pipeline flow behaviors. Turbulence structure/Reynolds number, pipe diameter, polymer-surfactant concentration were all considered as influencing factors. Critical micelle concentration, critical aggregation concentration, polymer saturation point, the onset of drag reduction, and the interactions between the mixed additives were discussed. A comparison between pipeline results and the predictions of Blasius Equation or Dodge-Metzner Equation were also discussed.. For polymer-surfactant studies, a commonly used polymer additive - carboxylmethylcellulose (referred to as CMC which is anionic) was selected as the drag reducing agent. The performance of this polymer was investigated in the presence of six surfactants respectively - Alcohol ethoxylate (referred to as Alfonic 1412-9 and Alfonic 1412-3 which are nonionic), Aromox DMC (nonionic surfactant), Stepanol WA-100 and Stepwet DF-95 (which mainly consist sodium lauryl sulfates, anionic surfactant) and Amphosol (which is zwitterionic).The experiments were first conducted with pure CMC solution with different concentrations (100ppm, 500ppm, 700ppm and 1000ppm) as a standard. The 500ppm CMC solution was selected as the best polymer concentration with highest drag reduction efficiency. For polymer-surfactant combinations, CMC-Alfonic 1412-9, CMC-Alfonic1412-3, CMC-Stepanol and CMC-Stepwet systems were found to have significant interactions. High surfactant concentration resulted in reduction in %DR. The addition of Aromox increased the drag reduction ability and onset point when concentration was higher than the polymer saturation points. Also, both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions were thought to have an effect on critical micelle concentration, which led to the fluctuations in the %DR. For polymer-polymer studies, PAM-PEO system at two different polymer concentrations were investigated. Overall, Pure PAM solution had much higher drag reduction ability than pure PEO solutions. Mixing them together, strong interactions occurred when PEO fraction was high (over 50%) which affected %DR and shear viscosity substantially. Power-law constants n and k were also taken into account and found to exhibit opposite trends with the increase of PEO fraction.
Book Synopsis Interactions Between Drag Reducing Polymers and Surfactants by : Ketan Prajapati
Download or read book Interactions Between Drag Reducing Polymers and Surfactants written by Ketan Prajapati and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drag reduction in turbulent pipe flow using polymeric and surfactant additives is well known. Although extensive research work has been carried out on the drag reduction behavior of polymers and surfactants in isolation, little progress has been made on the synergistic effects of combined polymers and surfactants. In this work the interactions between drag-reducing polymers and surfactants were studied. The drag-reducing polymers studied were nonionic polyethylene oxide (referred to as PEO) and anionic copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate (referred to as CPAM). The drag-reducing surfactants studied were nonionic ethoxylated alcohol - Alfonic 1412-7 (referred to as EA), cationic surfactant - Octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride in pure powder form (referred to as OTAC-p) and commercial grade cationic surfactant - Octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride in isopropanol solvent - Arquad 18-50 (referred to as OTAC-s). The interactions between polymers and surfactant were reflected in the measurements of the physical properties such as electrical conductivity, surface tension, viscosity and turbidity. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) of the mixed polymer / surfactant system was found to be different from that of the surfactant alone. The viscosity of a polymer solution was significantly affected by the addition of surfactant. Weak interactions were observed for the mixed systems of nonionic polymer - nonionic surfactant and anionic polymer - nonionic surfactant. Due to the wrapping of polymer chains around the developing micelles, a minimum in the viscosity is observed in these two cases. In the case of nonionic polymer / cationic surfactant system, the change in the viscosity was found to depend on the polymer concentration (C) and the critical entanglement concentration (C*). When the polymer concentration (C) was less than C* (C C*), the plot of the viscosity versus surfactant concentration exhibited a minimum. When C C*, a maximum in the viscosity versus surfactant concentration plot was observed. The interactions between nonionic polymer and cationic surfactant were observed to increase with the increase in temperature. A large drop in the viscosity occurred in the case of anionic-polymer / cationic-surfactant system when surfactant was added to the polymer solution. The observed changes in the viscosity are explained in terms of the changes in the extension of polymeric chains resulting from polymer-surfactant interactions. The anionic CPAM chains collapsed upon the addition of cationic OTAC-p, due to charge neutralization. The presence of counterion sodium salicylate (NaSal) stabilized the cationic surfactant monomers in the solution, resulting in micelle formation at a surfactant concentration well below the concentration where complete charge neutralization of anionic polymer occurred. Preliminary results are reported on the pipeline drag reduction behavior of mixed polymer-surfactant system. The results obtained using combinations of CPAM / OTAC-p in pipeline flow are found to be in harmony with the interaction study. Due to the shrinkage of CPAM chains upon the addition of OTAC-p, the drag reducing ability of CPAM is compromised.
Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Material, Manufacturing, and Machine Learning by : Bjorn Schuller
Download or read book Recent Advances in Material, Manufacturing, and Machine Learning written by Bjorn Schuller and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-06-17 with total page 1016 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main aim of the 2nd international conference on recent advances in materials manufacturing and machine learning processes-2023 (RAMMML-23) is to bring together all interested academic researchers, scientists, engineers, and technocrats and provide a platform for continuous improvement of manufactur□ing, machine learning, design and materials engineering research. RAMMML 2023 received an overwhelm□ing response with more than 530 full paper submissions. After due and careful scrutiny, about 120 of them have been selected for presentation. The papers submitted have been reviewed by experts from renowned institutions, and subsequently, the authors have revised the papers, duly incorporating the suggestions of the reviewers. This has led to significant improvement in the quality of the contributions, Taylor & Francis publications, CRC Press have agreed to publish the selected proceedings of the conference in their book series of Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Sciences. This enables fast dissemina□tion of the papers worldwide and increases the scope of visibility for the research contributions of the authors.
Book Synopsis Triton-X Amphoteric Surfactant as Drag Reducing Agent in Aqueous Media Flowing in Pipelines with Different Pipe Diameters by : Zainur Azizi Zakaria
Download or read book Triton-X Amphoteric Surfactant as Drag Reducing Agent in Aqueous Media Flowing in Pipelines with Different Pipe Diameters written by Zainur Azizi Zakaria and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this study the effect of the presence of a drag reducing agent (DRA) on the pressure drop in co-current horizontal pipes carrying flow of water is investigated. An experimental set-up is erected. The tested fluid was water and aqueous solution of Triton X-100 surfactant with 50 ppm (ppm-part per million), 100 ppm, 200 ppm and 300 ppm weight concentration of Triton X-100. The test section of the experimental set-up is consisted of three different pipe diameter and testing section length. The experimental was doing with 0.5 inch, 1.0 inch, 1.5 inch ID and 0.5 m long, 1.0 m long and 1.5 m long. Water also was pumped with five different fluid flow rates which is for each pipe diameter have a differ values of volumetric flow rate setting. The percent drag reduction (%DR) is calculated using the obtained experimental data, in presence of the DRA. The results show that addition of DRA could be effective up to some doses of DRA. Not only that, with smaller pipe diameter, performances of drag reduction occur is much better than larger pipe diameter. A maximum %DR of about 73 is obtained for 300 ppm concentration of Triton X-100. This is shows that, the energy consumption for pumping system will be decrease about 73%. When the energy consumption is decrease, the costing for installation pumping system also will be decreased.-Author-
Book Synopsis The Effects of Anionic Surfactants and Suspended Fibres on Drag Reduction by : Emma Suali
Download or read book The Effects of Anionic Surfactants and Suspended Fibres on Drag Reduction written by Emma Suali and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nonionic Surfactants by : Dieter Balzer
Download or read book Nonionic Surfactants written by Dieter Balzer and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-07-12 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides a comprehensive overview for recognizing and producing the characteristics of successful special surfactant agents. It highlights one of the most versatile and effective surface-active surfactant agents, detailing the synthesis and production, chemical properties and behaviours, and application for alkyl polyglucosides.
Book Synopsis Achieving Drag Reduction Through Polymer-surfactant Interaction by : Anosh Mevawalla
Download or read book Achieving Drag Reduction Through Polymer-surfactant Interaction written by Anosh Mevawalla and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drag reduction is a well-observed phenomenon, it was first observed by the British chemist Toms in 1946, yet its mechanism is still unknown to this day. Polymer Drag reduction has found application in reducing pumping costs for oil pipelines (its use in the Trans Alaska Pipeline has resulted in an increase from 1.44 million bbl./day to 2.1356 million bbl./day), increasing the flow rate in firefighting equipment, and in supporting irrigation and drainage systems. Surfactant drag reducers are used industrially in district heating and cooling systems. Though the fields of Surfactant Drag Reduction and Polymer Drag Reduction are each independently well-developed the effect of their interaction on drag reduction is a less explored phenomenon. Through a well chosen pairing of surfactant and polymer, drag reduction can be maximized while minimizing surfactant and polymer concentrations cutting down on cost and environmental impact. The focus of this work was to determine if there was any positive interaction between the polymers Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) and Anionic PolyAcrylAmide (PAM) and the surfactant Amphosol CG (Cocamidopropyl Betaine) as well as any interaction between the polymers themselves. Both polymers are popular drag reducers while Amphosol is a practically nontoxic (LD50=5g/kg) zwitterionic surfactant and is readily biodegradable. In order to determine if any interaction was present and at what concentration was this most notable 4 techniques were used: Surface tension, Conductivity, Relative Viscosity and Shear Viscosity measurement. From this analysis the polymer Saturation point (PSP), Critical aggregation concentration (CAC) and Critical micelle concentration (CMC) were found as well as the concentrations that optimized the viscosity for the pilot plant runs. The bench scale results were used to pick the optimum concentrations for the polymer surfactant solutions. Pressure readings and flowrate measurements were used to plot the Fanning Friction Factor against the Generalized Reynolds Number for the surfactant polymer mixtures and compared to their pure polymer and surfactant counterparts. The Blasius line was found to hold for water measurements taken and is the base to determine percentage drag reduction. The effect of the presence of amphosol on degradation and overall drag reduction were noted. Other factors considered were pipe diameter and the effect of ionic impurities in the solvent.
Book Synopsis Study of Drag Reduction by Surfactants in Low Temperature Ethylene Glycol by : Leslie Bailey
Download or read book Study of Drag Reduction by Surfactants in Low Temperature Ethylene Glycol written by Leslie Bailey and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
