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Study Of Cu Free Back Contacts To Thin Film Cdte Solar Cells
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Book Synopsis Study Of Cu Free Back Contacts to Thin Film CdTe Solar Cells by : Vijay Viswanathan
Download or read book Study Of Cu Free Back Contacts to Thin Film CdTe Solar Cells written by Vijay Viswanathan and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: The effect of etching ambient, pressure, plasma power and etch time on contact performance will be studied.
Book Synopsis Analysis of Cu Difusion in ZnTe-Based Contacts for Thin-Film CdS/CdTe Solar Cells by :
Download or read book Analysis of Cu Difusion in ZnTe-Based Contacts for Thin-Film CdS/CdTe Solar Cells written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ohmic contacts to thin-film CdS/CdTe photovoltaic devices have been formed using a two-layer contact interface of undoped ZnTe (ZnTe) and Cu-doped ZnTe (ZnTe:Cu), followed by Ni or Ti as an outer metallization. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) is used to study Cu diffusion within this back-contact structure, and also, to monitor Cu diffusion from the contact into the CdTe. When Nimetallization is used, the ZnTe:Cu layer becomes increasingly depleted of Cu, and Ni diffusion into the ZnTe:Cu increases as the contact deposition temperature increases from 100 deg. C to 300 deg. C. Cu depletion is not observed when Ni is replaced with Ti. Diffusion of Cu from the ZnTe:Cu layer into the ZnTe layer also increases with contact deposition temperature, and produces a buildup of Cuat the ZnTe/CdTe interface. High-mass resolution SIMS indicates that, although Cu levels in the CdTe remain low, Cu diffusion from the contact proceeds into the CdTe layer and toward the CdTe/CdS junction region.
Book Synopsis Solar Cells and Modules by : Arvind Shah
Download or read book Solar Cells and Modules written by Arvind Shah and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-16 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives a comprehensive introduction to the field of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells and modules. In thirteen chapters, it addresses a wide range of topics including the spectrum of light received by PV devices, the basic functioning of a solar cell, and the physical factors limiting the efficiency of solar cells. It places particular emphasis on crystalline silicon solar cells and modules, which constitute today more than 90 % of all modules sold worldwide. Describing in great detail both the manufacturing process and resulting module performance, the book also touches on the newest developments in this sector, such as Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TOPCON) and heterojunction modules, while dedicating a major chapter to general questions of module design and fabrication. Overall, it presents the essential theoretical and practical concepts of PV solar cells and modules in an easy-to-understand manner and discusses current challenges facing the global research and development community.
Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Thin Film Photovoltaics by : Udai P. Singh
Download or read book Recent Advances in Thin Film Photovoltaics written by Udai P. Singh and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-09-02 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides recent development in thin-film solar cells (TFSC). TFSC have proven the promising approach for terrestrial and space photovoltaics. TFSC have the potential to change the device design and produce high efficiency devices on rigid/flexible substrates with significantly low manufacturing cost. TFSC have several advantages in manufacturing compared to traditional crystalline Si-solar cells like less requirement of materials, can be prepared with earth’s abundant materials, less processing steps, easy to dispose, etc. Several universities/research institutes/industry in India and abroad are involved in the research area of thin-film solar cells. The book helps the readers to find the details about different thin-film technologies and its advancement at one place. Each chapter covers properties of materials, its suitability for PV applications, simple manufacturing processes and recent and past literature survey. The issues related to the development of high efficiency TFSC devices over large area and its commercial and future prospects are discussed.
Book Synopsis Handbook of II-VI Semiconductor-Based Sensors and Radiation Detectors by : Ghenadii Korotcenkov
Download or read book Handbook of II-VI Semiconductor-Based Sensors and Radiation Detectors written by Ghenadii Korotcenkov and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-04-20 with total page 585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three-volumes book “Handbook of II-VI Semiconductor-Based Sensors and Radiation Detectors” is the first to cover both chemical sensors and biosensors and all types of photodetectors and radiation detectors based on II-VI semiconductors. It contains a comprehensive and detailed analysis of all aspects of the application of II-VI semiconductors in these devices. The first volume "Materials and Technologies" of a three-volume set describes the physical, chemical and electronic properties of II-VI compounds, which give rise to an increased interest in these semiconductors. Technologies that are used in the development of various devices based on II-VI connections, such as material synthesis, deposition, characterization, processing, and device fabrication, are also discussed in detail in this volume. It covers also topics related to synthesis and application of II-VI-based nanoparticles and quantum dots, as well their toxicity, biocompatibility and biofunctionalization.
Book Synopsis Study of Back Contact Formation on CdTe/CdS Thin Film Solar Cells by : Jian Tang
Download or read book Study of Back Contact Formation on CdTe/CdS Thin Film Solar Cells written by Jian Tang and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis XPS and AES Studies of Cu/CdTe(111)-B. by : T. A. Gessert
Download or read book XPS and AES Studies of Cu/CdTe(111)-B. written by T. A. Gessert and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Copper is frequently used as a p-type dopant to improve the performance of back contacts in CdTe thin-film solar cells. In this study, surface-analysis techniques are used to probe fundamental interactions between Cu and the CdTe(111)-B surface. The results presented here were facilitated by the newly constructed surface-analysis cluster tool in the Measurements and Characterization Division at NREL; they reveal a host of fundamental phenomena that occur in the Cu/CdTe system.
Book Synopsis Electrical Characterization of Cu Composition Effects in CdS/CdTe Thin-Film Solar Cells with a ZnTe:Cu Back Contact: Preprint by :
Download or read book Electrical Characterization of Cu Composition Effects in CdS/CdTe Thin-Film Solar Cells with a ZnTe:Cu Back Contact: Preprint written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We study the effects of Cu composition on the CdTe/ZnTe:Cu back contact and the bulk CdTe. For the back contact, its potential barrier decreases with Cu concentration while its saturation current density increases. For the bulk CdTe, the hole density increases with Cu concentration. We identify a Cu-related deep level at0.55 eV whose concentration is significant when the Cu concentration ishigh. The device performance, which initially increases with Cu concentration then decreases, reflects the interplay between the positive influences and negative influences (increasing deep levels in CdTe) of Cu.
Book Synopsis Effects of Cu Diffusion from ZnTe:Cu/Ti Contacts on Carrier Lifetime of CdS/CdTe Thin Film Solar Cells by :
Download or read book Effects of Cu Diffusion from ZnTe:Cu/Ti Contacts on Carrier Lifetime of CdS/CdTe Thin Film Solar Cells written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Study of Deep Level Defects of N+-CdS/P-CdTe Solar Cells by : Poonam Rani Kharangarh
Download or read book Study of Deep Level Defects of N+-CdS/P-CdTe Solar Cells written by Poonam Rani Kharangarh and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among various photovoltaic materials, polycrystalline cadmium telluride thin film is now the most promising material, due to its low production cost excellent stability and reliability. Current-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements of CdTe photovoltaic devices at different temperatures can provide valuable information about non-idealities in the n-p semiconductor junction. There are certain limitations which limit the efficiency of CdTe solar cells. There is no real distinction between defects and impurities in CdTe solar cells as both act as beneficial dopants or detrimental traps unlike Si where intentional shallow dopants and traps are distinctly different. Therefore, the role of defect states on CdTe solar cell performance, the effect of processing on defect states, and simple and effective characterization techniques must be investigated and identified. In this research the thin film n+-CdS/p-CdTe solar cells made with evaporated Cu as a primary back contact, are characterized by using the temperature dependence of the reverse bias diode current (J-V-T) to determine the energy levels of deep defects. The results of the J-V-T measurements on solar cells made at NJIT show that while modest amounts of Cu enhance cell performance, an excessive high temperature annealing step degrades device quality and reduces efficiency. This work addresses the error that can be introduced during defect energy level estimation if the temperature dependence of the carrier capture cross-section is neglected. Therefore, the location of traps is derived using a Shockley-Read-Hall recombination model with modified assumptions. A Cu-related deep level defect with activation energy of 0.57eV is observed for Cu evaporated back contact cells and an intrinsic defect with activation energy 0.89eV is found. Frequency dispersion in Capacitance-Voltage measurements confirms the presence of Cu-related deep level traps for cells with a Cu evaporated back contact, whereas no such defects are observed in carbon paste contact. The behavior is believed to be due to diffusion of excess Cu from the contact. It is further observed that majority carrier deep level traps (Cu-related or intrinsic) contribute differently to the degradation of electronic properties of the CdTe solar cells. A simple and effective characterization technique based on temperature dependent capacitance spectroscopy (TDCS) is used to identify majority carrier trapping defects in thin film n+-CdS/p-CdTe solar cell, made with evaporated Cu as a primary back contact. The distinct deep level traps, observed by TDCS seem to be due to the ionization of impurity centers located in the depletion region of n+-CdS/p-CdTe junction.
Book Synopsis Electrical Characterization of Cu Composition Effects in CdS/CdTe Thin-Film Solar Cells with a ZnTe by :
Download or read book Electrical Characterization of Cu Composition Effects in CdS/CdTe Thin-Film Solar Cells with a ZnTe written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We study the effects of Cu composition on the CdTe/ZnTe:Cu back contact and the bulk CdTe. For the back contact, its potential barrier decreases with Cu concentration while its saturation current density increases. For the bulk CdTe, the hole density increases with Cu concentration. We identify a Cu-related deep level at ≈0.55 eV whose concentration is significant when the Cu concentration is high. The device performance, which initially increases with Cu concentration then decreases, reflects the interplay between the positive influences and negative influences (increasing deep levels in CdTe) of Cu.
Book Synopsis Study of Molybdenum Oxide as a Back Contact Buffer for Thin Film N-CdS/p-CdTe Solar Cells by : Hao Lin
Download or read book Study of Molybdenum Oxide as a Back Contact Buffer for Thin Film N-CdS/p-CdTe Solar Cells written by Hao Lin and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Back contact improvement is one of the most crucial issues for the realization of highly efficient n-CdS/p-CdTe solar cells. Conventional methods for making a sufficiently ohmic contact to p-CdTe usually involve a solution etching process and a Cu doping process, which are known to negatively affect the device reliability. To resolve this problem, a low-resistance back contact for n-CdS/p-CdTe solar cells has been developed, which utilizes a vapor-deposited transition metal oxide (TMO) thin film as the back contact buffer layer between p-CdTe and the back electrode. The usefulness of TMO is attributed to its unusually high work function which is needed to match that of p-type CdTe in producing a contact of low resistance. As one major representative of TMO materials, molybdenum oxide (MoOx) has been investigated as a novel buffer in this thesis. First, the processes for making low resistance contact with MoOx buffer are explored. To achieve a good ohmic contact to p-CdTe, a water rinse step is necessary in order to remove surface residues from the CdTe surface prior to MoOx deposition. In addition, different methods for depositing MoOx films have been examined, including thermal evaporation and DC sputtering methods. With MoOx as the high work function buffer, various metals can be used as the electrode to realize an ohmic back contact to p-CdTe. Other advantages of the MoOx buffer include dry application by vacuum deposition, and thus it is particularly suitable for the fabrication of ultra-thin CdTe solar cells without introducing additional shorting defects. Second, the mechanism by which MoOx improves the performance of the back contact is studied through the investigation of Ni/CdTe and Ni/MoOx/CdTe interfaces with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). Contrasting differences in the interface formation and core level structure were observed, indicating that the presence of a thin MoOx inter-layer was effective in reducing the unfavorable reaction between Ni and the native tellurium oxide at the CdTe surface. Finally, the stability of CdTe cells with MoOx buffer is studied. MoOx is found to effectively stabilize the device performance, especially the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of the CdTe solar cell during thermal stress tests. The cell with a Ni-only electrode rapidly degrades due to Ni diffusing into the CdTe film and Ni abstracting Te from CdTe. With the addition of a layer of MoOx as the buffer layer, the diffusion of Ni and the reaction between Ni and CdTe are alleviated, resulting in significantly improved device stability. To summarize, an efficient and stable back contact has been developed through the application of a high work function MoOx as the buffer for p-CdTe. As a result, n-CdS/p-CdTe solar cells with improved efficiency and stability have been realized"--Page viii-ix.
Book Synopsis Electrical Characterization of Thin Film CdTe Solar Cells by : Darshini Desai
Download or read book Electrical Characterization of Thin Film CdTe Solar Cells written by Darshini Desai and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photovoltaic device modeling results obtained using AMPS (Analysis of microelectronic and photonic structures) suggest that the dominant recombination mechanism is the SRH recombination through midgap states.
Book Synopsis Advanced Concepts in Photovoltaics by : Arthur J. Nozik
Download or read book Advanced Concepts in Photovoltaics written by Arthur J. Nozik and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2014-07-10 with total page 631 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photovoltaic systems enable the sun’s energy to be converted directly into electricity using semiconductor solar cells. The ultimate goal of photovoltaic research and development is to reduce the cost of solar power to reach or even become lower than the cost of electricity generated from fossil and nuclear fuels. The power conversion efficiency and the cost per unit area of the phototvoltaic system are critical factors that determine the cost of photovoltaic electricity. Until recently, the power conversion efficiency of single-junction photovoltaic cells has been limited to approximately 33% - the so-called Shockley-Queisser limit. This book presents the latest developments in photovoltaics which seek to either reach or surpass the Shockley-Queisser limit, and to lower the cell cost per unit area. Progress toward this ultimate goal is presented for the three generations of photovoltaic cells: the 1st generation based on crystalline silicon semiconductors; the 2nd generation based on thin film silicon, compound semiconductors, amorphous silicon, and various mesoscopic structures; and the 3rd generation based on the unique properties of nanoscale materials, new inorganic and organic photoconversion materials, highly efficient multi-junction cells with low cost solar concentration, and novel photovoltaic processes. The extent to which photovoltaic materials and processes can meet the expectations of efficient and cost effective solar energy conversion to electricity is discussed. Written by an international team of expert contributors, and with researchers in academia, national research laboratories, and industry in mind, this book is a comprehensive guide to recent progress in photovoltaics and essential for any library or laboratory in the field.
Book Synopsis The Emergence of Agrivoltaics by : Dimitris A. Chalkias
Download or read book The Emergence of Agrivoltaics written by Dimitris A. Chalkias and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024-01-01 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book assists in the adoption of the sustainable cross-sectoral nexus approach of agrivoltaics, which can provide a quite significant untapped potential for the sustainable development of humanity. Increasing demand for water, energy and food, due to population growth and urbanization, is aggravated by unprecedented extreme weather and climatic conditions. This situation is likely to undermine the sustainable and peaceful development of humanity. Today, more than ever, there is an imperative need to support the identification and development of practical solutions, where the use of a nexus approach can lead to improved outcomes in the integrated management of water–energy–food–ecosystem (WEFE) resources. This book disseminates the current knowledge of the modern approach of agrivoltaics, providing a comprehensive state of the art on the field, discussing the current status, the challenges and the future perspectives for their further development. This new currently in-depth unexplored topic will be covered thoroughly by the present book, which will attract the readership of both the scientific and industrial research communities, even of people who are dealing with cultivations, promoting the development in the field, from conceptual designs to practical realizations.
Book Synopsis CdTe/CdS Thin Film Solar Cells Fabricated on Flexible Substrates by : Vasilios Palekis
Download or read book CdTe/CdS Thin Film Solar Cells Fabricated on Flexible Substrates written by Vasilios Palekis and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) is a leading thin film photovoltaic (PV) material due to its near ideal bandgap of 1.45 eV and its high optical absorption coefficient. The typical CdTe thin film solar cell is of the superstrate configuration where a window layer (CdS), the absorber (CdTe) and a back contact are deposited onto glass coated with a transparent electrode. Substrate CdTe solar cells where the above listed films are deposited in reverse are not common. In this study substrate CdTe solar cells are fabricated on flexible foils. The properties of the Molybdenum back contact, Zinc Telluride (ZnTe) interlayer and CdTe absorber on the flexible foils were studied and characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Substrate curvature and film flaking was observed during the fabrication as a result of differences in thermal expansion coefficients between the substrate and the deposited films, and also due to impurity diffusion from the foil into the film stack. In order to overcome this problem diffusion barriers where used to eliminate contamination. Silicon dioxide (SiO2), silicon nitride (Si3N4) and molybdenum nitride (MoxNy) were used as such barriers. Electrical characterization of completed devices was carried out by Current-Voltage (J-V), Capacitance-Voltage (C-V) and Spectral Response (SR) measurements. Roll-over was observed in the first quadrant of J-V curves indicating the existence of a back barrier due to a Schottky back contact. The formation of non-rectifying contact to p-CdTe thin-film is one of the major and critical challenges associated with the fabrication of efficient and stable solar cells. Several materials (ZnTe, Cu, Cu2Te, and Te) were studied as potential candidates for the formation of an effective back contact.
Book Synopsis Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies by : Jaime Andres Perez Taborda
Download or read book Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies written by Jaime Andres Perez Taborda and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-01-03 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of coatings and thin-film technologies is rapidly advancing to keep up with new uses for semiconductor, optical, tribological, thermoelectric, solar, security, and smart sensing applications, among others. In this sense, thin-film coatings and structures are increasingly sophisticated with more specific properties, new geometries, large areas, the use of heterogeneous materials and flexible and rigid coating substrates to produce thin-film structures with improved performance and properties in response to new challenges that the industry presents. This book aims to provide the reader with a complete overview of the current state of applications and developments in thin-film technology, discussing applications, health and safety in thin films, and presenting reviews and experimental results of recognized experts in the area of coatings and thin-film technologies.
