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Studies On Upward Flame Spread
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Book Synopsis Studies on Upward Flame Spread by : Michael J. Gollner
Download or read book Studies on Upward Flame Spread written by Michael J. Gollner and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experimental techniques have been used to investigate three upward flame spread phenomena of particular importance for fire safety applications. First, rates of upward flame spread during early-stage burning were observed during experiments on wide samples of corrugated cardboard. Results indicated a slower acceleration than was obtained in previous measurements and theories. It is hypothesized that the non-homogeneity of the cardboard helped to reduce the acceleration of the upward spread rates by physically disrupting flow in the boundary layer close to the vertical surface and thereby modifying heating rates of the solid fuel above the pyrolysis region. The results yield alternative scalings that may be better applicable to some situations encountered in practice in warehouse fires. Next, a thermally thick slab of polymethyl methacrylate was used to study the effects of the inclination angle of a fuel surface on upward flame spread. By performing experiments on 10 cm wide by 20 cm tall fuel samples it was found that the maximum flame-spread rate, occurring nearly in a vertical configuration, does not correspond to the maximum fuel mass-loss rate, which occurs closer to a horizontal configuration. A detailed study of both flame spread and steady burning at different angles of inclination revealed the influence of buoyancy-induced flows in modifying heat-flux profiles ahead of the flame front, which control flame spread, and in affecting the heat flux to the burning surface of the fuel, which controls fuel mass-loss rates. Finally, vertical arrays of horizontally protruding wood matchsticks were used to investigate the influence of the spacing of discrete fuel elements on rates of upward flame spread. Rates of upward flame spread were found to increase dramatically for spacings between 0 cm and 0.8 cm and experienced only a slight increase thereafter. Based on these observations, the influence of convective heating was hypothesized to dominate this spread mechanism, and predictions of ignition times were developed using convective heat-transfer correlations. Mass-loss rates followed a similar pattern and were predicted along with matchstick burnout times using a droplet burning theory extended for a cylindrical geometry.
Book Synopsis Study of Upward Flame Spread on Inclined Surfaces by : Yajue Wu
Download or read book Study of Upward Flame Spread on Inclined Surfaces written by Yajue Wu and published by . This book was released on 1996-11-20 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report describes a study on the trench effect, identified as being responsible for the very rapid fire growth during the King's Cross fire of 1987. The research was carried out using both experimental investigation and computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
Book Synopsis Analysis of Upward Flame Spread by : Djebar Baroudi
Download or read book Analysis of Upward Flame Spread written by Djebar Baroudi and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Upward flame spread on wall linings is analyzed theoretically with special emphasis on the application of the models to predict whether the flame spread will be deceleratory or acceleratory. Much of the work is devoted to a revised application of the model by Saito et al. By applying various analytical expressions for the rate of heat release, quantitative expressions for the flame spread velocity are derived. Criteria for accelerating flame spread are presented. Due to the lack of large-scale flame spread tests, the predictions are compared with material data and room fire test results in a Swedish BRANDFORSK test series on wall lining materials and in the EUREFIC programme.
Book Synopsis Upward Flame Spread on Vertical Walls by : Anil K. Kulkarni
Download or read book Upward Flame Spread on Vertical Walls written by Anil K. Kulkarni and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Progress made on NIST Grant No. 60NANB4D0037 is reported here. Since the three previous annual reports describe the work conducted in the first three years, the scope of this report is limited to the past (and final) year of the grant, in which a study of upward flame spread on vertical walls was conducted. First, a detailed review of literature on upward flame spread is presented. A "complete procedure" for predicting upward flame spread on practical materials, which can be used in a global fire hazard assessment model, is then described. Experimental results on upward flame spread on various materials are obtained and the validity of the model is established.
Book Synopsis Investigation of a Model for Upward Flame Spread by : Cheol Ho Lee
Download or read book Investigation of a Model for Upward Flame Spread written by Cheol Ho Lee and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several studies have developed upward flame spread models which use somewhat different features. However, the models have not considered the transient effects of the ignitor and the burning rate. Thus, the objective of this study is to examine a generalized upward flame spread model which includes these effects. We shall compare the results with results from simpler models used in the past in order to examine the importance of the simplifying assumptions. We compare these results using PMMA, and we also include experimental results for comparison. The results of the comparison indicate that flame velocity depends on the thermal properties of a material, the specific model for flame length and transient burning rate, as well as other variables including the heat flux by ignitor and flame itself. The results from the generalized upward flame spread model can provide a prediction of flame velocity, flame and pyrolysis height, burnout time and position, and rate of energy output as a function of time.
Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Fire Phenomena by : James G. Quintiere
Download or read book Fundamentals of Fire Phenomena written by James G. Quintiere and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-04-21 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding fire dynamics and combustion is essential in fire safety engineering and in fire science curricula. Engineers and students involved in fire protection, safety and investigation need to know and predict how fire behaves to be able to implement adequate safety measures and hazard analyses. Fire phenomena encompass everything about the scientific principles behind fire behavior. Combining the principles of chemistry, physics, heat and mass transfer, and fluid dynamics necessary to understand the fundamentals of fire phenomena, this book integrates the subject into a clear discipline: Covers thermochemistry including mixtures and chemical reactions; Introduces combustion to the fire protection student; Discusses premixed flames and spontaneous ignition; Presents conservation laws for control volumes, including the effects of fire; Describes the theoretical bases for empirical aspects of the subject of fire; Analyses ignition of liquids and the importance of evaporation including heat and mass transfer; Features the stages of fire in compartments, and the role of scale modeling in fire. Fundamentals of Fire Phenomena is an invaluable reference tool for practising engineers in any aspect of safety or forensic analysis. Fire safety officers, safety practitioners and safety consultants will also find it an excellent resource. In addition, this is a must-have book for senior engineering students and postgraduates studying fire protection and fire aspects of combustion.
Book Synopsis Large-scale Upward Flame Spread Tests on Wood Products by : Matti Kokkala
Download or read book Large-scale Upward Flame Spread Tests on Wood Products written by Matti Kokkala and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Burning and Upward Flame Spread on Vertical Material Surfaces by : Michael A. Delichatsios
Download or read book Burning and Upward Flame Spread on Vertical Material Surfaces written by Michael A. Delichatsios and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Gallery of Combustion and Fire by : Charles E. Baukal, Jr.
Download or read book A Gallery of Combustion and Fire written by Charles E. Baukal, Jr. and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-09-03 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Gallery of Combustion and Fire is the first book to provide a graphical perspective of the extremely visual phenomenon of combustion in full color. It is designed primarily to be used in parallel with, and supplement existing combustion textbooks that are usually in black and white, making it a challenge to visualize such a graphic phenomenon. Each image includes a description of how it was generated, which is detailed enough for the expert but simple enough for the novice. Processes range from small scale academic flames up to full scale industrial flames under a wide range of conditions such as low and normal gravity, atmospheric to high pressures, actual and simulated flames, and controlled and uncontrolled flames. Containing over 500 color images, with over 230 contributors from over 75 organizations, this volume is a valuable asset for experts and novices alike.
Book Synopsis Experimental Study of the Effect Spandrel and Horizontal Projection on Upward Flame Spread Using Small-scale Model by : Ang Li
Download or read book Experimental Study of the Effect Spandrel and Horizontal Projection on Upward Flame Spread Using Small-scale Model written by Ang Li and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Wall Flames and Implications for Upward Flame Spread by : James G. Quintiere
Download or read book Wall Flames and Implications for Upward Flame Spread written by James G. Quintiere and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Upward Flame Spread on Vertical Surfaces by : Kuang-Chung Tsai
Download or read book Upward Flame Spread on Vertical Surfaces written by Kuang-Chung Tsai and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Turbulent Upward Flame Spread on a Vertical Wall Under External Radiation by : E. Brehob
Download or read book Turbulent Upward Flame Spread on a Vertical Wall Under External Radiation written by E. Brehob and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Progress made on NIST grant number 60NANB8D0849 for the period September 30, 1991 to January 15, 1993 is reported. The overall objective is to understand the upward flame spread phenomenon under simulated surrounding fire conditions by establishing a data base for upward flame spread under external radiation, developing a mathematical model, measuring the relevant basic material properties needed, and checking the validity of the model by comparing its results with data. Emphasis is placed on studying and predicting the behavior of practical wall materials used in building and vehicle interiors, and textiles. In the past year, we measured flame spread on several different materials under a range of external radiant fluxes of up to 15 kW/m2. A model for describing the upward flame spread process was developed and numerical results were compared with data. The model needed input of certain properties, such as the burning rate characteristics and surface radiation properties. A series of supporting studies were undertaken which provided the needed input properties to the model and other useful material property data. These studies included transient mass loss rate experiments, in-depth radiation absorption analysis and experiments, and reflectance measurements using a specially designed heated cavity reflectometer. Experimental data, appropriately validated model, and radiative properties of materials obtained here should be very useful in fire hazard codes for single or multiple enclosures, as well as for assessing material flammability in a relevant orientation.
Book Synopsis Fire Safety Science by : Cecile Grant
Download or read book Fire Safety Science written by Cecile Grant and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1986 with total page 1266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Upward Flame Spread on Vertical Surfaces by : Kuang-Chung Tsai
Download or read book Upward Flame Spread on Vertical Surfaces written by Kuang-Chung Tsai and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Upward Flame Spread on Vertical Surfaces by :
Download or read book Upward Flame Spread on Vertical Surfaces written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A model which describes the physical processes of upward flame spread and for growth on wall materials has been developed and implemented as a computer program. The computer based flame spread model simulates the fire growth along a vertical combustible wall. The vertical wall material may be heated by an imposed external heat flux and is ignited at its bottom edge with a flame from a line burner of user specified strength. The model predicts the flame spread rate, the heat release rate of the fire, the flame height, the net heat flux to the wall surface and the time varying surface temperatures. The model uses inputs developed from cone calorimeter data. The results from the model compare favorably to experimental upward flame spread results for polymethylmethacrylate, plywood and wood particle board found in the literature. The sensitivity of the model to material thermal properties, flame heat flux and flame height are systematically examined.
Book Synopsis Heat Release in Fires by : Vytenis Babrauskas
Download or read book Heat Release in Fires written by Vytenis Babrauskas and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 1990-12 with total page 660 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
