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Structure And Expression Of Chicken U2 And U4 Small Nuclear Rna Genes
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Book Synopsis Structure and Function of Major and Minor Small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Particles by : Max L. Birnstiel
Download or read book Structure and Function of Major and Minor Small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Particles written by Max L. Birnstiel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past decade a most interesting story of the role played by the small nuclear RNPs, catalysts in RNA processing, has unfolded. Early investigations of the structure of these particles gave rise to hypotheses of their functions. As described in this book, these have been confirmed or are being tested by biochemical ex perimentation and most recently by the powerful technique of genetic analysis. Both biochemical and genetical approaches will also determine to what degree, and how, snRNPs and their cofactors participate in the differential expression of genes. As the details emerge and the number of snRNP species increases way beyond the six initially identified, one feels at the threshold of even greater things to come. The book covers many results in one of the most rapidly expanding fields of molecular biology. For this reason alone the specialist may detect some omissions and shortcomings. I hope they will be few. Instead of presenting a collation of conference reports with much overlap between them, this book has been written specially for the purpose of surveying the literature up to early 1987 in the snRNP field in a coherent manner, each of the seven chapters having been produced by connoisseurs of their field. While not each and every snRNP story can be covered in such a book, I hope that it will provide enjoyable and stimulating reading.
Book Synopsis Structure and Expression of Chicken U2 and U4 Small Nuclear RNA Genes by : Gina Marie Korf
Download or read book Structure and Expression of Chicken U2 and U4 Small Nuclear RNA Genes written by Gina Marie Korf and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In chapter one I report studies on the structure of a chicken gene coding for U2 small nuclear RNA. These studies represent the first cloning, sequencing and characterization of a chicken U2 RNA gene. I report that U2 and U1 RNA genes are organized very differently in the chicken genome, yet they share specific sequence homologies at similar locations in their 5'-flanking DNA. The existence of these conserved sequences at similar locations provided an indication that these sequences are important components of the chicken U2 and U1 RNA gene promoters. In chapter two I present data on the genomic organization of two closely linked chicken U4 RNA genes. One of these genes codes for a well characterized U4 RNA sequence known as U4B RNA. The second gene, U4X, encodes a sequence variant of U4 RNA that was previously unknown. I performed genomic reconstruction experiments that demonstrated that the locus containing the two U4 genes is present in only a single copy per haploid chicken genome. Moreover, these are the only two genes in the chicken genome coding for U4 RNA. Subsequently I performed experiments that demonstrated that U4X RNA exists in chicken tissues, thus proving that the U4X RNA gene is a real gene that is expressed in vivo. In chapter three, I analyze the relative accumulation of U4X and U4B RNA in seven adult chicken tissues and three embryonic chicken tissues. I determined that the relative accumulation of the U4X and U4B RNA gene products can vary in both a tissue and stage-specific manner. Since U4 RNA is a component of the spliceosome, the discovery of differential accumulation of the U4X and U4B RNAs may be relevant to the molecular mechanisms involved in selecting developmentally-regulated alternative splice sites in mRNA precursors. In a final experiment, I examined the RNA of several vertebrate species for the presence of a chicken U4X RNA homolog. The results indicated that a U4X RNA homolog does appear in at least one other avian species.
Book Synopsis Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology by : Philippe Jeanteur
Download or read book Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology written by Philippe Jeanteur and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biological functions are almost exclusively attributed to macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins and polysaccharides. To gain their complete functional activities these biomolecules have to associate with the cellular components, such as the nuclear matrix, cytoskeleton or cell/plasma membranes. Topics discussed in this volume 12 include the synthesis of small nuclear RNAs, DNA-activated protein kinase, interactions of water and proteins in cellular functions, heat-shock protein synthesis and the cytoskeleton during early development.
Book Synopsis Transcription by : Ronald C. Conaway
Download or read book Transcription written by Ronald C. Conaway and published by Raven Press (ID). This book was released on 1994 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a coherent account of many productive lines of investigation, organized as a series of mini-reviews that focus on major research areas including studies on the structure and mechanisms of action of bacterial, viral, and eukaryotic RNA polymerases, and the transcription factors that control their activities. Each review provides a brief but up-to-date account of the progress of research in a particular area, a discussion of the major issues and questions driving that research, and a brief description of the evolving approaches and technologies used to address those questions. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Download or read book Cumulated Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 1084 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Characterization of the Structure and Expression of the Ubiquitin Genes in Trypanosoma Brucei by : Sandy M. Wong
Download or read book Characterization of the Structure and Expression of the Ubiquitin Genes in Trypanosoma Brucei written by Sandy M. Wong and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nuclear Structure and Gene Expression by : R. Curtis Bird
Download or read book Nuclear Structure and Gene Expression written by R. Curtis Bird and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1996-11-28 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nuclear Structure and Gene Expression assimilates the contributions of genome organization and of the components of the nuclear matrix to the control of DNA and RNA synthesis. Nuclear domains which accommodate DNA replication and gene expression are considered in relation to short-term developmental and homeostatic requirements as well as to long-term commitments to phenotypic gene expression in differentiated cells. Consideration is given to the involvement of nuclear structure in gene localization as well as to the targeting and concentration of transcription factors. Aberrations in nuclear architecture associated with and potentially functionally related to pathologies are evaluated. Tumor cells are described from the perspective of the striking modifications in both the composition and organization of nuclear components. Nuclear Structure and Gene Expression presents concepts as well as experimental approaches, which define functionality of nuclear morphology.* Mechanisms of interaction between nuclear structure and genes* Gene expression regulation by elements of the nuclear matrix* How nuclear structure exerts a regulatory effect on other aspects of cell function/physiology
Book Synopsis Study of Cis-acting Elements and Trans-acting Factors Involved in the Differential Expression of Chicken U4 SnRNA Genes by : Hirdeypal S. Bhathal
Download or read book Study of Cis-acting Elements and Trans-acting Factors Involved in the Differential Expression of Chicken U4 SnRNA Genes written by Hirdeypal S. Bhathal and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Transfer RNAs and Other Soluble RNAs by : Joseph D. Cherayil
Download or read book Transfer RNAs and Other Soluble RNAs written by Joseph D. Cherayil and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1990-08-29 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fascinating book discusses various methods that have been used from early times to the present for the isolation and characterization of total tRNA, specific tRNAs, and small molecular weight RNAs. Filled with tables and figures, it presents comparative methods and provides an overview of the progress from a historical perspective. The text features chapters on special and recent methods, isolation of tRNA from specific sources, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, purification, and identification of modified nucleotides. It also covers suppressor tRNAs, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, and tRNA genes. This volume is an excellent resource for all biological chemists, microbiologists, and researchers.
Book Synopsis Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology by :
Download or read book Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology written by and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Analysis of SBF, an SnRNA Enhancer Binding Protein, and Cloning of the Chicken Rreb-1 Gene by : Jon Hatsuo Miyake
Download or read book Analysis of SBF, an SnRNA Enhancer Binding Protein, and Cloning of the Chicken Rreb-1 Gene written by Jon Hatsuo Miyake and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vertebrate snRNA genes contain two well conserved regions in their 5' flanking DNA sequence. The distal sequence element serves as an enhancer to stimulate gene expression and the proximal sequence element functions to specify the transcription start site. The two U4 genes in the chicken genome code for distinct sequence variants of U4 snRNA that are differentially expressed during development. Whereas U4B RNA is constitutively expressed, U4X RNA is specifically down-regulated relative to U4B in a tissue-specific manner during development. The distal sequence elements for the U1, U4B and U4X snRNA genes contain an octamer binding site juxtaposed to an SPH motif which has been shown to bind the SBF factor. In Chapter 1, I describe the analysis of protein-DNA interactions at the promoter and enhancer regions of chicken U4B and U4X genes. Both genes are expressed at similar levels in the early embryo but U4X expression is specifically down-regulated relative to U4B as development proceeds. I demonstrate that the SPH binding factor, SBF, binds to the U4X SPH motif 20-30 fold less efficiently than to the SPH motif of the U4B gene. I also demonstrate that the Oct-1 factor has similar affinities for the octamer sequence of both genes. Binding assays using nuclear extracts from various developmental stages and tissues revealed that Oct-1 and SBF protein levels do not change throughout development or in different tissues. In contrast, a proximal sequence factor termed PPBF that only binds to the promoter of the U4X gene is up-regulated during development and varies between tissues. Overall, these observations suggest potential roles for SBF and PPBF in the preferential down regulation of U4X gene expression. In chapter 2 I further analyze the properties of the SBF factor. First I address if the Oct-1 and SBF factors can cooperatively bind to the U4B enhancer region. Earlier studies in our lab indicated that SBF and Oct-1 function synergistically in transcription of the U1 and U4B enhancers. However, electrophoretic mobility shift studies indicate the synergistic effect between these factors is not caused by cooperative DNA binding in vitro. I also report that similar SBF-like activities are found in Xenopus oocyte and HeLa cell nuclear extracts. Regarding the chicken and HeLa SBF factor, UV cross-linking studies demonstrate that both are approximately 85 kDa. In chapter 3 I report attempts to clone the SBF gene from a chicken embryo cDNA library and the fortuitous cloning and molecular characterization of the gene encoding the chicken homologue to human RREB-1. Preliminary studies indicated that a candidate clone for SBF had been obtained but isolation of further cDNA clones and antibodies directed against the cloned gene determined that this gene did not encode SBF. Near the completion of this project, other investigators identified a gene in a human medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line termed rreb-1 that is 53% identical and 69% similar to the deduced amino acid sequence of the gene I cloned. Amino acid alignment and the arrangement and sequence of the zinc fingers suggest that the gene I cloned encodes the chicken homologue to the human RREB-1 protein, a Ras-responsive element binding protein. The deduced amino acid sequence for chicken RREB-1 is greatly extended at its N-terminus compared to human RREB-1 and explanations for this are discussed.
Book Synopsis Analysis of Cis-acting Elements and Trans-acting Factors Required for the Expression of Chicken and Drosophila SnRNA Genes by : Zulkeflie Bin Zamrod
Download or read book Analysis of Cis-acting Elements and Trans-acting Factors Required for the Expression of Chicken and Drosophila SnRNA Genes written by Zulkeflie Bin Zamrod and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Journal of Cell Biology written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 856 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: No. 2, pt. 2 of November issue each year from v. 19 (1963)-47 (1970) and v. 55 (1972)- contain the Abstracts of papers presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology, 3d (1963)-10th (1970) and 12th (1972)-
Download or read book Gene Expression written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis UCLA Symposia on Molecular & Cellular Biology by :
Download or read book UCLA Symposia on Molecular & Cellular Biology written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Functional Analysis of the Transcriptional Enhancer of a Chicken U1 Small Nuclear RNA Gene by : Kenneth Allan Roebuck
Download or read book Functional Analysis of the Transcriptional Enhancer of a Chicken U1 Small Nuclear RNA Gene written by Kenneth Allan Roebuck and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The DNA sequence requirements of chicken U1 RNA gene expression have been examined in a Xenopus laevis oocyte transcription system. A transcriptional enhancer, which is required for efficient U1 RNA gene expression, extends over approximately 50 base pairs of conserved DNA sequence located 180 to 230 base pairs upstream of the U1 transcription initiation site. It is composed of multiple functional motifs, including a GC-box, an octamer motif, and a novel SPH motif, that contribute synergistically to U1 enhancer activity. Under non-competitive conditions in oocytes, the SPH motif is capable of stimulating U1 RNA transcription in the absence of the other functional motifs, whereas the GC-box and octamer motifs lack this ability. However, in order to form a transcription complex that is stable to challenge by a second competing snRNA transcription unit, both the octamer and SPH motifs are required. The GC-box, although required for full enhancer activity, is not essential for stable complex formation in oocytes. Site-directed mutagenesis of the U1 enhancer was used to study the DNA sequence requirements of the SPH motif. Functional activity of the SPH motif is spread throughout a 24 base pair region immediately 3$\sp\prime$ of the octamer but is particularly dependent upon sequences near an SphI restriction endonuclease site located at the center of the SPH motif. The ability of an SPH-specific factor (SBF) to recognize and bind to mutant enhancer sequences in vitro correlates with the functional activity of the corresponding DNA sequences in vivo. Although the octamer binding factor and SBF can bind independently to their recognition motifs, the formation of a stable transcription complex appears to be dependent upon the cooperative action of these two factors bound to adjacent sites in the enhancer region. Multiple sequence motifs, which are recognized by distinct factors and can function in a variety of cis-linked configurations, appear to be a general structural feature of vertebrate small nuclear RNA gene enhancers and may provide a mechanism to ensure that these housekeeping-type genes are adequately expressed in a wide variety of cell-types.
Book Synopsis Molecular Biology of RNA by : Thomas Cech
Download or read book Molecular Biology of RNA written by Thomas Cech and published by Alan R. Liss. This book was released on 1989 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
