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Stabilization Of Bentonite Clay Using Recycled Glass Powder And Polypropylene Fiber
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Book Synopsis Stabilization of Bentonite Clay Using Recycled Glass Powder and Polypropylene Fiber by : Bibek Karki
Download or read book Stabilization of Bentonite Clay Using Recycled Glass Powder and Polypropylene Fiber written by Bibek Karki and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Expansive soils undergo significant volume changes with the fluctuations in moisture content expand with increased moisture and shrink with drying. This behavior of expansive soil brings challenges for civil engineering projects. Infrastructures such as residential foundations, transportation networks, utilities, retaining structures, etc. face considerable risk when constructed over expansive soils. Despite the challenges brought by expansive soils, construction on them in many circumstances is unavoidable and economically unviable to replace entirely. Soil stabilization, therefore, is one of the best alternatives for improving expansive soil before any construction. The present study uses two sustainable materials: recycled glass powder (RGP) and polypropylene fiber (PPF) in stabilizing highly expansive bentonite clay (BT). The study focuses on evaluating the expansive and swelling properties of the treated and untreated bentonite clay by performing various tests such as Atterberg limits, free swelling index, expansivity index, and one-dimensional consolidation test among others. Recycled glass powder was incorporated in the percentages of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% by dry weight with the bentonite clay (BT), while polypropylene fiber was introduced in the percentages of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0% by dry weight with the base mix of 20% glass powder treated bentonite clay (BT + 20% RGP). The results demonstrated a decrease in linear shrinkage with an increase in both glass powder and fiber content. The free swell index (FSI) decreased considerably up to 62.23% with the addition of glass powder in increasing percentages. A significant reduction of 50.29% was observed with the Expansive Index (EI) when treated with 30% glass powder. By introducing fiber, the maximum reduction in Expansive Index (EI) of 31.78% was observed with 0.5% fiber content. The compression and swelling index values decreased with the addition of glass powder. The optimum mix for reducing the swelling and compression index was found to be at 20% RGP content. The swelling index was reduced by 37.05% at 20% RGP content, while further adding the recycled glass powder increased the swelling index value. On the contrary, the intrusion of polypropylene fiber did not show any definite trend, and the index values mostly increased. Overall, recycled glass powder (RGP) and polypropylene fiber (PPF) as stabilizing additives hold strong potential for improving the expansive and swelling properties of highly expansive bentonite clay.
Book Synopsis Stabilization of Bentonite and Kaolinite Clays Using Recycled Gypsum and Liquid Sodium Silicate by : Mehmet Sagnak
Download or read book Stabilization of Bentonite and Kaolinite Clays Using Recycled Gypsum and Liquid Sodium Silicate written by Mehmet Sagnak and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable soil stabilization of clays utilizing chemical agents relies primarily on chemical reactions between additives and soil materials to attain the desired geotechnical properties such as strength, compressibility, and durability. In this regard, the use of chemicals for ground stabilization is one of the most favorable soil improvement techniques to improve weak engineering properties of soils by combining unbound materials through fabricated cementation products. A variety of soil stabilizers are available for ground stabilization and are categorized as “traditional” (Portland cement, fly ash, hydrated lime) and “non-traditional” (liquid alkali activators, sodium silicate, polymers, enzymes). The production of traditional additives (such as Portland cement or hydrated lime) emits large amounts of greenhouse gases (CO2) into the atmosphere worldwide. As a separate problem, an excessive amount of waste materials are produced from the construction and demolition of civil engineering projects around the word, and the disposal cost of the associated waste materials is high. As a result, more recently, the use of nontraditional additives (such as sodium silicate) and recycled materials (such as gypsum) in earthwork projects has become attractive as a replacement for traditional stabilization agents due to their economic and environmental benefits for society. ☐ Blending soil and alkaline solutions fabricates new cementation materials named geopolymers, achieving a sustainable improvement in the engineering properties of soils, which produces similar mechanical performance relative to traditional stabilizers such as Portland cement. Geopolymers can be synthesized using a variety of sources including industrial waste as well as fine materials such as natural clays. ☐ This research investigates the use of two nontraditional stabilizers, recycled gypsum produced from wall plasters (sometimes referred to as “sheetrock” in the United States), and a sodium silicate solution, to enhance the strength of two types of clay soils, Bentonite and Kaolinite. Three different stabilizer combinations are assessed during this study: (1) “gypsum only”, (2) “sodium silicate only”, and (3) a 50/50 combination of “gypsum and sodium silicate”. For both of the clay minerals that were stabilized, as well as the three stabilizer combinations that are denoted above, four levels of additive stabilization were explored, at 3%, 6%, 9% and 12%. After stabilization, specimens were subjected to various curing intervals, including 0, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days of curing, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) testing was conducted to determine the strength development with curing time for each of the stabilized soil mixtures. The change in the pH values of the additive-soil mixtures at different curing periods was monitored. Additional microstructural characterization tests including x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and the nitrogenbased Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (N2-BET) test were all used to explore and assess changes in the soil microstructure as soil stabilization progressed with curing time. ☐ The UCS test results demonstrate that the use of powdered recycled gypsum, a sodium silicate solution, and their combination all considerably increased the strength of both stabilized clay soils. Strength increases measured for gypsum stabilized bentonite and kaolinite were 4 and 2.5 times greater than the strengths measured for the corresponding untreated clays, respectively, at all stabilizer mix ratios and curing times that were assessed. Similarly, strength increases measured for sodium silicate stabilized kaolinite and bentonite were 3.5 and 3.5times greater than the strengths measured for the corresponding untreated clays, respectively. Strength increases measured for gypsum and sodium silicate (50/50) stabilized kaolinite and bentonite were 3.5and 2.5 times greater than the strengths measured for the corresponding untreated clays, respectively. It should be noted that these strength multipliers are the lower bound of the observed strength gain, and that many of the tested specimens exhibited significantly higher strengths at various stabilizer concentrations and curing times. ☐ The required optimum additive content of stabilizers depended upon the type of soils, and was different for different curing times. In this study, the optimum stabilizer contents were determined based upon the stabilizer mix ratio that yielded the largest gain in strength in the treated specimens after 56 days of curing. The optimum additive contents for bentonite stabilized with gypsum, sodium silicate, and a 50/50 mixture of gypsum and sodium silicate were 3, 12, and 6, respectively. The optimum additive contents for kaolinite stabilized with gypsum, sodium silicate, and a 50/50 mixture of gypsum and sodium silicate were 12, 6, and 6, respectively. As shown, in general, the kaolinite clay needed a higher content of recycled gypsum relative to the bentonite clay, whereas the sodium silicate stabilized kaolinite required a lower content of sodium silicate relative to the bentonite. The combination of recycled gypsum and sodium silicate was found to have benefits regarding the improvement of engineering properties of both soils, with the same amount of admixture (6%) yielding the greatest strength gain for both soils. The observed chemical reactions for all of the soil stabilization processes were time-dependent, especially for the bentonite treated with the combination of recycled gypsum and sodium silicate. ☐ The XRD tests show the formation of new cementation products via the appearance of new diffraction peaks, along with a reduction of the intensities of the peaks corresponding to the aluminum silicate minerals for both of the tested clays. The FESEM tests showed the transformation/modification of the soil microstructure and clay particle surfaces for both of the clays that were tested, and for the three stabilizer combinations that were utilized. Moreover, new crystalline gel (geopolymer) phases of cementation were observed. Alteration of the chemical composition of both treated soils was validated using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The modifications of the functional groups of both clay minerals were confirmed utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). In general, the nitrogen-based Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (N2-BET) tests showed a decrease in the surface area of both stabilized clays in the longterm for the different stabilizers that were assessed, as cementation products were created and the pore space between the specimens was filled. At some of the intermediate curing times, increases in surface area of the treated specimen were observed; this behavior is attributed to dissolution of the base materials prior to formation of stabilizing cementitious compounds. These N2-BET surface area results are generally consistent with the UCS test results as the strength reported for intermediate curing times is sometimes lower than the initial strengths that were measured. ☐ From the results of this study, it is believed that the combination of recycled gypsum and sodium silicate improves the soil strength properties significantly, offering positive benefit for long-term soil stabilization. The potential for beneficial reuse of waste gypsum can reduce the quantity of this material that ends up in landfills, and the replacement of traditional Portland cement and lime stabilizers with the combination of gypsum and sodium silicate could serve to decrease the emission of greenhouses gases that are associated with the production of these more traditional soil stabilizers.
Book Synopsis Geosynthetics in Civil and Environmental Engineering by : Guang-xin Li
Download or read book Geosynthetics in Civil and Environmental Engineering written by Guang-xin Li and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-03-07 with total page 875 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geosynthetics in Civil and Environmental Engineering presents contributions from the 4th Asian Regional Conference on Geosynthetics held in Shanghai, China. The book covers a broad range of topics, such as: fundamental principles and properties of geosynthetics, testing and standards, reinforcement, soil improvement and ground improvement, filter and drainage, landfill engineering, geosystem, transport, geosynthetics-pile support system and geocell, hydraulic application, and ecological techniques. Special case studies as well as selected government-sponsored projects such as the Three Gorges Dam, Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and Changi Land reclamation project are also discussed. The book will be an invaluable reference in this field.
Book Synopsis Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites by : Khouloud Jlassi
Download or read book Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites written by Khouloud Jlassi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-07-26 with total page 548 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clay–Polymer Nanocomposites is a complete summary of the existing knowledge on this topic, from the basic concepts of synthesis and design to their applications in timely topics such as high-performance composites, environment, and energy issues. This book covers many aspects of synthesis such as in- situ polymerization within the interlamellar spacing of the clays or by reaction of pristine or pre-modified clays with reactive polymers and prepolymers. Indeed, nanocomposites can be prepared at industrial scale by melt mixing. Regardless the synthesis method, much is said in this book about the importance of theclay pre-modification step, which is demonstrated to be effective, on many occasions, in obtaining exfoliated nanocomposites. Clay–Polymer Nanocomposites reports the background to numerous characterization methods including solid state NMR, neutron scattering, diffraction and vibrational techniques as well as surface analytical methods, namely XPS, inverse gas chromatography and nitrogen adsorption to probe surface composition, wetting and textural/structural properties. Although not described in dedicated chapters, numerous X-ray diffraction patterns of clay–polymer nanocomposites and reference materials are displayed to account for the effects of intercalation and exfoliations of layered aluminosilicates. Finally, multiscale molecular simulation protocols are presenting for predicting morphologies and properties of nanostructured polymer systems with industrial relevance. As far as applications are concerned, Clay–Polymer Nanocomposites examines structural composites such as clay–epoxy and clay–biopolymers, the use of clay–polymer nanocomposites as reactive nanocomposite fillers, catalytic clay-(conductive) polymers and similar nanocomposites for the uptake of hazardous compounds or for controlled drug release, antibacterial applications, energy storage, and more. - The most comprehensive coverage of the state of the art in clay–polymer nanocomposites, from synthesis and design to opportunities and applications - Covers the various methods of characterization of clay–polymer nanocomposites - including spectroscopy, thermal analyses, and X-ray diffraction - Includes a discussion of a range of application areas, including biomedicine, energy storage, biofouling resistance, and more
Book Synopsis The Science of Clays by : Swapna Mukherjee
Download or read book The Science of Clays written by Swapna Mukherjee and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-10-09 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an attempt to provide a comprehensive and coherent description of three widely separated aspects of clays: the science of clays; the industrial uses of clays; and the role of clays in the environment. Most of the existing literature lacks such an integrated study and this work endeavours to fill that gap. An exhaustive account of the science of clays is presented in Part I of the book, which includes the classification, origin and evolution, composition and internal structure, chemical and physical properties of clays; soil mechanics; and analytical techniques for determining clay constituents. Part II provides a comprehensive description of the applications of clays and their derivatives in various industries, while Part III describes the role of clays in the environment; the pollution caused by clay minerals; and the application of clays in order to prevent environmental hazards. A principal feature of the book is its explanation of how the structure and composition of particular clay types facilitate their specific industrial or environmental applications, thus describing the interrelationship between three widely varying aspects of clay. A number of thought-provoking questions are raised at the end of the work in order to leave readers with a better insight in this regard.
Book Synopsis Recent Thoughts in Geoenvironmental Engineering by : Hesham Ameen
Download or read book Recent Thoughts in Geoenvironmental Engineering written by Hesham Ameen and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-01 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The articles presented in this book deal with the attempts made by the scientists and practitioners to address contemporary issues in geoenvironmental engineering such as characterization of dredged sediments, geomaterials & waste, valorization of waste, sustainability in waste management, and some other geoenvironmental issues that are becoming quite relevant in today's world. With high urbanization rates, advancement in technologies, and changes in consumption behavior of people, wastes generated through the daily activities of individuals and organizations pose many challenges in their management.
Book Synopsis Soil Stabilization by : Owen Graeme Ingles
Download or read book Soil Stabilization written by Owen Graeme Ingles and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Alkali Activated Materials by : John L. Provis
Download or read book Alkali Activated Materials written by John L. Provis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-19 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a State of the Art Report resulting from the work of RILEM Technical Committee 224-AAM in the period 2007-2013. The Report summarises research to date in the area of alkali-activated binders and concretes, with a particular focus on the following areas: binder design and characterisation, durability testing, commercialisation, standardisation, and providing a historical context for this rapidly-growing research field.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Nanocomposites by : Vijay Kumar Thakur
Download or read book Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Nanocomposites written by Vijay Kumar Thakur and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-04-06 with total page 902 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique multidisciplinary 8-volume set focuses on the emerging issues concerning synthesis, characterization, design, manufacturing and various other aspects of composite materials from renewable materials and provides a shared platform for both researcher and industry. The Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials comprises a set of 8 individual volumes that brings an interdisciplinary perspective to accomplish a more detailed understanding of the interplay between the synthesis, structure, characterization, processing, applications and performance of these advanced materials. The Handbook comprises 169 chapters from world renowned experts covering a multitude of natural polymers/ reinforcement/ fillers and biodegradable materials. Volume 7 is solely focused on the "Nanocomposites: Science and Fundamentals" of renewable materials. Some of the important topics include but not limited to: Preparation, characterization, and applications of nanomaterials from renewable resources; hydrogels and its nanocomposites from renewable resources: preparation of chitin-based nanocomposite materials through gelation with ionic liquid; starch-based bionanocomposites; biorenewable nanofiber and nanocrystal; investigation of wear characteristics of dental composite reinforced with rice husk-derived nanosilica filler particles; performance of regenerated cellulose/vermiculite nanocomposites fabricated via ionic liquid; preparation, structure, properties, and interactions of the PVA/cellulose composites; green composites with cellulose nanoreinforcements; biomass composites from bamboo-based micro/nanofibers; synthesis and medicinal properties of polycarbonates and resins from renewable sources; nanostructured polymer composites with modified carbon nanotubes; organic–inorganic nanocomposites derived from polysaccharides; natural polymer-based nanocomposites; cellulose whisker-based green polymer composites; poly (lactic acid) nanocomposites reinforced with different additives; nanocrystalline cellulose; halloysite-based bionanocomposites; nanostructurated composites based on biodegradable polymers and silver nanoparticles; starch-based biomaterials and nanocomposites; green nanocomposites based on PLA and natural organic fillers; and chitin and chitosan-based nanocomposites.
Book Synopsis Reinforced Soil Engineering by : Hoe I. Ling
Download or read book Reinforced Soil Engineering written by Hoe I. Ling and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-08-19 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This one-of-a-kind reference evaluates the efficacy, stability, and strength of various soil walls, slopes, and structures enhanced by geosynthetic materials. Offering stimulating contributions from more than 50 leading specialists in the field, Reinforced Soil Engineering compiles recent innovations in design layout, controlled construction, and g
Download or read book Chemical Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 2762 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Geo-frontiers 2011 written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Inorganic-Whisker-Reinforced Polymer Composites by : Qiuju Sun
Download or read book Inorganic-Whisker-Reinforced Polymer Composites written by Qiuju Sun and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-08-18 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inorganic-Whisker-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Synthesis, Properties and Applications gives a comprehensive presentation of inorganic microcrystalline fibers, or whiskers, a polymer composite filler. It covers whisker synthesis, surface modification, applications for reinforcing polymer-matrix composites, and analysis of resulting filled polymer
Author :Frederick T. Wallenberger Publisher :Springer Science & Business Media ISBN 13 :144199050X Total Pages :368 pages Book Rating :4.4/5 (419 download)
Book Synopsis Natural Fibers, Plastics and Composites by : Frederick T. Wallenberger
Download or read book Natural Fibers, Plastics and Composites written by Frederick T. Wallenberger and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-28 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Problematic Soils and Geoenvironmental Concerns by : Madhavi Latha Gali
Download or read book Problematic Soils and Geoenvironmental Concerns written by Madhavi Latha Gali and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-11 with total page 834 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume comprises select papers presented during the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2018. This volume focuses on discussing the many challenges encountered in geoenvironmental engineering. The book covers sustainability aspects related to geotechnical engineering, problematic soils and ground improvement, use of geosynthetics and concepts of soil dynamics. The contents of this book will be useful to researchers and professionals working in geo-environmental engineering and to policy makers interested in understanding geotechnical concerns related to sustainable development.
Book Synopsis Foundation Engineering Handbook by : Hsai-Yang Fang
Download or read book Foundation Engineering Handbook written by Hsai-Yang Fang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 935 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than ten years have passed since the first edition was published. During that period there have been a substantial number of changes in geotechnical engineering, especially in the applications of foundation engineering. As the world population increases, more land is needed and many soil deposits previously deemed unsuitable for residential housing or other construction projects are now being used. Such areas include problematic soil regions, mining subsidence areas, and sanitary landfills. To overcome the problems associated with these natural or man-made soil deposits, new and improved methods of analysis, design, and implementation are needed in foundation construction. As society develops and living standards rise, tall buildings, transportation facilities, and industrial complexes are increasingly being built. Because of the heavy design loads and the complicated environments, the traditional design concepts, construction materials, methods, and equipment also need improvement. Further, recent energy and material shortages have caused additional burdens on the engineering profession and brought about the need to seek alternative or cost-saving methods for foundation design and construction.
Book Synopsis Soil Improvement and Ground Modification Methods by : Peter G. Nicholson
Download or read book Soil Improvement and Ground Modification Methods written by Peter G. Nicholson and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2014-08-29 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by an author with more than 25 years of field and academic experience, Soil Improvement and Ground Modification Methods explains ground improvement technologies for converting marginal soil into soil that will support all types of structures. Soil improvement is the alteration of any property of a soil to improve its engineering performance. Some sort of soil improvement must happen on every construction site. This combined with rapid urbanization and the industrial growth presents a huge dilemma to providing a solid structure at a competitive price. The perfect guide for new or practicing engineers, this reference covers projects involving soil stabilization and soil admixtures, including utilization of industrial waste and by-products, commercially available soil admixtures, conventional soil improvement techniques, and state-of-the-art testing methods. - Conventional soil improvement techniques and state-of-the-art testing methods - Methods for mitigating or removing the risk of liquefaction in the event of major vibrations - Structural elements for stabilization of new or existing construction industrial waste/by-products, commercially available soil - Innovative techniques for drainage, filtration, dewatering, stabilization of waste, and contaminant control and removal
