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Book Synopsis Spray Drift Reduction Technology Adjuvant Evaluation by : Curtis M. Elsik
Download or read book Spray Drift Reduction Technology Adjuvant Evaluation written by Curtis M. Elsik and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Twelve commercial drift reduction agents were evaluated for their characteristics in the three most commonly accepted parameters for spray droplet size formation--extensional viscosity, dynamic surface tension, and kinematic viscosity. Samples were sprayed in both water and in the presence of a commercial herbicide formulation. The spray droplet spectra for these agents were then determined under rigorous control, in still-air conditions, using a Sympatec HELOS/KF laser diffraction particle size analyzer. Spraying an actual pesticide formulation that contains a wetting agent is important because the surfactant present reduces dynamic surface tension and can significantly reduce spray droplet diameter. The aerosol particle size distributions were measured using an electronic actuator that moved the nozzle spray pattern through the laser in a reproducible manner. There are multiple mechanisms that can influence both volume mean diameter and percent fines below 105 microns. There are natural and synthetic water-soluble polymers that function by increasing extensional viscosity. There are oil products that produce emulsions that keep small spray drops from forming. The droplet spectra for the different commercial products were grouped according to their specific drift reduction mechanism in order to see if a better correlation could be made on how they individually affected the resulting droplet particle size distribution.
Book Synopsis Determination of Selection Criteria for Spray Drift Reduction from Atomization Data by : Greg R. Kruger
Download or read book Determination of Selection Criteria for Spray Drift Reduction from Atomization Data written by Greg R. Kruger and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the testing and evaluation of drift reduction technologies, there are different metrics that can be used to determine whether a technology reduces drift relative to a reference system. These metrics can include a reduction in the percentage of fine drops, measured spray drift from a field trial, or computer modeling of spray drift based on the application system and the droplet spectrum resulting from the specified operational conditions. The percentage of the spray volume constituted by droplets with diameters of less than 141 ?m provided the most consistent and robust separation of droplet sizes and drift potential across all the nozzle, adjuvant, and active ingredient combinations tested. This study illustrates that adjuvants alter the spray distribution in different ways for different spray nozzles. The oil concentrate in this study uniformly narrowed the entire spray distribution, whereas in contrast the polymers widened the spray distribution because there was a greater increase in the spray volume made up of large droplets and only a modest increase in the spray volume made up of smaller droplets. When evaluating different spray technologies, it is critical that one consider the overall spray distribution and use it as a comparative measure of multiple technologies, particularly with active formulations and spray solution modifiers.
Book Synopsis Round-Robin Evaluation of ASTM Standard Test Method E2798 for Spray Drift Reduction Adjuvants by : Curtis M. Elsik
Download or read book Round-Robin Evaluation of ASTM Standard Test Method E2798 for Spray Drift Reduction Adjuvants written by Curtis M. Elsik and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drift Reduction Agent has been defined in ASTM Standard E1519 Terminology Relating to Agricultural Tank Mix Adjuvants as "a material used in liquid spray mixtures to reduce spray drift." ASTM Standard E609 Terminology Relating to Pesticides defines drift as "the physical movement of an agrochemical through the air at the time of application or soon thereafter to any non- or off-target site. Drift shall not include movement to non- or off-target sites caused by erosion, migration, volatility or wind blown soil particles that occur after application unless specifically advertised on the label." Because there are many commercial tank mix adjuvants designed to reduce spray drift, there is a need to establish an ASTM Standard Test Method to evaluate their effectiveness. ASTM Standard E2798 is the new test method developed for the Characterization of Performance of Pesticide Spray Drift Reduction Adjuvants for Ground Application. This paper presents the data generated from the round-robin testing of this method. The method provides guidelines for the measurement of parameters pertaining to the performance of drift reduction adjuvants under simulated field application conditions. The measurements can be made in a wind tunnel or a spray chamber. The method describes the preparation, composition, and test/application conditions for droplet size, spray pattern measurements, and fines reduction. The exact selection of application conditions such as nozzle type and tank mix partner may vary according to the intended use conditions.
Book Synopsis Field Scale Evaluation of Spray Drift Reduction Technologies from Ground and Aerial Application Systems by : Bradley K. Fritz
Download or read book Field Scale Evaluation of Spray Drift Reduction Technologies from Ground and Aerial Application Systems written by Bradley K. Fritz and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this work is to evaluate a proposed test plan for the validation testing of pesticide spray drift reduction technologies (DRTs) for row and field crops, focusing on the testing of ground and aerial application systems under full-scale field evaluations. The measure of performance for a given DRT tested under field conditions is the downwind deposition as measured on horizontal fallout collectors. Ground and aerial application equipment were evaluated for in-swath and downwind deposition of sprays as applied by both a reference system and a drift reducing technology. For this study, the reference system was defined as a spray boom outfitted with the ASABE Fine/Medium boundary reference nozzles. For the ground system, the drift reducing system tested was a ground sprayer outfitted with an air-induction version of the reference nozzle. The aerial system DRT was a flat fan nozzle specifically designed for aerial application usage. Downwind deposition was measured from the edge of the swath out to 100 m downwind. Additionally, the airborne portion of the spray remaining suspended in the air at 50 m downwind was measured. There were a number of confounding issues with the measured data including poor recovery of deposits and non-ideal wind directions during specific replications. Even with these issues, the drift reduction between the reference and DRT system measured in the field for the aerial trials was similar to that estimated using the agricultural dispersion model. A number of additional improvements and checks are suggested prior to further field evaluations.
Book Synopsis Spray Drift Reduction Evaluations of Spray Nozzles Using a Standardized Testing Protocol by :
Download or read book Spray Drift Reduction Evaluations of Spray Nozzles Using a Standardized Testing Protocol written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development and testing of drift reduction technologies (DRTs) have come to the forefront of application research in the past few years in the United States. DRTs can be spray nozzles, sprayer modifications, spray delivery assistance, spray property modifiers (adjuvants), and/or landscape modifications. A protocol for testing DRTs in high speed wind tunnels has been previously reported and was expanded to test spray nozzles. This manuscript reports on the initial implementation of the DRT program for conducting DRT evaluations of three spray nozzles under high speed conditions i.e., 45-65 m/s (100-140 mph), which are relevant to the aerial application of crop production and protection materials. The spray nozzles were evaluated in the USDA-Agriculture Research Service High Speed Wind Tunnel facility. The droplet size of each of the nozzles with different airspeeds, spray pressures, and orientation was measured with a Sympatec Helos laser diffraction instrument. The droplet size spectra for each test were input in a spray dispersion model (AGDISP), which calculates the downwind drift expected from a typical aerial application scenario. As compared to the reference nozzle, the three spray nozzles reduced spray drift by 70-84 % as compared to the reference nozzle. The nozzles generated spray droplets with volume median diameters 60-80 microns larger than the reference nozzle. One of the aerial application industry's best management practices BMPs is to not spray directly on the downwind edge of a field. The spray swath near this edge is moved upwind i.e., offset by 1/2 to 1 swath width. When this BMP was combined with the drift reductions from the spray nozzles, the amount of drift reduction was slightly increased; however application efficiencies increased to 93-96 %. These results demonstrate the possibility of combining multiple drift reduction tech.
Book Synopsis Drift Control Adjuvant Benchmarking in Agricultural Spray Applications by : Kevin Penfield
Download or read book Drift Control Adjuvant Benchmarking in Agricultural Spray Applications written by Kevin Penfield and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drifting of fine droplets during the application of pesticides is an issue of increasing commercial and regulatory importance. Spray drift damages susceptible crops, wastes resources, and results in inconsistent weed control. Several strategies are currently used to mitigate this problem. These include enhanced nozzle technology, improved application techniques, and inclusion of drift control additives in the final tank mix. Elimination of small diameter droplets ("driftable fines") is a key goal. Measurements were made of droplet size distributions of sprayed pesticide formulations containing commercial products representative of the leading drift control technologies, including guar, polyacrylamides, lecithin, and oil/surfactant mixtures. Effects of spray nozzle and pressure were also evaluated. Nozzle technology plays a large role in determining the spray droplet size spectrum. However, there is a strong interplay between nozzle design and formulation variables. We found that drift control agents have greater impact on spray from flat fan nozzles. Also, the ranking of adjuvants depends on the nozzle technology in use: for glyphosate/ammonium sulfate solutions, polymers were more effective in reducing fines from a flat fan nozzle, while surfactant-based products were marginally superior when an air induction nozzle was used. The regulatory community is currently focused on mitigating the generation of small droplets. However, the generation of oversized droplets also effects spray efficacy. The impact of drift control agents on the breadth of the droplet size spectrum is an aspect of drift control which is often overlooked. We found that emulsion-based products tighten the droplet size distribution, while the polymer-based products shift the mean droplet diameter up, broadening the distribution in the process: while the latter effect may earn better ratings from regulatory agencies concerned exclusively with spray drift mitigation, it may be less helpful in enhancing application efficacy.
Book Synopsis Wind Tunnel and Field Evaluation of Drift from Aerial Spray Applications with Multiple Spray Formulations by : Robert E. Wolf
Download or read book Wind Tunnel and Field Evaluation of Drift from Aerial Spray Applications with Multiple Spray Formulations written by Robert E. Wolf and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The impact of tank mix adjuvants and a formulated fungicide on spray atomization and in-field movement under aerial application conditions was examined. High speed wind tunnel testing was conducted to determine droplet size resulting from treatments selected for evaluation in the field. These treatments included a "blank" (water plus a non-ionic surfactant) as well as five additional solutions with a formulated fungicide, four of which have an additional adjuvant. The wind tunnel testing measured droplet size using the flat fan nozzles and operational parameters (spray pressure, nozzle orientation, and airspeed) selected for field trials. These treatments were then evaluated in the field for both in-swath and downwind deposition, with a mass balance on the measured results used to compare each of the formulated product treatments to a reference treatment. Wind tunnel results showed the formulated product tank mixes resulted in significantly different droplet sizes than the water and non-ionic surfactant "blank" reference sprays. Additional adjuvants resulted in minimal changes in droplet size as compared to the formulated product mixture. However the polymer tested broadened the droplet size distribution. Drift modeling of the wind tunnel droplet size results demonstrated little difference between the formulated product and spray adjuvant spray mixtures. However, all treatment solutions significantly reduced modeled drift as compared to the reference treatment. While the field study results did highlight significant differences between treatments solutions, it also showed a great degree in data variability as a result of meteorological and sampling issues. These results have led the authors to conclude that field testing of potential drift reduction technologies under aerial application conditions will be cost prohibitive and likely would give highly variable results. Wind tunnel evaluations at certified laboratories offer a much quicker and inexpensive method for evaluating large numbers of nozzle and spray formulation treatments.
Book Synopsis A Novel Nozzle-Adjuvant System for Low Volume Pesticide Application for Agriculture and Forestry by : F. Sexton
Download or read book A Novel Nozzle-Adjuvant System for Low Volume Pesticide Application for Agriculture and Forestry written by F. Sexton and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Minimizing off-target drift of pesticides while optimizing spray efficacy is the desired goal for pesticide applicators. However, these two factors often offset one another; i.e., a reduction in drift potential may reduce efficacy. A unique nozzle-adjuvant system that has minimal driftable fraction at reduced spray volumes using invert emulsion technology was evaluated. Research was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of several different agrichemicals at several different volumes using this nozzle-adjuvant system. Results indicated that spray volume for glyphosate-isopropylamine and glufosinate-ammonium could be substantially reduced when using the invert emulsion nozzle. Further, three common cotton defoliation products were as effective at 47 L/ha spray volume using the new spraying system compared with conventional application at 95 L/ha. In forestry site preparation research, several commonly used site preparation treatments were more effective at 47 L/ha spray volume using the invert emulsion technology than at 95 L/ha using AccuFlo nozzles.
Book Synopsis Novel Lipophilic Surfactant Adjuvants for Spray-Drift Reduction by : Tammy M. Schweiner
Download or read book Novel Lipophilic Surfactant Adjuvants for Spray-Drift Reduction written by Tammy M. Schweiner and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are several types of drift-reduction technology (DRT) adjuvants commercially available. Natural and synthetic water-soluble polymers function by increasing extensional or shear viscosity. These polymers do a very good job reducing fines, but they can significantly increase volume median diameter (VMD) and broaden the particle-size distribution (PSD). Oil-based products produce emulsions that function to keep small spray drops from forming during the atomization process. A novel DRT adjuvant chemistry has been discovered that reduces fines without increasing VMD or broadening PSD significantly. This novel chemistry is lipophilic surfactants. These surfactants were tank mixed with a glyphosate dilution and their spray PSD was measured using a Sympatec HELOS/KF laser diffraction particle-size analyzer. The experimental procedure followed ASTM Standard Test Method E2798-11 ["Characterization of Performance of Spray Drift Reduction Adjuvants for Ground Application," Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 11.05, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2011]. The standard uses measurements of particle-size distribution generated when the spray-tank mixture includes the pesticide formulation. The lipophilic surfactant used in this study was an alcohol alkoxylate. This surfactant significantly reduced fines by 40 % to 50 %, and it narrowed the particle-size distribution.
Book Synopsis Aerial Spray Adjuvants for Herbicidal Drift Control by : H. Gratkowski
Download or read book Aerial Spray Adjuvants for Herbicidal Drift Control written by H. Gratkowski and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increased public concern about pesticides requires that foresters reduce drift and insure precise application of herbicides to the areas requiring treatment. Drift control is necessary near waterways and other ecologically sensitive areas. This publication discusses available drift control adjuvants for herbicidal sprays. These include invert emulsions, thickening agents, particulating agents, and foam sprays. Commercially available adjuvants are described and their use, advantages, and disadvantages are discussed. Thickening agents and foam sprays show special promise for drift reduction in aerial application of herbicides on forest lands.
Book Synopsis Standard Test Method for Characterization of Performance of Pesticide Spray Drift Reduction Adjuvants for Ground Application by :
Download or read book Standard Test Method for Characterization of Performance of Pesticide Spray Drift Reduction Adjuvants for Ground Application written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Novel Penetrator Adjuvant with Drift Reduction Properties by : Jinxia S. Sun
Download or read book A Novel Penetrator Adjuvant with Drift Reduction Properties written by Jinxia S. Sun and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using activator adjuvants with agrochemicals to improve their bioefficacy is an important practice in agriculture. Adjuvants--mostly crop oil concentrates--are needed to ensure the bioefficacy of herbicides from the class of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Accase) inhibitors. Because of regulatory pressure from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the development and testing of drift technologies has come to the forefront of U.S. application research in the past few years. However, the majority of the drift control agents on the market aim only to reduce the percentage of fine droplets in the spray spectra. There is a strong market need to combine both activator and delivery technology to develop a dual-function adjuvant. The objective of this research was to develop a novel penetrator adjuvant with built-in drift control properties. The adjuvant was based on a crop oil concentrate (COC). Spray droplet spectra for the new adjuvant were determined in still-air conditions using a Sympatec Helos laser diffraction particle size analyzer. The biological effects of this new adjuvant were investigated in comparison to a commercial COC, Agri-Dex, in greenhouse bioassays using fluazifop on green foxtail (Setaria viridis) and clethodim on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). The novel COC affected green foxtail and barnyardgrass similarly as the traditional COC, but at half the typical COC rate. In addition, the new adjuvant significantly reduced the percentage of fine droplets (
Book Synopsis Effects of Spray Adjuvants on Spray Droplet Size from a Rotary Atomizer by : Chenghai Yang
Download or read book Effects of Spray Adjuvants on Spray Droplet Size from a Rotary Atomizer written by Chenghai Yang and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rotary atomizers are used in a number of aerial applications, such as forest pest spraying and mosquito control sprays. These types of atomizers have a rotating cage at speeds of 2,000 to 10,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) through which a spray is emitted and atomized. Many applicators routinely add spray adjuvants to change the droplet size, reduce drift potential, or to reduce evaporative effects of a particular spray solution; therefore, six commonly used classes of spray adjuvants were evaluated to determine their effects on droplet size. If an applicator's only concern was minimizing spray drift, the applicator could choose a polymer or high surfactant oil concentrate for helicopter speeds and a polymer for fixed-wing applications. For applicators working under hot, dry conditions where evaporation is a concern, choosing an oil-based adjuvant to help get better coverage by creating smaller droplets that do not evaporate would be recommended. Understanding the role the different adjuvant types play in the final droplet size of the spray is key to successfully setting up and making applications with rotary atomizers.
Book Synopsis Spray Adjuvant Effects on Droplet Size Spectra Measured by Three Laser-Based Systems in a High-Speed Wind Tunnel by : J. B. Ross
Download or read book Spray Adjuvant Effects on Droplet Size Spectra Measured by Three Laser-Based Systems in a High-Speed Wind Tunnel written by J. B. Ross and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spray droplet size has long been recognized as the most important variable that aerial applicators can influence to mitigate spray drift from the application site. There are several different technologies that are used by researchers to measure droplet size from spray nozzles. The objective of these studies was to determine the influence of eight spray adjuvants on the droplet size spectrum produced by two nozzles in a high-speed wind tunnel when characterized using three different droplet size measurement systems. The adjuvant, nozzles, and airspeeds used in these studies are commonly used by aerial applicators. Three droplet sizing systems (Malvern laser diffraction, PMS optical array probe, and LaVision laser imaging) were simultaneously operated to measure the spray droplet size spectra for each adjuvant, airspeed, and nozzle combination. Two spray nozzles (a D6-46 nozzle and a D2 straight stream nozzle) were evaluated in a high-speed wind tunnel at airspeeds of 45 and 58 m/sec. There were significant differences in the droplet size spectra produced by the eight spray adjuvants tested. There were also significant differences between the droplet size values reported by the three measurement systems (Malvern, LaVision, and PMS) evaluated; however, there was considerable agreement trendwise. In general, the Malvern reported smaller spray droplet size spectra values than the LaVision, while the PMS system generally reported the largest spray droplet size spectra values. These tests are the first reported studies where all three droplet sizing systems were operated simultaneously.
Book Synopsis Spray Drift Deposition on Off-field Zones Next to Field Crops Using Drift Reducing Technologies in the Netherlands by : J.C. van de Zande
Download or read book Spray Drift Deposition on Off-field Zones Next to Field Crops Using Drift Reducing Technologies in the Netherlands written by J.C. van de Zande and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Dutch government’s policy (Environmental Activities Decree, Sustainable Crop Protection 2) has set goals for the reduction of the emission of plant protection products into the environment. Data are needed on actual spray drift and drift reducing measures when spraying a plant protection product to support decision making on the authorisation of the use of plant protection products in different crop types (Board for the Authorisation of Plant Protection Products and Biocides, Ctgb). The WUR Drift Calculator (WDC) is introduced in 2021 for use in the authorisation procedure of plant protection products (Ctgb) from January 2022 onwards. The WDC is based on updated spray drift data from spray drift measurements in the period 1995-2005. This means ongoing and new procedures up till that date of introduction may still use the spray drift values as used in the authorisation procedure and based on spray drift measurements in the period 1995-1999. This report provides tables of spray drift deposition from boom spray applications on the different evaluation zones until the WDC is in place in the authorisation procedures. Results are presented in a matrix of Drift Reducing Technology (DRT) versus crop-free buffer zone for applications in a bare ground situation and a crop situation. Data were extrapolated from performed spray drift experiments; in order to assess spray drift deposits for the distance at which the off-field threshold level to protect non-target terrestrial arthropods (NTA), non-target terrestrial plants (NTP) and surface water (SW) is likely to be met when spraying a plant protection product onto a crop, or onto a bare soil/short crop situation. When using boom sprayers in field crops, in the authorisation procedure the standard spray drift deposition on the off-field evaluation zone was 10% of the applied dose for non-target arthropods (NTA), 4.7% for non- target plants (NTP) and 1.0% for surface water (SW) until the end of 2017. Since the 1st of January 2018 the Environmental Activities Decree prescribes the compulsory use of at least DRT75 (75% drift reducing techniques) to be used on the whole field. This means spray drift deposition on the off-field evaluation zone changed to 5.5% for non-target arthropods (NTA), 0.9% for non-target plants (NTP) and 0.5% for surface water (SW). These values are based on a conventional boom sprayer application with standard non drift- reducing flat fan nozzles (until end of 2017) and a DRT75 from January 2018 and a spray boom height of 50 cm above the crop canopy. For arable crops, spray drift deposition is evaluated at a 1.0 m wide zone at 0.5-1.5 m for NTA and at 1.5-2.5 m distance for NTP relative to the centre of the last crop row and for SW at 1.5-2.5 m from the field edge or top of the bank of the surface water body. For NTA/NTP the last crop row is defined at 1.0 m from the edge of the field, whereas for SW it is at 1.50 m from the top of the bank for intensively sprayed crops and at 0.50 m for other crops. Spray drift was investigated for a standard application technique and various drift-reducing techniques, for both a mature crop (height >20 cm) and a situation with bare soil of short crop (height
Book Synopsis Spray Drift for the Assessment of Exposure of Aquatic Organisms to Plant Protection Products in the Netherlands by : J.C. van de Zande
Download or read book Spray Drift for the Assessment of Exposure of Aquatic Organisms to Plant Protection Products in the Netherlands written by J.C. van de Zande and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As part of the Dutch authorisation procedure for pesticides an assessment of the effects on aquatic organisms in surface water adjacent to agricultural fields is required. This in turn requires an exposure assessment for these surface waters. So far, in the current Dutch authorisation procedure spray drift is the only source of exposure. For this reason, a new exposure scenario was developed, which includes also input by drainage and atmospheric deposition. The endpoint of the exposure assessment is the 90th percentile of the annual maximum concentration in all field ditches alongside fruit and avenue nursery-tree fields. In this report, the state-of-the-art of the spray drift data is described for orchard spraying and avenuenursery-tree spraying. The methodology of using a matrix structure is discussed for the assessment of spray drift deposition combining classes of Drift Reducing Technology (DRT) and width of crop free zones for sideways and upward sprayed crops (fruit crops and avenue nursery-trees). Key words: spray drift, air -blast sprayer, Drift Reduction Technology, ISO22866, surface water, crop free zone, orchard spraying, avenue nursery tree spraying.
Book Synopsis Pesticide Formulation and Adjuvant Technology by : Chester L. Foy
Download or read book Pesticide Formulation and Adjuvant Technology written by Chester L. Foy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pesticide Formulation and Adjuvant Technology brings together experts from industry, academia, regulatory offices, and the legal profession to provide a complete and international reference on agrichemical formulations and modern adjuvant technology. Global specialists discuss key topics, from scientific and technical issues to regulatory and legal aspects, including:
