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Spatial Variation And Interpolation Of Wind Speed Statistics And Its Implication In Design Wind Load
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Book Synopsis Spatial Variation and Interpolation of Wind Speed Statistics and Its Implication in Design Wind Load by : Wei Ye
Download or read book Spatial Variation and Interpolation of Wind Speed Statistics and Its Implication in Design Wind Load written by Wei Ye and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Consideration of wind load is important for design of engineered structures. Codification of wind load for structural design requires the estimation of the quantiles or return period values of the annual maximum wind speed. The extreme wind speeds are estimated based on the measured wind records at different meteorological stations and affected by the length of the wind record (i.e., sample size) and other factors such as the surrounding terrain and so on. This study is focused on 1) the spatial interpolation of wind speed statistics, 2) the potential of using regional frequency analysis in estimating the extreme wind speed, and 3) the reliability of designed structure at sites with and without sample size effects. For the spatial interpolation, both code recommended values of the wind speed as well as those based on at-site analysis are used, and commonly used spatial interpolation methods including 8 deterministic methods and 6 geostatistical methods have been applied. The preferred methods for each data set are determined based on the (leave-one-out) cross validation analyses. It is shown that the preferred method depends on the considered data set; the use of the ordinary kriging is preferred if a single method is to be selected for all considered data sets. The historical wind records and available meteorological stations are often short and insufficient or unavailable, and the limited sample size will cause the uncertainty in the estimated quantiles. To deal with the data insufficiency in the wind speed records at the meteorological stations, the regional frequency analysis was applied to the data from the same 235 Canadian meteorological stations as mentioned above to calculate the quantiles of the annual maximum wind speed for iii Canada. The obtained estimates of the quantiles of the extreme wind speed based on the regional frequency analysis are compared with those obtained based directly on the at-site analysis. The analysis uses the k-means, hierarchical and self-organizing map clustering to explore potential clusters or regions; statistical tests are then applied to identify homogeneous regions for subsequent regional frequency analysis. Results indicate that the k-means is the preferred exploratory tool for the considered data and the generalized extreme value distribution provides a better fit to the data than the Gumbel distribution for regional frequency analysis. However, the former is associated with low values of the upper bound that do not influence the estimation of 10-to 50-year return period values of annual maximum wind speed but do influence the return period values with return period greater than 500 years. Based on these observations, regional frequency analysis may not be needed as an alternative to the at-site analysis. Furthermore, since the estimated quantiles of the extreme wind speed at a site are uncertain due to the limited sample size, the effect of this statistical uncertainty on the estimated return period value of the wind speed and structural reliability is investigated and two strategies (i .e. (i) a low return period for the nominal wind speed combined with a wind load factor greater than one and (ii) a high return period for the nominal wind speed combined with unity wind load factor) for specifying the factored design wind load are also evaluated to determine the optimal one. Results indicate that at least 20 years of useable data are needed for a station to be included in the extreme value analysis, and the first strategy is preferred to cope with sample size effect for the design at a particular site or in a region with statistically homogeneous wind climate, while the second strategy is recommended for the code making for a country with spatially varying coefficient of variation of annual maximum wind speed since it leads to better reliab ility consistency.
Book Synopsis Estimation and Validation of Wind Speed by Using Spatial Interpolation by : Yee Von Yap
Download or read book Estimation and Validation of Wind Speed by Using Spatial Interpolation written by Yee Von Yap and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increasing of wind hazard damages in Malaysia shows that wind speed has played an important role in weather forecast. Interpolation method is vital when estimating wind speed especially for a location which do not has a weather forecast station. In this study, three methods of spatial interpolation which are Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Kriging and Spline were compared to determine their suitability for estimating wind speed. All the methods are evaluated by using standard error regression and correlation coefficient analysis. Based on the results obtained, it was shown that Kriging is more suitable when estimating wind speed for a study point within an enclosed area while IDW and Spline are more suitable for study point between two locations. Therefore, the suitability of different spatial interpolation method is varies for different arrangements of location. Future studies with more data collected, denser sample points and different cases can be carried out to obtain a more accurate result.
Book Synopsis The Analysis of Extreme Synoptic Winds by : David Allan Gatey
Download or read book The Analysis of Extreme Synoptic Winds written by David Allan Gatey and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Time histories of wind speed and direction from 394 surface observation stations were obtained to calculate synoptic 50-year return period wind speeds for 11 countries in Europe. Preliminary investigation indicated wind speed differences along national borders were successfully reduced by application of a simple consistent methodology to wind speed data. This study considers the ideal methodology for calculating synoptic 50-year return period wind speeds. Wind speed data requires standardisation through quality control measures, exposure correction and adjustment for disjunct sampling. A quality control algorithm was successfully applied to identify shifts of monthly mean wind speeds and data conversion issues. Three exposure correction models were evaluated and two-layer models were found to perform better than internal boundary layer models. The differences arise as a result of how the models adapt to an upstream change of roughness. Furthermore, an empirical model was formed to correct observations at stations which were not recording measurements hourly. Extreme value analyses were carried out using a robust estimator to fit the extreme value distribution type I to storm and yearly maxima. The latter was found to provide more consistent results. Comparison of the resulting 50-year return period wind speeds to existing literature found that several regions were in good agreement, while other regions exhibited similar spatial variation but greater magnitudes. The differences in magnitude were partially related to exposure correction methods, thus lending support to the importance of a single consistent methodology. Directional factors were calculated and subsequently grouped into six regions exhibiting similar directional characteristics. Background wind fields were calculated from mean sea-level pressure data using the geostrophic approximation and consideration of other improved approximations, however, variations in the pressure field led to a breakdown of the methodology. A background 50-year return period wind field calculated from upper-level wind fields was significantly lower than surface wind speed estimates due to spatial and temporal smoothing. Finally, assimilation of the 50-year return period wind speeds from surface observations and the background wind field was explored using the Bratseth scheme for statistical interpolation. The Bratseth scheme provided an overall 50-year return period wind speed map.
Download or read book Geographical Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 1374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Economics of Wind Energy written by and published by EWEA. This book was released on 2009 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Mesoscale Meteorology in Midlatitudes by : Paul Markowski
Download or read book Mesoscale Meteorology in Midlatitudes written by Paul Markowski and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-20 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mesoscale Meteorology in Mid-Latitudes presents the dynamics of mesoscale meteorological phenomena in a highly accessible, student-friendly manner. The book's clear mathematical treatments are complemented by high-quality photographs and illustrations. Comprehensive coverage of subjects including boundary layer mesoscale phenomena, orographic phenomena and deep convection is brought together with the latest developments in the field to provide an invaluable resource for mesoscale meteorology students. Mesoscale Meteorology in Mid-Latitudes functions as a comprehensive, easy-to-use undergraduate textbook while also providing a useful reference for graduate students, research scientists and weather industry professionals. Illustrated in full colour throughout Covers the latest developments and research in the field Comprehensive coverage of deep convection and its initiation Uses real life examples of phenomena taken from broad geographical areas to demonstrate the practical aspects of the science
Book Synopsis Wind Resource Assessment by : Michael Brower
Download or read book Wind Resource Assessment written by Michael Brower and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-06-19 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A practical, authoritative guide to the assessment of wind resources for utility-scale wind projects authored by a team of experts from a leading renewable energy consultancy The successful development of wind energy projects depends on an accurate assessment of where, how often, and how strongly the wind blows. A mistake in this stage of evaluation can cause severe financial losses and missed opportunities for developers, lenders, and investors. Wind Resource Assessment: A Practical Guide to Developing a Wind Project shows readers how to achieve a high standard of resource assessment, reduce the uncertainty associated with long-term energy performance, and maximize the value of their project assets. Beginning with the siting, installation, and operation of a high-quality wind monitoring program, this book continues with methods of data quality control and validation, extrapolating measurements from anemometer height to turbine height, adjusting short-term observations for historical climate conditions, and wind flow modeling to account for terrain and surface conditions. In addition, Wind Resource Assessment addresses special topics such as: Worker safety Data security Remote sensing technology (sodar and lidar) Offshore resource assessment Impacts of climate change Uncertainty estimation Plant design and energy production estimatio Filled with important information ranging from basic fundamentals of wind to cutting-edge research topics, and accompanied by helpful references and discussion questions, this comprehensive text designed for an international audience is a vital reference that promotes consistent standards for wind assessment across the industry.
Book Synopsis Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports by :
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Hadley Circulation: Present, Past and Future by : Henry F. Diaz
Download or read book The Hadley Circulation: Present, Past and Future written by Henry F. Diaz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-11-05 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book examines potentially important factors that may have affected the Hadley and Walker Circulations and evaluates changes in the Hadley Circulation and the monsoons as simulated by coupled models of past climate conditions, and predicted future conditions under an enhanced greenhouse effect. This book is meant to serve as a fundamental reference work for current and future researchers, graduate students in the atmospheric sciences and geosciences, and climate specialists involved in interdisciplinary research.
Book Synopsis Analysis of Climate Variability by : Hans v. Storch
Download or read book Analysis of Climate Variability written by Hans v. Storch and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: EUROPEAN SCHOOl OF CLiMATOlOGY AND NATURAL HAZARDS The training of scientific and technical personnel and the development of highly qualified scientists are, and have always been, among the important concerns of the European Commission. Advanced training is an important requirement for the implementation of a common EU policy in science and technology. The European School of Climatology and Natural Hazards was started as apart of the training and education activities of the European Programme on Climatology and Natural Hazards (EPOCH), and is continued under the subsequent research programme (ENVIRONMENT 1990-1994). The school consists of annual courses on specialised subjects within re search in climatology and natural hazards, and is open to graduating, grad uate and post graduate students in these fields. Each of the courses is organized in cooperation with a European Institu tion involved in the current research programme, and is aimed at giving to the students formal lectures and participation in informal discussions with leading researchers. The present volume is based on the lectures given at the course held on the island of Elba from the 30th October to the 6th of November 1993 on Statistical Analysis of Climate Variability. It features selected and extended presentations, and represents an important contribution to advanced studies in climate statistical analysis, supplementing more traditional texts. I trust that all those involved in research related to climate change and climate variability will appreciate this work and will benefit from the com prehensive and state-of-the-art information it provides.
Download or read book Conference Papers Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Monthly. Papers presented at recent meeting held all over the world by scientific, technical, engineering and medical groups. Sources are meeting programs and abstract publications, as well as questionnaires. Arranged under 17 subject sections, 7 of direct interest to the life scientist. Full programs of meetings listed under sections. Entry gives citation number, paper title, name, mailing address, and any ordering number assigned. Quarterly and annual indexes to subjects, authors, and programs (not available in monthly issues).
Book Synopsis Meteorological monitoring guidance for regulatory modeling applications by :
Download or read book Meteorological monitoring guidance for regulatory modeling applications written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2000 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Renewable Energy Systems by : Martin Kaltschmitt
Download or read book Renewable Energy Systems written by Martin Kaltschmitt and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 1898 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Humanity is facing a steadily diminishing supply of fossil fuels, causing researchers, policy makers, and the population as a whole to turn increasingly to alternative and especially renewable sources of energy to make up this deficit. Gathering over 80 peer-reviewed entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technologies, Renewable Energy Systems provides an authoritative introduction to a wide variety of renewable energy sources. State-of-the-art coverage includes geothermal power stations, ocean energy, renewable energy from biomass, waste to energy, and wind power. This comprehensive, two-volume work provides an excellent introduction for those entering these fields, as well as new insights for advanced researchers, industry experts, and decision makers.
Book Synopsis Data Bases and Data Base Systems Related to NASA's Aerospace Program by :
Download or read book Data Bases and Data Base Systems Related to NASA's Aerospace Program written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society by : American Meteorological Society
Download or read book Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society written by American Meteorological Society and published by . This book was released on 1955 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: List of members in v. 1, 8, etc.
Book Synopsis Spatial Interpolation for Climate Data by : Hartwig Dobesch
Download or read book Spatial Interpolation for Climate Data written by Hartwig Dobesch and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-03-01 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title gives an authoritative look at the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in climatology and meterology. GIS provides a range of strategies, from traditional methods, such as those for hydromet database analysis and management, to new developing methods. As such, this book will provide a useful reference tool in this important aspect of climatology and meterology study.
Book Synopsis Wind Loading of Structures by : John D. Holmes
Download or read book Wind Loading of Structures written by John D. Holmes and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-06-14 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bridging the gap between wind and structural engineering, Wind Loading of Structures is essential reading for practising civil, structural and mechanical engineers, and graduate students of wind engineering, presenting the principles of wind engineering and providing guidance on the successful design of structures for wind loading by gales, hurricanes, typhoons, thunderstorm downdrafts and tornados.
