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Author : Geological Survey (U.S.)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)
Download or read book Simulation of Steam Transport in Vapor-dominated Geothermal Reservoirs written by Geological Survey (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Charles R. Faust
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 104 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)
Download or read book Theoretical Analysis of Fluid Flow and Energy Transport in Hydrothermal Systems written by Charles R. Faust and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Steam Transport in Porous Media written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Numerous investigators have pursued development of large-scale two-phase digital simulation models of vapor-dominated geothermal systems. These represent significant advances in the capability to numerically simulate complex systems. However, the basic physical phenomena which are being modeled are still under investigation. The purpose of this discussion is to present the results of a numerical study in which some of the physical phenomena which may occur in vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs are examined. These phenomena include: (1) superheating of discharging steam, (2) energy changes due to compressible work, (3) conductive heat transport, and (4) gravitational effects of the steam column. Further details pertaining to this study are available in a report by Moench (1976). 3 refs., 3 figs.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 10 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)
Download or read book Grid Orientation Effects in the Simulation of Cold Water Injection Into Depleted Vapor Zones written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs such as Larderello, Italy, and The Geysers, California, are fundamentally water-short systems. This is apparent from the relatively low pressures in the natural state, typically about 35 bars at 1000 m depth, which is much below hydrostatic pressures. It is also apparent from the high heat content of the produced fluids, typically superheated steam. Large-scale production from these systems has caused reservoir pressures and well flow rates to decline, leading to an underutilization of installed electrical generating capacity. Clearly, these reservoirs are beginning to run out of fluid, while heat reserves in place are still enormous. (At Larderello, there is a long-term trend of increasing formation temperatures in the upper productive zones of the reservoir; Sestini, 1970). Reinjection of colder waste waters, or injection of waters from a source other than the geothermal reservoir, is the primary means by which dwindling fluid reserves can be replenished. A considerable body of field experience with injection has been accumulated at Larderello and The Geysers; the results have been mixed. There are well documented cases where injection has increased flow rates of nearby wells. Return of injected fluid as steam from production wells has been observed directly through chemical and isotopic changes of produced fluids (Giovannoni et al., 1981; Nuti et al., 1981). In other cases injection has caused thermal interference and has degraded the temperature and pressure of production wells. Water injection into depleted vapor zones gives rise to complex two-phase fluid flow and heat transfer processes with phase change. These are further complicated by the fractured-porous nature of the reservoir rocks. An optimization of injection design and operating practice is desirable; this requires realistic and robust mathematical modeling capabilities.
Author : Michael Kühn
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540396780
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (43 download)
Download or read book Reactive Flow Modeling of Hydrothermal Systems written by Michael Kühn and published by Springer. This book was released on 2004-03-24 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book introduces the topic of geochemical modeling of fluids in subsurface and hydrothermal systems. The intention is to serve as a textbook for graduate students in aqueous, environmental and groundwater geochemistry, despite the fact that its focus is on the special topic of geochemistry in hydrothermal systems, it also provides new insights for experienced researchers with respect to the topic of reactive transport. The overall purpose is to give the reader an understanding of the processes that control the chemical composition of waters in hydrothermal systems and to highlight the interfaces between chemistry, geothermics and hydrogeology. From the reviews: "..is a nice, compact introduction to the principles of modeling coupled fluid flow and fluid-mineral reactions in active geothermal systems, as used for heating and electricity generation." ( Christoph A. Heinrich, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, June 2004)
Author : Donald Edward White
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 53 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)
Download or read book Vapor-dominated Hydrothermal Systems Compared with Hot-water Systems written by Donald Edward White and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vapor-dominated ("dry-steam") geothermal systems are uncommon and poorly understood compared with hot-water systems. Critical physical data on both types were obtained from U.S. Geological Survey research in Yellowstone Park. Vapor-dominated systems require relatively potent heat supplies and low initial permeability. After an early hot-water stage, a system becomes vapor dominated when net discharge starts to exceed recharge. Steam then boils from a declining water table; some steam escapes to the atmosphere, but most condenses below the surface, where its heat of vaporization can be conducted upward. The main vapor-dominated reservoir actually is a two-phase heat-transfer system. Vapor boiled from the deep (brine?) water table flows upward; most liquid condensate flows down to the water table, but some may be swept out with steam in channels of principal upflow. Liquid water favors small pores and channels because of its high surface tension relative to that of steam. Steam is largely excluded from smaller spaces but greatly dominates the larger channels and discharge from wells. With time, permeability of water-recharge channels, initially low, becomes still lower because of deposition of carbonates and CaSO4, which decrease in solubility with temperature. The "lid" on the system consists of argillized rocks and CO2 - saturated condensate. Our model of vapor-dominated systems and the thermodynamic properties of steam provide a good mechanism for separating volatile mercury from all other metals of lower volatility. Mercury is known to be enriched in the vapor of these systems; the zone of condensation that surrounds the uniform reservoir is attractive for precipitating HgS. A more speculative suggestion is that porphyry copper deposits form below the deep water tables hypothesized for the vapor-dominated systems. Some enigmatic characteristics of these copper deposits are consistent with such a relationship, and warrant consideration and testing.
Author : Richard Dolezal
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (43 download)
Download or read book Simulation of Large State Variations in Steam Power Plants written by Richard Dolezal and published by Springer. This book was released on 1987 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research monograph reports on the development and application of a new algorithm for the simulation of the dynamic behaviour of large-scale thermal systems when large static variations occur. To the latter belong, for example, the starting-up and shutting-down, or the irregular operation of the steam power plant, when a malfunction takes place.The objective of this system simulation is to reduce losses of heat and condensate and to minimize unavoidable thermal stresses.
Download or read book On Fluid and Heat Transfer in Deep Zones of Vapor-dominated Geothermal Reservoirs written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Little is known about fluid and heat transfer process, and thermodynamic conditions of formation fluids beneath the main permeable zones of vapor-dominated systems. Temperature data is presented for deep horizons at Larderello, Italy. The data was analyzed with a view to identifying reservoir conditions and processes at depth. Of particular interest were the mechanisms and rates of fluid and heat flow in the natural state and in response to exploitation, and the permeability structure of the reservoir. (ACR).
Author : Charles R. Faust
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (41 download)
Download or read book Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow and Energy Transport in Liquid- and Vapor-dominated Hydrothermal Systems written by Charles R. Faust and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Parametric Study of Reservoir Properties and Their Effect on Energy Recovery written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geothermal energy constitutes an important energy resource worldwide. Effective management of such a resource requires an understanding of a complex set of physical phenomena, including interphase mass transfer, convective transport of mass, and conduction and convection of energy. The coupled nature of these processes frequently requires that numerical simulation be used to investigate reservoir response to different management strategies. The first stage of designing a simulation study of a particular reservoir involves defining the boundaries of the reservoir itself. We must determine the reservoir structure, the ''edges'' of the field, select the appropriate boundary conditions to be used, i.e., whether pressure support from an adjacent aquifer is present, values of heat flux, etc. Having determined the three-dimensional extent and shape of the reservoir, we must identify the relevant fluid and petrophysical properties to be used in the simulation. In fractured geothermal systems, this data includes absolute and relative permeabilities for the fractures and rock matrix, fracture spacing and orientation, capillary pressure-saturation relationships, thermal conductivities, and others. While it is fairly straightforward to identify the data required for accurate simulation of a geothermal reservoir, data acquisition is a different matter. Reservoir engineering is unique in the engineering disciplines in that much of the data is inferred by indirect means rather than being collected or measured. The data that can be measured (relative permeability, for example) can be of questionable reliability, in that the rock is removed from its native state, and conditions altered. Much of the data is also fit to empirical relationships; some is even estimated from these relationships. Due to the inherent uncertainties is this data, results of simulation studies using these data must be used with caution. Of course, each of the variables noted above do not impact simulation results in the same way. In fact, errors in some of the data may exert little or no effect on our results. If that is the case, little effort need be expended by the geothermal operator to obtain this data. The problem is knowing which data exerts the most influence on simulation results, and therefore which should receive highest priority in acquisition efforts. The study presented in this paper seeks to answer this question by quantifying the effect changes in various parameters have on reservoir response to injection in a vapor-dominated reservoir. From a base case reservoir dataset we will examine differences in injectate recovery and steam energy produced as input data is varied. Parameters that are examined include relative permeability and capillary pressure relationships, fracture spacing, initial liquid saturations, and geologic structure.
Download or read book The "Heat-Pipe" Effect in Vapor-Dominated Geothermal Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: White, Muffler, and Truesdell (1971) and Truesdell and White (1973) developed a conceptual model of transport in vapor-dominated geothermal zones. The main theme of the model is that coexisting liquid and vapor phases form a counterflowing convection system similar to that observed in a heat pipe (Dunn and Reay, 1976). It is hypothesized that water evaporates from a deep water table, passes upward through the formation, and condenses at an impermeable cap rock, effectively transferring the latent heat of boiling through the formation. The liquid water then percolates downward, completing the cycle. The physics involved in the flow system is illustrated in an analysis of an idealized one-dimensional, homogeneous, 2 km deep vapor-dominated zone which is bounded below by a water table which has a temperature of 236°C. Flow of water and steam in the system is assumed to be described by Darcy's law for unsaturated porous materials. The liquid water potential, defined as the Gibbs free energy per unit volume of water, is used in place of the liquid pressure in the equation for water because flow in a highly unsaturated medium is to be considered. Comparison of figures 2 and 4 illustrates that the liquid saturation in a two-phase convection system can be much higher than that predicted from a static pressure analysis. As a result, the "vapor pressure lowering" effect expected in a static system disappears. The decrease in P{sub V} at the top of figure 4 is caused by temperature decrease; the relative vapor pressure in the dynamic system is above 99%. However, the permeability used in this example is very low. At higher permeabilities the condensing steam drains out of the system much faster, and the saturation approaches the static profile. 5 refs., 4 figs.
Download or read book Numerical Simulation of Water Injection Into Vapor-dominated Reservoirs written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thermal Consolidation in a Vapor-dominated Reservoir written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermal consolidation due to vapor production from a vapor-dominated geothermal reservoir with natural recharge from an overlying liquid layer is examined. When the vapor is extracted, the pressure declines and the liquid vaporizes as the liquid layer descends into the vapor zone. It is shown that the flow-induced pressure change is comparable to the hydrostatic profile for a typical production rate and that the subsidence is mainly from thermal compaction in the liquidinvaded zone. The total subsidence in the reservoir increases as the production rate increases but decreases as porosity decreases. The permeability variation only affects the reservoir life in such a manner that the processes are inversely proportional to the permeability change.
Download or read book A Practical Approach to Producing Vapor-Dominated Reservoirs written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper presents arguments for initially producing Geysers steam wells at wellhead pressures in excess of 200 psig instead of the normal practice of producing at minimum wellhead pressures. A conceptual model is presented which defines a flow equilibrium resulting from a "constant pressure source" whose location is a function of the withdrawal rate from the reservoir. Based on this model, it is argued that producing at elevated wellhead pressures is equal to producing at minimum wellhead pressures, assuming the mass withdrawal is the same. Additional benefits of producing at elevated wellhead pressures are discussed and include minimizing casing and reservoir rock thermal transients and scaling and bridging of the wellbore. SFGI's experience has been favorable but due to a very high capacity factor and very few outages, a comparison of performance of other areas of The Geysers is inconclusive. 6 refs., 3 figs.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 10 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)
Download or read book Numerical Investigations Into the Formation of a High Temperature Reservoir'' written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper summarizes an ongoing numerical modeling effort aimed at describing some of the thermodynamic conditions observed in vapor- dominated reservoirs, including the formation of a high temperature reservoir (HTR) beneath the ''typical'' reservoir. The modeled system begins as a hot water geothermal reservoir, and evolves through time into a vapor-dominated reservoir with a HTR at depth. This approach taken here to develop a vapor-dominated system is similar to that of Pruess (1985), and involves induced boiling through venting. The reservoir description is intentionally generic, but serves to describe a means of evolution of conditions observed (in particular) The Geysers.
Author : K. Pruess
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (8 download)
Download or read book A Numerical Simulation of the Natural Evolution of Vapor-dominated Hydrothermal Systems written by K. Pruess and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Malcolm Alister Grant
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0123838819
Total Pages : 379 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (238 download)
Download or read book Geothermal Reservoir Engineering written by Malcolm Alister Grant and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-04-01 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As nations alike struggle to diversify and secure their power portfolios, geothermal energy, the essentially limitless heat emanating from the earth itself, is being harnessed at an unprecedented rate. For the last 25 years, engineers around the world tasked with taming this raw power have used Geothermal Reservoir Engineering as both a training manual and a professional reference. This long-awaited second edition of Geothermal Reservoir Engineering is a practical guide to the issues and tasks geothermal engineers encounter in the course of their daily jobs. The book focuses particularly on the evaluation of potential sites and provides detailed guidance on the field management of the power plants built on them. With over 100 pages of new material informed by the breakthroughs of the last 25 years, Geothermal Reservoir Engineering remains the only training tool and professional reference dedicated to advising both new and experienced geothermal reservoir engineers. The only resource available to help geothermal professionals make smart choices in field site selection and reservoir management Practical focus eschews theory and basics- getting right to the heart of the important issues encountered in the field Updates include coverage of advances in EGS (enhanced geothermal systems), well stimulation, well modeling, extensive field histories and preparing data for reservoir simulation Case studies provide cautionary tales and best practices that can only be imparted by a seasoned expert
