Shakespeare Scholars in Conversation

Download Shakespeare Scholars in Conversation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 1476634955
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (766 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shakespeare Scholars in Conversation by : Michael P. Jensen

Download or read book Shakespeare Scholars in Conversation written by Michael P. Jensen and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2019-07-15 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:  Twenty-four of today's most prominent Shakespeare scholars discuss the best-known works in Shakespeare studies, along with some nearly forgotten classics that deserve fresh appraisal. An extensive bibliography provides a reading list of the most important works in the field. A filmography then lists the most important Shakespeare films, along with the films that influenced Shakespeare filmmakers. Interviewees include Sir Stanley Wells, Sir Jonathan Bate, Sir Brian Vickers, Ann Thompson, Virginia Mason Vaughan, George T. Wright, Lukas Erne, MacDonald P. Jackson, Peter Holland, James Shapiro, Katherine Duncan-Jones and Barbara Hodgdon.

Shakespeare and the Law

Download Shakespeare and the Law PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022637856X
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (263 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shakespeare and the Law by : Bradin Cormack

Download or read book Shakespeare and the Law written by Bradin Cormack and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2016-07-11 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "William Shakespeare is inextricably linked with the law. Legal documents make up most of the records we have of his life; trials, lawsuits, and legal terms permeate his plays. Gathering an extraordinary team of literary and legal scholars, philosophers, and even sitting judges, Shakespeare and the Law demonstrates that Shakespeare's thinking about legal concepts and legal practice points to a deep and sometimes vexed engagement with the law's technical workings, its underlying premises, and its social effects. Shakespeare and the Law opens with three essays that provide useful frameworks for approaching the topic, offering perspectives on law and literature that emphasize both the continuities and the contrasts between the two fields. In its second section, the book considers Shakespeare's awareness of common-law thinking and practice through examinations of Measure for Measure and Othello. Building and expanding on this question, the third part inquires into Shakespeare's general attitudes toward legal systems. A judge and former solicitor general rule on Shylock's demand for enforcement of his odd contract; and two essays by literary scholars take contrasting views on whether Shakespeare could imagine a functioning legal system. The fourth section looks at how law enters into conversation with issues of politics and community, both in the plays and in our own world. The volume concludes with a freewheeling colloquy among Supreme Court Justice Stephen G. Breyer, Judge Richard A. Posner, Martha C. Nussbaum, and Richard Strier that covers everything from the ghost in Hamlet to the nature of judicial discretion"--Jacket.

Shakespeare Scholars in Conversation

Download Shakespeare Scholars in Conversation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 1476670609
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (766 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shakespeare Scholars in Conversation by : Michael P. Jensen

Download or read book Shakespeare Scholars in Conversation written by Michael P. Jensen and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2019-07-15 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:  Twenty-four of today's most prominent Shakespeare scholars discuss the best-known works in Shakespeare studies, along with some nearly forgotten classics that deserve fresh appraisal. An extensive bibliography provides a reading list of the most important works in the field. A filmography then lists the most important Shakespeare films, along with the films that influenced Shakespeare filmmakers. Interviewees include Sir Stanley Wells, Sir Jonathan Bate, Sir Brian Vickers, Ann Thompson, Virginia Mason Vaughan, George T. Wright, Lukas Erne, MacDonald P. Jackson, Peter Holland, James Shapiro, Katherine Duncan-Jones and Barbara Hodgdon.

How to Speak Shakespeare

Download How to Speak Shakespeare PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781891661181
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (611 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis How to Speak Shakespeare by : Cal Pritner

Download or read book How to Speak Shakespeare written by Cal Pritner and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This classroom and theater-tested program teaches amateur and professional actors alike how to understand and effectively communicate the poetry of Shakespeare. Organized around passages from Romeo and Juliet, a simple, three-step process is presented. In the first step, Test Your Understanding, readers learn the value of looking up words in the Oxford English Dictionary and paraphrase passages to ensure that they truly understand the words they are speaking. The second step, Stress for Meaning, presents essential tools for speaking Shakespeare effectively, including iambic pentameter and correct rhythm, and explains how to syncopate for meaning. The final step, Celebrate the Poetry, honors the poetry of Shakespeare through a discussion of the use of punctuation, repeated sounds, and connecting key words and phrases. Exercises bring all the elements of these steps together.

Shakespeare in a Divided America

Download Shakespeare in a Divided America PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0525522298
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (255 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shakespeare in a Divided America by : James Shapiro

Download or read book Shakespeare in a Divided America written by James Shapiro and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2020-03-10 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the New York Times Ten Best Books of the Year • A National Book Critics Circle Award Finalist • A New York Times Notable Book A timely exploration of what Shakespeare’s plays reveal about our divided land. “In this sprightly and enthralling book . . . Shapiro amply demonstrates [that] for Americans the politics of Shakespeare are not confined to the public realm, but have enormous relevance in the sphere of private life.” —The Guardian (London) The plays of William Shakespeare are rare common ground in the United States. For well over two centuries, Americans of all stripes—presidents and activists, soldiers and writers, conservatives and liberals alike—have turned to Shakespeare’s works to explore the nation’s fault lines. In a narrative arching from Revolutionary times to the present day, leading scholar James Shapiro traces the unparalleled role of Shakespeare’s four-hundred-year-old tragedies and comedies in illuminating the many concerns on which American identity has turned. From Abraham Lincoln’s and his assassin, John Wilkes Booth’s, competing Shakespeare obsessions to the 2017 controversy over the staging of Julius Caesar in Central Park, in which a Trump-like leader is assassinated, Shakespeare in a Divided America reveals how no writer has been more embraced, more weaponized, or has shed more light on the hot-button issues in our history.

Contested Will

Download Contested Will PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1416541632
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (165 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Contested Will by : James Shapiro

Download or read book Contested Will written by James Shapiro and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2011-04-19 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shakespeare scholar James Shapiro explains when and why so many people began to question whether Shakespeare wrote his plays.

How to Think Like Shakespeare

Download How to Think Like Shakespeare PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691227691
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis How to Think Like Shakespeare by : Scott Newstok

Download or read book How to Think Like Shakespeare written by Scott Newstok and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2021-08-31 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book offers a short, spirited defense of rhetoric and the liberal arts as catalysts for precision, invention, and empathy in today's world. The author, a professor of Shakespeare studies at a liberal arts college and a parent of school-age children, argues that high-stakes testing and a culture of assessment have altered how and what students are taught, as courses across the arts, humanities, and sciences increasingly are set aside to make room for joyless, mechanical reading and math instruction. Students have been robbed of a complete education, their imaginations stunted by this myopic focus on bare literacy and numeracy. Education is about thinking, Newstok argues, rather than the mastery of a set of rigidly defined skills, and the seemingly rigid pedagogy of the English Renaissance produced some of the most compelling and influential examples of liberated thinking. Each of the fourteen chapters explores an essential element of Shakespeare's world and work, aligns it with the ideas of other thinkers and writers in modern times, and suggests opportunities for further reading. Chapters on craft, technology, attention, freedom, and related topics combine past and present ideas about education to build a case for the value of the past, the pleasure of thinking, and the limitations of modern educational practices and prejudices"--

The Shakespeare Authorship Question and Philosophy

Download The Shakespeare Authorship Question and Philosophy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1527539369
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (275 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Shakespeare Authorship Question and Philosophy by : Michael Quinn Dudley

Download or read book The Shakespeare Authorship Question and Philosophy written by Michael Quinn Dudley and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2023-10-17 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For nearly 200 years, people have questioned the identity of Shakespeare; however, this debate is often dismissed by most scholars as “just a conspiracy theory,” with the life of the poet-playwright being “beyond doubt.” And yet, the documented facts related to the man from Stratford are meagre—where they exist at all—forcing biographers to rely heavily on their own imaginations. What does it mean to say that the traditional stance on Shakespeare’s authorship is a belief as opposed to a search for knowledge? What are the ethical implications of declaring that some history is “beyond doubt,” and that no debate about it may be permitted? What can theories of knowledge, truth and rhetoric tell us about how knowledge of Shakespeare has been constructed and justified? To the extent that this belief has consequences for society, can it then be said to be an ethical one? Finally, what difference does it actually make—from a pragmatic perspective—who the Author was? Highly original in its scope, The Shakespeare Authorship Question and Philosophy sets out the debate’s many profound philosophical dimensions concerning knowledge, historiography, truth and academic freedom—implications that transcend the debate itself.

Shakespeare and the 99%

Download Shakespeare and the 99% PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030038831
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shakespeare and the 99% by : Sharon O'Dair

Download or read book Shakespeare and the 99% written by Sharon O'Dair and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-08 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through the discursive political lenses of Occupy Wall Street and the 99%, this volume of essays examines the study of Shakespeare and of literature more generally in today’s climate of educational and professional uncertainty. Acknowledging the problematic relationship of higher education to the production of inequity and hierarchy in our society, essays in this book examine the profession, our pedagogy, and our scholarship in an effort to direct Shakespeare studies, literary studies, and higher education itself toward greater equity for students and professors. Covering a range of topics from diverse positions and perspectives, these essays confront and question foundational assumptions about higher education, and hence society, including intellectual merit and institutional status. These essays comprise a timely conversation critical for understanding our profession in “post-Occupy” America.

Of Human Kindness

Download Of Human Kindness PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300258321
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Of Human Kindness by : Paula Marantz Cohen

Download or read book Of Human Kindness written by Paula Marantz Cohen and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2021-02-09 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An award-winning scholar and teacher explores how Shakespeare's greatest characters were built on a learned sense of empathy While exploring Shakespeare's plays with her students, Paula Marantz Cohen discovered that teaching and discussing his plays unlocked a surprising sense of compassion in the classroom. In this short and illuminating book, she shows how Shakespeare's genius lay with his ability to arouse empathy, even when his characters exist in alien contexts and behave in reprehensible ways. Cohen takes her readers through a selection of Shakespeare's most famous plays, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and The Merchant of Venice, to demonstrate the ways in which Shakespeare thought deeply and clearly about how we treat "the other." Cohen argues that only through close reading of Shakespeare can we fully appreciate his empathetic response to race, class, gender, and age. Wise, eloquent, and thoughtful, this book is a forceful argument for literature's power to champion what is best in us.

Shakespeare's Library

Download Shakespeare's Library PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Catapult
ISBN 13 : 1640093826
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shakespeare's Library by : Stuart Kells

Download or read book Shakespeare's Library written by Stuart Kells and published by Catapult. This book was released on 2020-04-14 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A tantalizing true story of one of literature’s most enduring enigmas is at the heart of this “lively, even sprightly book” (Michael Dirda, The Washington Post)—the quest to find the personal library of the world’s greatest writer. Millions of words of scholarship have been expended on the world’s most famous author and his work. And yet a critical part of the puzzle, Shakespeare’s library, is a mystery. For four centuries people have searched for it: in mansions, palaces and libraries; in riverbeds, sheep pens and partridge coops; and in the corridors of the mind. Yet no trace of the bard’s manuscripts, books or letters has ever been found. The search for Shakespeare’s library is much more than a treasure hunt. Knowing what the Bard read informs our reading of his work, and it offers insight into the mythos of Shakespeare and the debate around authorship. The library’s fate has profound implications for literature, for national and cultural identity, and for the global Shakespeare industry. It bears on fundamental principles of art, identity, history, meaning and truth. Unfolding the search like the mystery story that it is, acclaimed author Stuart Kells follows the trail of the hunters, taking us through different conceptions of the library and of the man himself. Entertaining and enlightening, Shakespeare’s Library is a captivating exploration of one of literature’s most enduring enigmas. "An engaging and provocative contribution to the unending world of Shakespeariana . . . An enchanting work that bibliophiles will savor and Shakespeare fans adore." ―Kirkus Reviews

An Enquiry Into the Learning of Shakespeare, with Remarks on Several Passages of His Plays. in a Conversation Between Eugenius and Enander

Download An Enquiry Into the Learning of Shakespeare, with Remarks on Several Passages of His Plays. in a Conversation Between Eugenius and Enander PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wentworth Press
ISBN 13 : 9781360284460
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (844 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Enquiry Into the Learning of Shakespeare, with Remarks on Several Passages of His Plays. in a Conversation Between Eugenius and Enander by : Peter 1722-1791 Whalley

Download or read book An Enquiry Into the Learning of Shakespeare, with Remarks on Several Passages of His Plays. in a Conversation Between Eugenius and Enander written by Peter 1722-1791 Whalley and published by Wentworth Press. This book was released on 2016-08-24 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This Is Shakespeare

Download This Is Shakespeare PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 1524748552
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (247 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis This Is Shakespeare by : Emma Smith

Download or read book This Is Shakespeare written by Emma Smith and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2020-03-31 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An electrifying new study that investigates the challenges of the Bard’s inconsistencies and flaws, and focuses on revealing—not resolving—the ambiguities of the plays and their changing topicality A genius and prophet whose timeless works encapsulate the human condition like no other. A writer who surpassed his contemporaries in vision, originality, and literary mastery. A man who wrote like an angel, putting it all so much better than anyone else. Is this Shakespeare? Well, sort of. But it doesn’t tell us the whole truth. So much of what we say about Shakespeare is either not true, or just not relevant. In This Is Shakespeare, Emma Smith—an intellectually, theatrically, and ethically exciting writer—takes us into a world of politicking and copycatting, as we watch Shakespeare emulating the blockbusters of Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Kyd (the Spielberg and Tarantino of their day), flirting with and skirting around the cutthroat issues of succession politics, religious upheaval, and technological change. Smith writes in strikingly modern ways about individual agency, privacy, politics, celebrity, and sex. Instead of offering the answers, the Shakespeare she reveals poses awkward questions, always inviting the reader to ponder ambiguities.

Tyrant: Shakespeare on Politics

Download Tyrant: Shakespeare on Politics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 0393635767
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (936 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tyrant: Shakespeare on Politics by : Stephen Greenblatt

Download or read book Tyrant: Shakespeare on Politics written by Stephen Greenblatt and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2018-05-08 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Brilliant, beautifully organized, exceedingly readable."—Philip Roth World-renowned Shakespeare scholar Stephen Greenblatt explores the playwright’s insight into bad (and often mad) rulers. Examining the psyche—and psychoses—of the likes of Richard III, Macbeth, Lear, and Coriolanus, Greenblatt illuminates the ways in which William Shakespeare delved into the lust for absolute power and the disasters visited upon the societies over which these characters rule. Tyrant shows that Shakespeare’s work remains vitally relevant today, not least in its probing of the unquenchable, narcissistic appetites of demagogues and the self-destructive willingness of collaborators who indulge them.

The Shakespeare Wars

Download The Shakespeare Wars PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Random House
ISBN 13 : 0307807924
Total Pages : 626 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Shakespeare Wars by : Ron Rosenbaum

Download or read book The Shakespeare Wars written by Ron Rosenbaum and published by Random House. This book was released on 2011-11-09 with total page 626 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “[Ron Rosenbaum] is one of the most original journalists and writers of our time.” –David Remnick In The Shakespeare Wars, Ron Rosenbaum gives readers an unforgettable way of rethinking the greatest works of the human imagination. As he did in his groundbreaking Explaining Hitler, he shakes up much that we thought we understood about a vital subject and renews our sense of excitement and urgency. He gives us a Shakespeare book like no other. Rather than raking over worn-out fragments of biography, Rosenbaum focuses on cutting-edge controversies about the true source of Shakespeare’s enchantment and illumination–the astonishing language itself. How best to unlock the secrets of its spell? With quicksilver wit and provocative insight, Rosenbaum takes readers into the midst of fierce battles among the most brilliant Shakespearean scholars and directors over just how to delve deeper into the Shakespearean experience–deeper into the mind of Shakespeare. Was Shakespeare the one-draft wonder of Shakespeare in Love? Or was he rather–as an embattled faction of textual scholars now argues–a different kind of writer entirely: a conscientious reviser of his greatest plays? Must we then revise our way of reading, staging, and interpreting such works as Hamlet and King Lear? Rosenbaum pursues key partisans in these debates from the high tables of Oxford to a Krispy Kreme doughnut shop in a strip mall in the Deep South. He makes ostensibly arcane textual scholarship intensely seductive–and sometimes even explicitly sexual. At an academic “Pleasure Seminar” in Bermuda, for instance, he examines one scholar’s quest to find an orgasm in Romeo and Juliet. Rosenbaum shows us great directors as Shakespearean scholars in their own right: We hear Peter Brook–perhaps the most influential Shakespearean director of the past century–disclose his quest for a “secret play” hidden within the Bard’s comedies and dramas. We listen to Sir Peter Hall, founder of the Royal Shakespeare Company, as he launches into an impassioned, table-pounding fury while discussing how the means of unleashing the full intensity of Shakespeare’s language has been lost–and how to restore it. Rosenbaum’s hilarious inside account of “the Great Shakespeare ‘Funeral Elegy’ Fiasco,” a man-versus-computer clash, illustrates the iconic struggle to define what is and isn’t “Shakespearean.” And he demonstrates the way Shakespearean scholars such as Harold Bloom can become great Shakespearean characters in their own right. The Shakespeare Wars offers a thrilling opportunity to engage with Shakespeare’s work at its deepest levels. Like Explaining Hitler, this book is destined to revolutionize the way we think about one of the overwhelming obsessions of our time.

An Imaginary Conversation Between William Shakespeare And His Friend, Henry Wriothesly, Earl Of Southampton: Also, An Imaginary Conversation, Between

Download An Imaginary Conversation Between William Shakespeare And His Friend, Henry Wriothesly, Earl Of Southampton: Also, An Imaginary Conversation, Between PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Legare Street Press
ISBN 13 : 9781018654102
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (541 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Imaginary Conversation Between William Shakespeare And His Friend, Henry Wriothesly, Earl Of Southampton: Also, An Imaginary Conversation, Between by : William Giles Dix

Download or read book An Imaginary Conversation Between William Shakespeare And His Friend, Henry Wriothesly, Earl Of Southampton: Also, An Imaginary Conversation, Between written by William Giles Dix and published by Legare Street Press. This book was released on 2022-10-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Shakespeare’s Common Language

Download Shakespeare’s Common Language PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350007005
Total Pages : 205 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shakespeare’s Common Language by : Alysia Kolentsis

Download or read book Shakespeare’s Common Language written by Alysia Kolentsis and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2020-01-23 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What can developments in contemporary linguistics and language theory reveal about Shakespeare's language in the plays? Shakespeare's Common Language demonstrates how methods borrowed from language criticism can illuminate the surprising expressive force of Shakespeare's common words. With chapters focused on different approaches based in language theory, the book analyses language change in Coriolanus; discourse analysis in Troilus and Cressida; pragmatics in Richard II; and various aspects of grammar in As You Like It. In mapping the tools of linguistics and language theory onto the study of literature, and employing finely-grained close readings of dialogue, Shakespeare's Common Language frames a methodology that offers a fresh approach to reading dramatic language.