Sentencing Penal Policy And Management In A Correctional Facility

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Sentencing, Penal Policy and Management in a Correctional Facility

Author : Kimberley Bartolo
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3346308545
Total Pages : 15 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (463 download)

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Book Synopsis Sentencing, Penal Policy and Management in a Correctional Facility by : Kimberley Bartolo

Download or read book Sentencing, Penal Policy and Management in a Correctional Facility written by Kimberley Bartolo and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2020-12-03 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2019 in the subject Law - Criminal process, Criminology, Law Enforcement, grade: 87.00, University of Malta (Faculty for Social Wellbeing), course: B.A. (Hons) Social Wellbeing Studies, language: English, abstract: This paper discusses the struggles encountered by correctional managers while formulating policies which are aimed at achieving the following objectives: strengthening the management of staff working within a correctional facility, ameliorating professional service provision to maintain the holistic wellbeing of inmates and implementing penal sentences that meet the needs of the offender, the victim and society in general. The word policy is extremely hard to define since it holds different connotations and meanings to everyone. However, a common understanding of the word is about having a set of ideas which are used within a particular organization, in this case being the prison setting, in order to make particular decisions which can influence one’s behaviour. When creating a policy, for it to be well-structured and maintained, it needs to focus upon delivering its main objectives. The objectives of a prison revolve around the rehabilitation and reintegration of the prisoner. Correctional managers are faced with a number of challenges whilst, they are formulating such policies. These struggles are going to be discussed in the following sections. Usually, when people talk about prisons, they only mention the physical attributes about them like for example, the locked-up building with bars. However, prisons are much more than that. They also consist of the essential roles of the staff working within them, who have a crucial part in the prisoners’ process of reintegration and rehabilitation. In order for the management to be strengthened, all the staff needs to understand their role within the prison, whom they should report to and be able to meet the needs of the service users, i.e. the inmates, society and victims.

The Growth of Incarceration in the United States

Author : Committee on Causes and Consequences of High Rates of Incarceration
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 9780309298018
Total Pages : 800 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis The Growth of Incarceration in the United States by : Committee on Causes and Consequences of High Rates of Incarceration

Download or read book The Growth of Incarceration in the United States written by Committee on Causes and Consequences of High Rates of Incarceration and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2014-12-31 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After decades of stability from the 1920s to the early 1970s, the rate of imprisonment in the United States has increased fivefold during the last four decades. The U.S. penal population of 2.2 million adults is by far the largest in the world. Just under one-quarter of the world's prisoners are held in American prisons. The U.S. rate of incarceration, with nearly 1 out of every 100 adults in prison or jail, is 5 to 10 times higher than the rates in Western Europe and other democracies. The U.S. prison population is largely drawn from the most disadvantaged part of the nation's population: mostly men under age 40, disproportionately minority, and poorly educated. Prisoners often carry additional deficits of drug and alcohol addictions, mental and physical illnesses, and lack of work preparation or experience. The growth of incarceration in the United States during four decades has prompted numerous critiques and a growing body of scientific knowledge about what prompted the rise and what its consequences have been for the people imprisoned, their families and communities, and for U.S. society. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States examines research and analysis of the dramatic rise of incarceration rates and its affects. This study makes the case that the United States has gone far past the point where the numbers of people in prison can be justified by social benefits and has reached a level where these high rates of incarceration themselves constitute a source of injustice and social harm. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States examines policy changes that created an increasingly punitive political climate and offers specific policy advice in sentencing policy, prison policy, and social policy. The report also identifies important research questions that must be answered to provide a firmer basis for policy. This report is a call for change in the way society views criminals, punishment, and prison. This landmark study assesses the evidence and its implications for public policy to inform an extensive and thoughtful public debate about and reconsideration of policies.

Handbook on Moving Corrections and Sentencing Forward

Author : Pamela K. Lattimore
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000204758
Total Pages : 394 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook on Moving Corrections and Sentencing Forward by : Pamela K. Lattimore

Download or read book Handbook on Moving Corrections and Sentencing Forward written by Pamela K. Lattimore and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-11-10 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume addresses major issues and research in corrections and sentencing with the goal of using previous research and findings as a platform for recommendations about future research, evaluation, and policy. The last several decades witnessed major policy changes in sentencing and corrections in the United States, as well as considerable research to identify the most effective strategies for addressing criminal behavior. These efforts included changes in sentencing that eliminated parole and imposed draconian sentences for violent and drug crimes. The federal government, followed by most states, implemented sentencing guidelines that greatly reduced the discretion of the courts to impose sentences. The results were a multifold increase in the numbers of individuals in jails and prisons and on community supervision—increases that have only recently crested. There were also efforts to engage prosecutors and the courts in diversion and oversight, including the development of prosecutorial diversion programs, as well as a variety of specialty courts. Penal reform has included efforts to understand the transitions from prison to the community, including federal-led efforts focused on reentry programming. Community corrections reforms have ranged from increased surveillance through drug testing, electronic monitoring, and in some cases, judicial oversight, to rehabilitative efforts driven by risk and needs assessment. More recently, the focus has included pretrial reform to reduce the number of people held in jail pending trial, efforts that have brought attention to the use of bail and its disproportionate impact on people of color and the poor. This collection of chapters from leading researchers addresses a wide array of the latest research in the field. A unique approach featuring responses to the original essays by active researchers spurs discussion and provides a foundation for developing directions for future research and policymaking.

The Oxford Handbook of Sentencing and Corrections

Author : Joan Petersilia
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190241446
Total Pages : 777 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Sentencing and Corrections by : Joan Petersilia

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Sentencing and Corrections written by Joan Petersilia and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 777 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook surveys American sentencing and corrections from global and historical views, from theoretical and policy perspectives, and with attention to a number of problem-specific issues.

Managing Prison Growth in North Carolina Through Structured Sentencing

Author : Ronald F. Wright
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 18 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Managing Prison Growth in North Carolina Through Structured Sentencing by : Ronald F. Wright

Download or read book Managing Prison Growth in North Carolina Through Structured Sentencing written by Ronald F. Wright and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Long-Term Imprisonment

Author : Timothy J. Flanagan
Publisher : SAGE Publications
ISBN 13 : 1452246947
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (522 download)

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Book Synopsis Long-Term Imprisonment by : Timothy J. Flanagan

Download or read book Long-Term Imprisonment written by Timothy J. Flanagan and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 1995-04-06 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With recent sentencing law changes at the state and national level, the United States will continue to use long-term confinement more than any other nation in the world. In this authoritative yet accessible volume, scholars, correctional authorities, researchers, and prisoners examine the use of long- term incarceration as a response to crime, the effects of long- term incarceration, and the strategies used by long-term inmates to adjust to confinement. Long-Term Imprisonment explores the prison experience of both male and female inmates and discusses the correctional management challenges posed by long-term incarceration. The core of this collection, edited by Timothy Flanagan, is a set of articles first published in The Prison Journal, the official journal of the Pennsylvania Prison Society and the oldest journal in the field of corrections. These articles are complemented with research reports on the effects of long-term confinement, a comprehensive analysis of long-term inmates currently confined in American and Canadian prisons, and essays written by long-term prisoners. If you are interested in the use and operation of prisons, and in the impact of these institutions on the people confined within them, this book is for you. In addition to students studying imprisonment, the book informs correctional administrators and policymakers about the nature of long-term inmate population and the impact of long-term imprisonment. "Timothy Flanagan began studying the effects of long-term incarceration over two decades ago when he conducted one of the first major studies of prisoners serving long sentences. Since then, many changes have occurred in corrections and sentences practices that have greatly increased sentence lengths and the number of prisoners serving long sentences. The collection of the essays contained in Long-Term Imprisonment represents the most comprehensive, up-to-date, and definitive review of literature regarding the effects of long-term incarceration on prisoners. Flanagan provides readers with a variety of perspectives of long- term imprisonment by including articles written by prison researchers, corrections officials, and long-term prisoners. This book is must reading for anyone interested in life in prisons and the unique world of the long-term prisoner." --Kevin N. Wright, Binghamton University

Tackling prison overcrowding

Author : Hough, Mike
Publisher : Policy Press
ISBN 13 : 1847421180
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (474 download)

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Book Synopsis Tackling prison overcrowding by : Hough, Mike

Download or read book Tackling prison overcrowding written by Hough, Mike and published by Policy Press. This book was released on 2008-10-22 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tackling prison overcrowding is a response to controversial proposals for prisons and sentencing set out in by Lord Patrick Carter's Review of Prisons, published in 2007. The Carter review proposed the construction of vast 'Titan' prisons to deal with the immediate problem of prison overcrowding, the establishment of a Sentencing Commission as a mechanism for keeping judicial demand for prison places in line with supply, along with further use of the private sector, including private sector management methods. Tackling prison overcrowding comprises nine chapters by leading academic experts, who expose these proposals to critical scrutiny. They take the Carter Report to task for construing the problems too narrowly, in terms of efficiency and economy, and for failing to understand the wider issues of justice that need addressing. They argue that the crisis of prison overcrowding is first and foremost a political problem - arising from penal populism - for which political solutions need to be found. This accessible report will be of interest to policy makers, probation practitioners, academics and other commentators on criminal policy.

Between Prison and Probation

Author : Norval Morris
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0195361199
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Between Prison and Probation by : Norval Morris

Download or read book Between Prison and Probation written by Norval Morris and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1991-09-12 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Across the country prisons are jammed to capacity and, in extreme cases, barges and mobile homes are used to stem the overflow. Probation officers in some cities have caseloads of 200 and more--hardly a manageable number of offenders to track and supervise. And with about one million people in prison and jail, and two and a half million on probation, it is clear we are experiencing a crisis in our penal system. In Between Prison and Probation, Norval Morris and Michael Tonry, two of the nation's leading criminologists, offer an important and timely strategy for alleviating these problems. They argue that our overwhelmed corrections system cannot cope with the flow of convicted offenders because the two extremes of punishment--imprisonment and probation--are both used excessively, with a near-vacuum of useful punishments in between. Morris and Tonry propose instead a comprehensive program that relies on a range of punishment including fines and other financial sanctions, community service, house arrest, intensive probation, closely supervised treatment programs for drugs, alcohol and mental illness, and electronic monitoring of movement. Used in rational combinations, these "intermediate" punishments would better serve the community than our present polarized choice. Serious consideration of these punishments has been hindered by the widespread perception that they are therapeutic rather than punitive. The reality, however, Morris and Tonry argue, "is that the American criminal justice system is both too severe and too lenient--almost randomly." Systematically implemented and rigorously enforced, intermediate punishments can "better and more economically serve the community, the victim, and the criminal than the prison terms and probation orders they supplant." Between Prison and Probation goes beyond mere advocacy of an increasing use of intermediate punishments; the book also addresses the difficult task of fitting these punishments into a comprehensive, fair and community-protective sentencing system.

Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory

Author : Peter Carlson
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Learning
ISBN 13 : 0763728624
Total Pages : 617 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (637 download)

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Book Synopsis Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory by : Peter Carlson

Download or read book Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory written by Peter Carlson and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 2008 with total page 617 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: History of Corrections / Peter M. Carlson, Tom Roth and Anthony P. Travisono --American jails / Arthur Wallenstein and Ken Kerle --Prison architecture / Robert S. George --Developing technology / Peter M. Carlson and Sonya D. Thompson --Custody and security / Michael B. Cooksey --Inmate classification / Peter M. Carlson --Education and vocational training / Harold David Jenkins --Recreation / Harold L. Kahler --Health care / Robert R. Thompson --Mental health / Sally C. Johnson --Religious programming / Susan M. Van Baalen --Intake, discharge, mail and documentation / Jeffrey W. Frazier --Food service / Lavinia B. Johnson --Financial operations / Beverly Pierce --Working with the media / Judith Simon Garrett --Community relations boards / Paula McAlister --Political involvement / Judith Simon Garrett --Organization and management / Peter M. Carlson and John J. Dilulio, Jr. --Leadership : executive excellence / Harley G. Lappin --Governing : personnel management / Robert L. Wright --A day in the life of the warden / James A. Meko --Diversity of correctional officers / Peter M. Carlson --Labor relations / Michael H. Jaime and Amanda R. Burruel --Preventing corruption / Sal Souryal --Sexual misconduct / Anadora Moss --Volunteering / Richard L. Stalder --Disciplinary procedures / Clair A. Cripe --Grievance procedures / Lisa Hutchinson Wallace, Kevin I. Minor and James Stephen Parsons --Protective custody / Kevin I. Minor, Lisa Hutchinson and James Stephen Parson --Suicide / Daniel W. Phillips III --The death penalty / Julie C. Eng --Gang management / Mark S. Fleisher --Special needs offenders / Judy C. Anderson --Sex offenders / Gilbert L. Ingram and Peter M. Carlson --Visitation / Reginald A. Wilkinson and Tessa Unwin --Prison work and industry / Steve Schwalb, Robert C. Grieser and J.C Keeney --Drug treatment / James A. Inciardi, James E. Rivers and Duane C. McBride --Prisoner access to the courts / Kenneth C. Haas --Compliance with the constitution.

Performance Measures for the Criminal Justice System

Author : John J. DiIulio
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Performance Measures for the Criminal Justice System by : John J. DiIulio

Download or read book Performance Measures for the Criminal Justice System written by John J. DiIulio and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Discussion paper from the BJS-Princeton Project.

Sentencing Reform in Overcrowded Times

Author : Michael H. Tonry
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 019510787X
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (951 download)

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Book Synopsis Sentencing Reform in Overcrowded Times by : Michael H. Tonry

Download or read book Sentencing Reform in Overcrowded Times written by Michael H. Tonry and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1997 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The articles in this collection originally appeared in the journal “Overcrowded Times”. They provide an overview of sentencing policy, practices, and institution in the United States, other English-speaking countries (Canada, England, Australia, New Zealand & South Africa), and Europe.

The American Prison

Author : Lynne Goodstein
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The American Prison by : Lynne Goodstein

Download or read book The American Prison written by Lynne Goodstein and published by Springer. This book was released on 1989-08-31 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the dire forecasts of others who had themselves edited books, we proceeded with the project of an edited volume on the American prison, although with more than a little trepidation. We had heard the horror stories of authors turning in their chapters months or years late or never at all, of publishers delaying publication dates, of volumes that read more like patchwork quilts than finely loomed cloth. As if to prove the others wrong, our experience in editing this volume has been mar velous, and we think the volume reflects this. Most likely, the success of our experience and of the volume stems from two elements: first, the professionalism and commitment of the authors themselves; and second, the fact that early in the life of this volume, most of the authors convened for a conference to critique and coordinate the chapters. This book brings together an illustrious group of criminologists and correctional scholars who wrote chapters explicitly for this volume. Co hesiveness was furthered by the charge we gave to each author to (1) present the major issues, (2) review the empirical research, and (3) dis cuss the implications of this work for present and future correctional policy. The goal of this project was to examine the major correctional issues facing prison systems. The chapters scrutinize the issues from the perspective of the system and the individual, from theory to practical and daily management problems, from legal to psychological concerns.

Legal Aspects of Corrections Management

Author : Clair A. Cripe
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1449639402
Total Pages : 633 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (496 download)

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Book Synopsis Legal Aspects of Corrections Management by : Clair A. Cripe

Download or read book Legal Aspects of Corrections Management written by Clair A. Cripe and published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This book was released on 2013 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This updated third edition of Legal Aspects of Corrections Management provides a current, informative, and reader-friendly discussion of the contemporary legal issues impacting corrections management. Through the use of case law, this text provides readers with a practical understanding of how the First, Fourth, Fifth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments relate to the day-to-day issues of running a prison, jail, and other corrections programs, such as probation and parole. The authors' combined corrections experience included such positions as General Counsel, Regional Counsel, and Correctional Program Officer, as well as working within corrections facilities. Their work involved advising corrections staff and management on the legal issues associated with policies and procedures. The authors also have extensive teaching experience in corrections law, the criminal justice system, and criminology. The benefits of such experiences are reflected in the comprehensive coverage of topics in this accessible and updated Third Edition. New to the Third Edition: -Cases and statistical information have been thoroughly updated. -Contains many new photos and figures throughout -New sections include: *Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000 (RLUIPA) *Double Jeopardy *DNA Collection *Searches of Non-Inmates *Legal Challenges to the Method of Execution *Standards of Employee Conduct *Fair Labor Standards Act *Portal-to-Portal Act *Title VII and Inmate-Created Hostile Work Environment *The Americans with Disabilities Act *Death Penalty for Juvenile Offenders Key Features: -Includes engaging real-world examples of common problems and occurrences in corrections to provide students and practitioners with a good understanding of the legal aspects of corrections management. -Provides insight into the legal steps that should be anticipated in a correctional lawsuit. -Provides an accessible and easy-to-understand collection of Supreme Court and significant lower court rulings on key issues in corrections. With the focus on Supreme Court cases, the text has applicability nationwide. -Focuses on constitutional issues affecting such areas as inmate correspondence, visiting, and religion (First Amendment); search and seizure, privacy (Fourth Amendment); due process (Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments); equal protection (Fourteenth Amendment); and the death penalty, conditions of confinement (cruel and unusual punishment), and health care (Eighth Amendment). -Includes coverage of statutory and administrative law, as well as chapters on probation and parole, jails, juveniles, privatization, and the loss of rights of convicted persons. -Includes examples of relevant documents, such as a civil complaint; a sample presentence investigation report; a listing of inmate rights and responsibilities; of misconduct charges; and of mission statements for departments of corrections.

The New Punitiveness

Author : John Pratt
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134018622
Total Pages : 451 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Punitiveness by : John Pratt

Download or read book The New Punitiveness written by John Pratt and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-06-17 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout much of the western world more and more people are being sent to prison, one of a number of changes inspired by a 'new punitiveness' in penal and political affairs. This book seeks to understand these developments, bringing together leading authorities in the field to provide a wide-ranging analysis of new penal trends, compare the development of differing patterns of punishment across different types of societies, and to provide a range of theoretical analyses and commentaries to help understand their significance. As well as increases in imprisonment this book is also concerned to address a number of other aspects of 'the new punitiveness': firstly, the return of a number of forms of punishment previously thought extinct or inappropriate, such as the return of shaming punishments and chain gangs (in parts of the USA); and secondly, the increasing public involvement in penal affairs and penal development, for example in relation to length of sentences and the California Three Strikes Law, and a growing accreditation of the rights of victims. The book will be essential reading for students seeking to understand trends and theories of punishment on law, criminology, penology and other courses.

Reconsidering Indeterminate and Structured Sentencing

Author : Michael H. Tonry
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 12 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Reconsidering Indeterminate and Structured Sentencing by : Michael H. Tonry

Download or read book Reconsidering Indeterminate and Structured Sentencing written by Michael H. Tonry and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Making Good

Author : Martin Wright
Publisher : Waterside Press
ISBN 13 : 1904380417
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Making Good by : Martin Wright

Download or read book Making Good written by Martin Wright and published by Waterside Press. This book was released on 2008 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The author argues that neither the conservative idea of deterrence nor the liberal ideal of rehabilitation has worked. In their place, he proposes the basis for a radical but practical philosophy which places the emphasis on the offender making amends to the victim, and to society, for the damaged cause. The original edition, published in 1982, was one of the books that paved the way for the restorative justice movement.

American Corrections

Author : Matt DeLisi
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1449645402
Total Pages : 569 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (496 download)

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Book Synopsis American Corrections by : Matt DeLisi

Download or read book American Corrections written by Matt DeLisi and published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This book was released on 2013 with total page 569 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The need for corrections officers is projected to increase by 16% by 2016 (Bureau of Labor Statistics). This is great news for students completing their criminal justice or criminology degrees as there will be ample employment opportunity. Drs. DeLisi and Conis provide their unparalleled research expertise/productivity and nearly 40 years of combined criminal justice practitioner experience to make American Corrections: Theory, Research, Policy, and Practice, Second Edition the ideal introductory text for the corrections course. They use a straightforward writing style that is scholarly, engaging, and fun. Updated throughout, it contains both classic and cutting-edge contemporary data on correctional topics drawing from the fields of criminology, criminal justice, sociology, psychology, government, and public policy.The text is broken down into four parts, starting with an overview of corrections, including the history and also the philosophy of corrections. It progresses to discuss the management of offender risk and covers the sentencing, diversion, and pretrial treatment of offenders. Part III delves into the prison system and includes chapters on inmate behavior, prison organization, parole, and reentry of the offender in to society. This comprehensive introduction wraps up with special topics in corrections, including juveniles, women, and capital punishment and civil committment.Key Features of the Revised Second Edition:-Now available in paperback!-Revised to be more sociologically-focused, this Second Edition includes boxes throughout highlighting the effects on community.-Provides an increased focus on gender, race, and immigration issues.-Contains more content discussing the philosophy of corrections, encouraging your students to see the big-picture and think critically of the subject.-Every new copy includes an access code to the accompanying student companion website featuring a variety of interactive study aids.Exciting new content added to the Second Edition: -New section on the correctional system and American society-New section on the fiscal costs of the correctional system and ways that correctional policies can save costs while reducing crime-New section on historical developments in corrections-New section on juveniles and the life imprisonment without parole sanction-Expanded correctional case law-New section on teen courts-New section on federal pretrial services-New section on crisis intervention teams -New section on cognitive behavioral therapy -New section on mental health probation-New section on effective correctional policies-New section on back-end sentencing and parole-New section on law enforcement reentry initiatives and reentry courts-New section on Graham v. Florida (2010)-New section on juvenile drug courts-Expanded discussion on women and reentry-New discussion on clemency and elected executions -Updated box features including 13 new box features-Thoroughly updated correctional data-Thoroughly updated literature with more than 300 new references