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Seismic Performance Of Hollow Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Piers With Highly Confined Boundary Elements Phase Iii Web Crushing Tests
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Book Synopsis Seismic Performance of Hollow Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Piers with Highly-confined Boundary Elements Phase III: Web Crushing Tests by : Frieder Seible
Download or read book Seismic Performance of Hollow Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Piers with Highly-confined Boundary Elements Phase III: Web Crushing Tests written by Frieder Seible and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Seismic Performance of Hollow Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Piers with Highly-confined Boundary Elements Phase III: Web Crushing Tests by :
Download or read book Seismic Performance of Hollow Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Piers with Highly-confined Boundary Elements Phase III: Web Crushing Tests written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Seismic Performance of Hollow Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Bridge Piers with Confined Corner Elements by : Eric Michael Hines
Download or read book Seismic Performance of Hollow Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Bridge Piers with Confined Corner Elements written by Eric Michael Hines and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 690 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book California State Publications written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 868 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book ACI Structural Journal written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Seismic Performance and Building Height Limits of Ductile Reinforced Concrete Masonry Shear Walls with Boundary Elements by : Nader Essam Aly
Download or read book Seismic Performance and Building Height Limits of Ductile Reinforced Concrete Masonry Shear Walls with Boundary Elements written by Nader Essam Aly and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Building Code of Canada, NBCC-15, has recently added a new Seismic Force Resisting System (SFRS) category, ductile shear walls, for Reinforced Concrete Masonry (RCM) buildings. Although it is given a higher ductility-related force modification factor, Rd=3.0, compared to that of moderately ductile walls Rd=2.0, NBCC-15 assigned the same building height limits for the ductile and moderately ductile RCM walls. The research work outlined herein contributes to the understanding of the seismic performance and collapse capacity of ductile RCM shear wall buildings with boundary elements. The main objective is to develop component and system levels, solutions and design recommendations to enhance the overall seismic performance of RCM buildings. At the component (structural element) level, it is proposed to utilize RCM shear walls with boundary elements built using C-shaped masonry blocks. To quantify the component's seismic performance, six half-scale high-rise RCM shear walls were constructed and tested under high constant axial compressive load, along with in-plane fully reversed cyclic loading synchronized with top moment. The tested walls represented the plastic hinge region of prototype 6- and 12-storey RCM structural walls. The studied parameters are the boundary element's length, the boundary element's vertical reinforcement ratio, the wall's shear span-to-depth ratio, the type of masonry blocks used in constructing the boundary elements (stretcher or C-shaped), and the lap splicing of vertical rebars in the plastic hinge region. At the system (building) level, a hybrid structural system composed of ductile and gravity walls is proposed. The ductile walls are RCM shear walls with boundary elements, whereas the gravity walls are conventional rectangular RCM walls with no special seismic detailing. Several archetype buildings were designed according to NBCC-15 and the Canadian masonry design standard CSA S304-14 with varying heights, location's seismicity, ductile shear wall ratios and cross-sectional configurations. Validated macro-modelling approaches were utilized to simulate the nonlinear response of the buildings. A series of linear and nonlinear, pseudo-static and dynamic time-history analyses were performed to quantify the influence of the studied parameters on the seismic response and collapse capacity. Besides, the possibility of increasing the height limits of ductile RCM shear walls was evaluated. Finally, the potential for reducing and terminating the specially detailed boundary elements over the building's height was investigated. The results of the experimental testing confirmed that the presence of the well-detailed and confined boundary elements is capable of mitigating the impacts of the high axial compression load. Using the C-shaped masonry blocks instead of the regular stretcher blocks in constructing the boundary elements enhanced the construction and performance of the walls. Lap splicing of vertical rebars increased the initial lateral stiffness, the rate of stiffness and strength degradation, and slightly limited the displacement ductility. However, with proper detailing of the splice and confinement of the end zones, the premature tensile bond failure was prevented. Based on the findings of the numerical simulations, it was suggested to increase the height limits of RCM buildings with ductile shear walls with boundary elements. In addition, the results emphasized that utilizing the ductile walls with boundary elements, instead of the traditional rectangular walls, in the proposed hybrid structural system enhanced the structural response and optimized the design. Furthermore, the results demonstrated the possibility of vertically reducing and terminating the specially detailed boundary elements. Therefore, the experimental and numerical results of this research form a step forward in presenting RCM shear walls with boundary elements as a practical and competitive SFRS.
Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Durability Improvement and Low-Carbon Strategy of Engineering Materials and Structures by : Zhongya Zhang
Download or read book Recent Advances in Durability Improvement and Low-Carbon Strategy of Engineering Materials and Structures written by Zhongya Zhang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-08-28 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global warming, caused by a significant increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as CO2, has become a concern all over the world. The whole process carbon emissions of the civil engineering industry account for nearly 40% of global energy and process-related CO2 emissions, more than half of which come from the process of producing, using, constructing and dismantling in civil engineering materials and structures, resulting in the embodied carbon emissions. With the acceleration of global warming, warmer and uncertain climates will make engineering materials and structures subject to more severe environmental conditions. A series of durability issues will occur more frequently, such as the significant variations of humidity in air, the chloride-induced corrosion caused by the severe chloride ingress, concrete cracking caused by the expansion of rusts, and more severe carbonation of concrete structures due to the increase in CO2 concentration. The adoption of positive measures to address climate change has become a global consensus, as global warming has led to serious threats and challenges to the survival and development of humankind.
Book Synopsis Seismic Response Assessment of Thin Boundary Elements of Special Concrete Shear Walls by : Carlos Alberto Arteta
Download or read book Seismic Response Assessment of Thin Boundary Elements of Special Concrete Shear Walls written by Carlos Alberto Arteta and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Damage observed near the base of shear walls of reinforced concrete buildings after the Chile (2010) and New Zealand (2011) earthquakes are signs of shortcomings in the design of walls that need to be addressed. This investigation presents results of an experimental test program on ten reinforced concrete rectangular prisms representative of the flexural compression zone of flanged shear walls. The tested elements have transverse reinforcement detailing that matches or exceeds modern code requirements for special boundary elements. The main test variables were the amount and spacing (both vertical and horizontal) of the hoop and crosstie reinforcement. The elements were subjected to monotonically increasing axial compression until failure. Effects of strain gradient (both through the wall length and along the wall height) and effects of wall shear are not represented in the present tests. Nonetheless, the axial compression tests provide insights into the behavioral characteristics of actual wall boundaries. The global force shortening behavior of the specimens was commanded by a thin core which integrity was heavily compromised due to cover spalling, rebar buckling and out-of-plane instability. Measured load-displacement relations did not exhibit an acceptable ductile behavior suggesting that current building code requirements for special boundary elements do not necessarily achieve effective confinement to be protected against brittle axial failure. Enhanced detailing (increasing the volumetric ratio of confinement reinforcement and decreasing its horizontal spacing) improved behavior but did not produce ductile response in all cases. Reported damage extension concentrated over length corresponding to two-and-half times the thickness of the specimens. Compressive strain limits for stable behavior are proposed to be function of the gage length over which they are measured. Bar buckling reduced the load carrying capacity of the reinforced concrete prisms because of the strength loss suffered by the longitudinal reinforcement, but also because it prevented the effective confinement of the concrete core. An experimental campaign comprising 48 analytical specimens allowed studying the relationship between tie spacing and stiffness, and the diameter of the longitudinal bars, that influenced their response when undergoing lateral instability (inelastic buckling). The behavior of tied bars undergoing lateral instability in the inelastic range is highly influenced by the relative restrictive tie spacing over which bar buckling is forced into, and the relative stiffness of the transverse ties and the longitudinal bar. The experiments assume a rigid contact between the bar and the tie, therefore hook opening is not modeled. For the range of tie stiffness and bar geometries tested, the results indicate that the tie spacing has to be smaller than 4.5 times the bar diameter to prevent bar buckling over a large range of plastic axial strains. Empirical core stress strain curves, accounting for bar buckling, are reported for point wise strain measurements, as well as for average axial strains recorded within the damaged region. The results show that usable strain limits, to guarantee a stable core response in pure compression, are between 1.1 and 2.0%. Average empirical core stress strain curves are proposed for modeling purposes. Implication of the compressive strain limits observed are evaluated in a hazard-consistent manner by means of the Conditional Scenario Spectra (CSS). The CSS is a set of realistic earthquake spectra with assigned rates of occurrence that reproduce the hazard at a site. Structural responses are obtained by means of numerical analysis of a multistory shear wall under the seismic demand of more than eight-hundred ground motions consistent with the CSS. The case study allows estimating risk curves to evaluate the likelihood of exceeding certain threshold compressive strains in the boundary of the cross section. The single case numerical model showed that the limited strain capacity of these elements is only likely to negatively impact the behavior of the wall system at risk levels beyond the code-based expectations of good behavior.
Book Synopsis Seismic Performance Limitation of Slender Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls by : Christopher Segura
Download or read book Seismic Performance Limitation of Slender Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls written by Christopher Segura and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on a substantial amount of research on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete structural walls (shear walls), modern design provisions for mid-rise and high-rise shear wall buildings have been developed with the goal of achieving significant ductility in the event of strong earthquake ground shaking. Observations following recent earthquakes in Chile (2010) and New Zealand (2011) have demonstrated that shear wall buildings designed according to modern seismic design codes for tension-controlled action may be vulnerable to brittle compression failure. For walls designed to yield in compression, current reinforced concrete design standards in the United States (ACI 318-14) assume that ductility is ensured if code-prescribed confinement provisions are satisfied at wall boundaries; however, recent laboratory tests suggest that thin, code-compliant walls may be susceptible to compression failure prior to achieving the inelastic deformation capacity assumed by current U.S. design codes (i.e., ASCE 7-10, ASCE 41-13). Seven, approximately one-half scale, ACI 318-14 compliant wall specimens (designated WP1-WP7) were subjected to reversed cyclic lateral loads and constant axial load. The specimens represented approximately the bottom 1.5 stories of an eight story cantilever wall. The first phase of testing (WP1-WP4) was conducted to identify potential deficiencies in current provisions. Test variables for the phase 1 specimens included the configuration of boundary longitudinal reinforcement, quantity and arrangement of boundary transverse reinforcement, and compression depth (influence by axial load, quantity of longitudinal reinforcement, and wall cross-section). For the second phase of testing (WP5-WP7), walls were designed either with thicker cross-sections, improved boundary transverse reinforcement details (i.e., continuous transverse reinforcement detail rather than hoop and cross-tie detail), or both. Phase 2 specimens were constructed with improved web details whereby longitudinal reinforcement was placed inside of transverse reinforcement and, in some cases, cross-ties were used to provide lateral restraint to longitudinal reinforcement. Abrupt compression failures occurred at plastic rotations as low as 1.1% for the thinnest walls. Plastic rotations greater than 2.5% were observed for walls that were 25% and 50% thicker and/or constructed with more stringent confinement detailing than required by ACI 318-14. Based on experimental results, it is suggested to improve the deformation capacity of thin walls by avoiding the use of cross-tie confinement, and using overlapping hoops or continuous transverse reinforcement instead. Within the web region of walls, it is recommended to provide transverse reinforcement for web longitudinal reinforcement within the plastic hinge region. A lateral drift capacity prediction equation was developed in a displacement-based design format and was shown to agree with experimentally measured drift capacities for a small database of slender wall laboratory tests. It was demonstrated that, in addition to provided boundary transverse reinforcement, drift capacity of slender walls is most impacted by compression depth (c), wall thickness (b), and wall length (lw). Based on experimental data, drift capacities greater than 2% may be expected for code compliant walls designed such that c/b2.5, while drifts lower than 1% are expected when c/b5.0.
Book Synopsis Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for Potential Seismic Hazards: Supporting Documentation by :
Download or read book Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for Potential Seismic Hazards: Supporting Documentation written by and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2015 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) handbook can be used by trained personnel to identify, inventory, and screen buildings that are potentially seismically vulnerable. The RVS procedure comprises a method and several forms that help users to quickly identify, inventory, and score buildings according to their risk of collapse if hit by major earthquakes. The RVS handbook describes how to identify the structural type and key weakness characteristics, how to complete the screening forms, and how to manage a successful RVS program.
Book Synopsis Behavior of Post-installed Anchors in Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls of Different Aspect Ratios Subjected to Simulated Seismic Loads by : Gloria Faraone
Download or read book Behavior of Post-installed Anchors in Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls of Different Aspect Ratios Subjected to Simulated Seismic Loads written by Gloria Faraone and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 617 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reinforced concrete shear walls are commonly used to provide lateral strength and stiffness to concrete buildings in seismic regions. Typically installed in the wall face, mechanical anchors are responsible for connecting various nonstructural systems to the main structure. During an earthquake, anchors in reinforced concrete structural elements need to retain their strength and stiffness, despite the inevitable presence of cracks and damage in the concrete, developed as a consequence of the lateral cyclic loading. Anticipating damage to the concrete, which will naturally influence anchor response, current guidelines to qualify anchors for seismic applications require adequate performance in cracked concrete to assure minimal anchor load loss. However, these guidelines are based on anchor performance in pure flexural cracks, as this is the typical damage condition occurring in reinforced concrete frame elements, which has been studied for decades. The response of anchors to a mix of flexure and shear cracks, i.e., the complex situation realized in shear-flexure structural components such as shear walls, however, has largely not been studied. To address the paucity of data regarding anchor behavior in cracked concrete, the behavior of anchors installed horizontally in three full-scale reinforced concrete shear walls with different aspect ratios (wall height/length) is studied in this dissertation. Notably, two types of post-installed anchors were investigated in these tests, namely: i) expansion anchors and ii) bonded anchors. One slender and two identical low-aspect ratio walls were designed according to current U.S. design codes. Simulated seismic loading was imposed at the top of the wall using an equivalent cyclic displacement history, while uniform compression was applied on the slender and one of the two identical low-aspect ratio shear walls. One of the low aspect ratio walls was tested without axial compression to investigate its effect on the anchor response. Anchors were continuously loaded to their design tension while the walls were cycled. The slender full-scale wall failed in a predominantly flexural mode, precipitated by buckling and fracture of the boundary reinforcement. The two identical full-scale low-aspect ratio walls failed in a mixed flexure-shear response, with severe web concrete crushing and buckling and rupture of the boundary reinforcement. Anchor axial load and displacement data, continually measured during the wall cyclic tests, confirmed the sensitivity of the performance of anchors amidst the presence of a variety of cracked concrete conditions, especially in walls prone to develop large shear stress and shear induced damage when subjected to lateral cyclic loads. Following the wall cyclic tests, tension failure tests performed on the anchors indicated that their residual tension load capacity was significantly compromised by concrete damage. Such damage was concentrated in specific wall regions, such as the boundary elements and the plastic hinge region in slender walls, or along the diagonal struts, the boundary elements and near the base of low-aspect ratio walls. Of the two types of anchors tested, expansion anchors observed the most significant load loss (and consequentially axial displacement) in the presence of both the wall cyclic loading and the residual tests on the anchors themselves. Following the experimental program, a multiple vertical line finite element model was used to predict the response of each of the tested full-scale shear walls. Numerical analyses cross-comparison with test results demonstrated a high level of accuracy of the selected modeling approach. As such, an expanded parametric study was conducted to understand the extent of severe concrete strains on the crack distribution and width, using a smeared crack approach. Wall models designed for the parametric study were intended to explore different geometry, reinforcement and axial compression to study the damage distribution within the wall elevation. Crack pattern distribution plots developed using the parametric study results were used to identify regions where anchors would be vulnerable to load loss upon achievement of service, design and severe seismic damage. Ultimately, the findings from this dissertation shed light on the vulnerability of anchors placed in reinforced concrete shear walls, where damage in the form of mixed mode cracking and spalling can be expected. Future design guidelines would benefit from precluding crack sensitive anchors in the most highly damaged regions of these essential lateral force resisting components of the structural system.
Book Synopsis Non-Linear Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete by : K. Maekawa
Download or read book Non-Linear Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete written by K. Maekawa and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-09-02 with total page 768 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the application of nonlinear static and dynamic analysis for the design, maintenance and seismic strengthening of reinforced concrete structures. The latest structural and RC constitutive modelling techniques are described in detail, with particular attention given to multi-dimensional cracking and damage assessment, and their practical applications for performance-based design. Other subjects covered include 2D/3D analysis techniques, bond and tension stiffness, shear transfer, compression and confinement. It can be used in conjunction with WCOMD and COM3 software Nonlinear Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete presents a practical methodology for structural engineers, graduate students and researchers concerned with the design and maintenance of concrete structures.
Book Synopsis NEHRP Recommended Provisions (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program) for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures: Commentary by : United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
Download or read book NEHRP Recommended Provisions (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program) for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures: Commentary written by United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Guidelines for earthquake resistant non-engineered construction by : Arya, Anand S
Download or read book Guidelines for earthquake resistant non-engineered construction written by Arya, Anand S and published by UNESCO. This book was released on 2014-08-25 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges by : M. J. N. Priestley
Download or read book Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges written by M. J. N. Priestley and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1996-04-12 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because of their structural simplicity, bridges tend to beparticularly vulnerable to damage and even collapse when subjectedto earthquakes or other forms of seismic activity. Recentearthquakes, such as the ones in Kobe, Japan, and Oakland,California, have led to a heightened awareness of seismic risk andhave revolutionized bridge design and retrofit philosophies. In Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges, three of the world's topauthorities on the subject have collaborated to produce the mostexhaustive reference on seismic bridge design currently available.Following a detailed examination of the seismic effects of actualearthquakes on local area bridges, the authors demonstrate designstrategies that will make these and similar structures optimallyresistant to the damaging effects of future seismicdisturbances. Relying heavily on worldwide research associated with recentquakes, Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges begins with anin-depth treatment of seismic design philosophy as it applies tobridges. The authors then describe the various geotechnicalconsiderations specific to bridge design, such as soil-structureinteraction and traveling wave effects. Subsequent chapters coverconceptual and actual design of various bridge superstructures, andmodeling and analysis of these structures. As the basis for their design strategies, the authors' focus is onthe widely accepted capacity design approach, in which particularlyvulnerable locations of potentially inelastic flexural deformationare identified and strengthened to accommodate a greater degree ofstress. The text illustrates how accurate application of thecapacity design philosophy to the design of new bridges results instructures that can be expected to survive most earthquakes withonly minor, repairable damage. Because the majority of today's bridges were built before thecapacity design approach was understood, the authors also devoteseveral chapters to the seismic assessment of existing bridges,with the aim of designing and implementing retrofit measures toprotect them against the damaging effects of future earthquakes.These retrofitting techniques, though not considered appropriate inthe design of new bridges, are given considerable emphasis, sincethey currently offer the best solution for the preservation ofthese vital and often historically valued thoroughfares. Practical and applications-oriented, Seismic Design and Retrofit ofBridges is enhanced with over 300 photos and line drawings toillustrate key concepts and detailed design procedures. As the onlytext currently available on the vital topic of seismic bridgedesign, it provides an indispensable reference for civil,structural, and geotechnical engineers, as well as students inrelated engineering courses. A state-of-the-art text on earthquake-proof design and retrofit ofbridges Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges fills the urgent need for acomprehensive and up-to-date text on seismic-ally resistant bridgedesign. The authors, all recognized leaders in the field,systematically cover all aspects of bridge design related toseismic resistance for both new and existing bridges. * A complete overview of current design philosophy for bridges,with related seismic and geotechnical considerations * Coverage of conceptual design constraints and their relationshipto current design alternatives * Modeling and analysis of bridge structures * An exhaustive look at common building materials and theirresponse to seismic activity * A hands-on approach to the capacity design process * Use of isolation and dissipation devices in bridge design * Important coverage of seismic assessment and retrofit design ofexisting bridges
Book Synopsis Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings by : Jack Moehle
Download or read book Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings written by Jack Moehle and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2014-10-06 with total page 783 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Complete coverage of earthquake-resistant concrete building design Written by a renowned seismic engineering expert, this authoritative resource discusses the theory and practice for the design and evaluation of earthquakeresisting reinforced concrete buildings. The book addresses the behavior of reinforced concrete materials, components, and systems subjected to routine and extreme loads, with an emphasis on response to earthquake loading. Design methods, both at a basic level as required by current building codes and at an advanced level needed for special problems such as seismic performance assessment, are described. Data and models useful for analyzing reinforced concrete structures as well as numerous illustrations, tables, and equations are included in this detailed reference. Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings covers: Seismic design and performance verification Steel reinforcement Concrete Confined concrete Axially loaded members Moment and axial force Shear in beams, columns, and walls Development and anchorage Beam-column connections Slab-column and slab-wall connections Seismic design overview Special moment frames Special structural walls Gravity framing Diaphragms and collectors Foundations
Book Synopsis Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings by : Thomas Paulay
Download or read book Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings written by Thomas Paulay and published by Wiley-Interscience. This book was released on 1992-04-10 with total page 768 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emphasizes actual structural design, not analysis, of multistory buildings for seismic resistance. Strong emphasis is placed on specific detailing requirements for construction. Fundamental design principles are presented to create buildings that respond to a wide range of potential seismic forces, which are illustrated by numerous detailed examples. The discussion includes the design of reinforced concrete ductile frames, structural walls, dual systems, reinforced masonry structures, buildings with restricted ductility and foundation walls. In addition to the examples, full design calculations are given for three prototype structures.
