The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America

Download The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Liveright Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1631492861
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (314 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America by : Richard Rothstein

Download or read book The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America written by Richard Rothstein and published by Liveright Publishing. This book was released on 2017-05-02 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New York Times Bestseller • Notable Book of the Year • Editors' Choice Selection One of Bill Gates’ “Amazing Books” of the Year One of Publishers Weekly’s 10 Best Books of the Year Longlisted for the National Book Award for Nonfiction An NPR Best Book of the Year Winner of the Hillman Prize for Nonfiction Gold Winner • California Book Award (Nonfiction) Finalist • Los Angeles Times Book Prize (History) Finalist • Brooklyn Public Library Literary Prize This “powerful and disturbing history” exposes how American governments deliberately imposed racial segregation on metropolitan areas nationwide (New York Times Book Review). Widely heralded as a “masterful” (Washington Post) and “essential” (Slate) history of the modern American metropolis, Richard Rothstein’s The Color of Law offers “the most forceful argument ever published on how federal, state, and local governments gave rise to and reinforced neighborhood segregation” (William Julius Wilson). Exploding the myth of de facto segregation arising from private prejudice or the unintended consequences of economic forces, Rothstein describes how the American government systematically imposed residential segregation: with undisguised racial zoning; public housing that purposefully segregated previously mixed communities; subsidies for builders to create whites-only suburbs; tax exemptions for institutions that enforced segregation; and support for violent resistance to African Americans in white neighborhoods. A groundbreaking, “virtually indispensable” study that has already transformed our understanding of twentieth-century urban history (Chicago Daily Observer), The Color of Law forces us to face the obligation to remedy our unconstitutional past.

The Impacts of Racism and Bias on Black People Pursuing Careers in Science, Engineering, and Medicine

Download The Impacts of Racism and Bias on Black People Pursuing Careers in Science, Engineering, and Medicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309679540
Total Pages : 107 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (96 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Impacts of Racism and Bias on Black People Pursuing Careers in Science, Engineering, and Medicine by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book The Impacts of Racism and Bias on Black People Pursuing Careers in Science, Engineering, and Medicine written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-12-18 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the changing demographics of the nation and a growing appreciation for diversity and inclusion as drivers of excellence in science, engineering, and medicine, Black Americans are severely underrepresented in these fields. Racism and bias are significant reasons for this disparity, with detrimental implications on individuals, health care organizations, and the nation as a whole. The Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine was launched at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in 2019 to identify key levers, drivers, and disruptors in government, industry, health care, and higher education where actions can have the most impact on increasing the participation of Black men and Black women in science, medicine, and engineering. On April 16, 2020, the Roundtable convened a workshop to explore the context for their work; to surface key issues and questions that the Roundtable should address in its initial phase; and to reach key stakeholders and constituents. This proceedings provides a record of the workshop.

Living with Jim Crow

Download Living with Jim Crow PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 023010987X
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Living with Jim Crow by : L. Brown

Download or read book Living with Jim Crow written by L. Brown and published by Springer. This book was released on 2010-07-19 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using first-person narratives collected through oral history interviews, this groundbreaking book collects black women's memories of their public and private lives during the period of legal segregation in the American South.

Gordon Parks: Segregation Story. Expanded Edition

Download Gordon Parks: Segregation Story. Expanded Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Companyédition Steidl/The Gordon Parks Foundation
ISBN 13 : 9783969990261
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Gordon Parks: Segregation Story. Expanded Edition by : Peter W. Kunhardt Jr

Download or read book Gordon Parks: Segregation Story. Expanded Edition written by Peter W. Kunhardt Jr and published by Companyédition Steidl/The Gordon Parks Foundation. This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes several previously unpublished photographs, as well as enhanced reproductions created from Parks's original transparencies.

Cycle of Segregation

Download Cycle of Segregation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN 13 : 1610448693
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cycle of Segregation by : Maria Krysan

Download or read book Cycle of Segregation written by Maria Krysan and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2017-12-13 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Fair Housing Act of 1968 outlawed housing discrimination by race and provided an important tool for dismantling legal segregation. But almost fifty years later, residential segregation remains virtually unchanged in many metropolitan areas, particularly where large groups of racial and ethnic minorities live. Why does segregation persist at such high rates and what makes it so difficult to combat? In Cycle of Segregation, sociologists Maria Krysan and Kyle Crowder examine how everyday social processes shape residential stratification. Past neighborhood experiences, social networks, and daily activities all affect the mobility patterns of different racial groups in ways that have cemented segregation as a self-perpetuating cycle in the twenty-first century. Through original analyses of national-level surveys and in-depth interviews with residents of Chicago, Krysan and Crowder find that residential stratification is reinforced through the biases and blind spots that individuals exhibit in their searches for housing. People rely heavily on information from friends, family, and coworkers when choosing where to live. Because these social networks tend to be racially homogenous, people are likely to receive information primarily from members of their own racial group and move to neighborhoods that are also dominated by their group. Similarly, home-seekers who report wanting to stay close to family members can end up in segregated destinations because their relatives live in those neighborhoods. The authors suggest that even absent of family ties, people gravitate toward neighborhoods that are familiar to them through their past experiences, including where they have previously lived, and where they work, shop, and spend time. Because historical segregation has shaped so many of these experiences, even these seemingly race-neutral decisions help reinforce the cycle of residential stratification. As a result, segregation has declined much more slowly than many social scientists have expected. To overcome this cycle, Krysan and Crowder advocate multi-level policy solutions that pair inclusionary zoning and affordable housing with education and public relations campaigns that emphasize neighborhood diversity and high-opportunity areas. They argue that together, such programs can expand the number of destinations available to low-income residents and help offset the negative images many people hold about certain neighborhoods or help introduce them to places they had never considered. Cycle of Segregation demonstrates why a nuanced understanding of everyday social processes is critical for interrupting entrenched patterns of residential segregation.

Public Housing and the Legacy of Segregation

Download Public Housing and the Legacy of Segregation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : The Urban Insitute
ISBN 13 : 9780877667551
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (675 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Public Housing and the Legacy of Segregation by : Margery Austin Turner

Download or read book Public Housing and the Legacy of Segregation written by Margery Austin Turner and published by The Urban Insitute. This book was released on 2009 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the past two decades the United States has been transforming distressed public housing communities, with three ambitious goals: replace distressed developments with healthy mixed-income communities; help residents relocate to affordable housing, often in the private market; and empower former public housing families toward economic self-sufficiency. The transformation has focused on deconcentrating poverty, but not on the underlying role of racial segregation in creating these distressed communities. In Public Housing and the Legacy of Segregation, scholars and public housing officials assess whether--and how--public housing policies can simultaneously address the problems of poverty and race.

Remembering Jim Crow

Download Remembering Jim Crow PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : New Press, The
ISBN 13 : 1620970279
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Remembering Jim Crow by : William H. Chafe

Download or read book Remembering Jim Crow written by William H. Chafe and published by New Press, The. This book was released on 2014-09-16 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Praised as “viscerally powerful” (Publishers Weekly), this remarkable work of oral history captures the searing experience of the Jim Crow years—enriched by memories of individual, family, and community triumphs and tragedies. In vivid, compelling accounts, men and women from all walks of life tell how their day-to-day lives were subjected to profound and unrelenting racial oppression. At the same time, Remembering Jim Crow is a testament to how black Southerners fought back against the system—raising children, building churches and schools, running businesses, and struggling for respect in a society that denied them the most basic rights. The result is a powerful story of individual and community survival and an important part of the American past that is crucial for us to remember. Based on interviews collected by the Behind the Veil Project at Duke University’s Center for Documentary Studies, this landmark in African American oral history is now available in an affordable paperback edition and, for the first time, as an e-book with audio of the interviewees—in their own voices.

Dismantling Desegregation

Download Dismantling Desegregation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : The New Press
ISBN 13 : 1565844017
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (658 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dismantling Desegregation by : Gary Orfield

Download or read book Dismantling Desegregation written by Gary Orfield and published by The New Press. This book was released on 1996 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses the reversal of desegration in public schools

Segregation by Design

Download Segregation by Design PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108637086
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (86 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Segregation by Design by : Jessica Trounstine

Download or read book Segregation by Design written by Jessica Trounstine and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-11-15 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Segregation by Design draws on more than 100 years of quantitative and qualitative data from thousands of American cities to explore how local governments generate race and class segregation. Starting in the early twentieth century, cities have used their power of land use control to determine the location and availability of housing, amenities (such as parks), and negative land uses (such as garbage dumps). The result has been segregation - first within cities and more recently between them. Documenting changing patterns of segregation and their political mechanisms, Trounstine argues that city governments have pursued these policies to enhance the wealth and resources of white property owners at the expense of people of color and the poor. Contrary to leading theories of urban politics, local democracy has not functioned to represent all residents. The result is unequal access to fundamental local services - from schools, to safe neighborhoods, to clean water.

Remembering Jim Crow

Download Remembering Jim Crow PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : New Press, The
ISBN 13 : 1620970430
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Remembering Jim Crow by : William H. Chafe

Download or read book Remembering Jim Crow written by William H. Chafe and published by New Press, The. This book was released on 2014-09-16 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This “viscerally powerful . . . compilation of firsthand accounts of the Jim Crow era” won the Lillian Smith Book Award and the Carey McWilliams Award (Publisher’s Weekly, starred review). Based on interviews collected by the Behind the Veil Oral History Project at Duke University’s Center for Documentary Studies, this remarkable book presents for the first time the most extensive oral history ever compiled of African American life under segregation. Men and women from all walks of life tell how their most ordinary activities were subjected to profound and unrelenting racial oppression. Yet Remembering Jim Crow is also a testament to how black southerners fought back against systemic racism—building churches and schools, raising children, running businesses, and struggling for respect in a society that denied them the most basic rights. The result is a powerful story of individual and community survival.

Jim Crow's Legacy

Download Jim Crow's Legacy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1442230282
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Jim Crow's Legacy by : Ruth Thompson-Miller

Download or read book Jim Crow's Legacy written by Ruth Thompson-Miller and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2014-11-13 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jim Crow’s Legacy shows the lasting impact of segregation on the lives of African Americans who lived through it, as well as its impact on future generations. The book draws on interviews with elderly African American southerners whose stories poignantly show the devastation of racism not only in the past, but also in the present. The book introduces readers to the realities of the Jim Crow era for African Americans—from life at home to work opportunities to the broader social context in America. However, the book moves beyond merely setting the scene into the powerful memories of elderly African Americans who lived through Jim Crow. Their voices tell the complex stories of their everyday lives—from caring for white children to the racially-motivated murder of a loved one. Their stories show the pernicious impact of racism on both the past and the present. The authors use the phrase segregation stress syndrome to describe the long-term impact on physical, mental, and emotional health, as well as the unshakable influence of racism across years and generations. Jim Crow’s Legacy takes readers on an unparalleled journey into the bitter realities of America’s racial past and shows racism’s unmistakable influence today.

Segregation

Download Segregation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226580776
Total Pages : 539 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (265 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Segregation by : Carl H. Nightingale

Download or read book Segregation written by Carl H. Nightingale and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2012-05-01 with total page 539 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When we think of segregation, what often comes to mind is apartheid South Africa, or the American South in the age of Jim Crow—two societies fundamentally premised on the concept of the separation of the races. But as Carl H. Nightingale shows us in this magisterial history, segregation is everywhere, deforming cities and societies worldwide. Starting with segregation’s ancient roots, and what the archaeological evidence reveals about humanity’s long-standing use of urban divisions to reinforce political and economic inequality, Nightingale then moves to the world of European colonialism. It was there, he shows, segregation based on color—and eventually on race—took hold; the British East India Company, for example, split Calcutta into “White Town” and “Black Town.” As we follow Nightingale’s story around the globe, we see that division replicated from Hong Kong to Nairobi, Baltimore to San Francisco, and more. The turn of the twentieth century saw the most aggressive segregation movements yet, as white communities almost everywhere set to rearranging whole cities along racial lines. Nightingale focuses closely on two striking examples: Johannesburg, with its state-sponsored separation, and Chicago, in which the goal of segregation was advanced by the more subtle methods of real estate markets and housing policy. For the first time ever, the majority of humans live in cities, and nearly all those cities bear the scars of segregation. This unprecedented, ambitious history lays bare our troubled past, and sets us on the path to imagining the better, more equal cities of the future.

About Us: Essays from the Disability Series of the New York Times

Download About Us: Essays from the Disability Series of the New York Times PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Liveright Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1631495860
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (314 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis About Us: Essays from the Disability Series of the New York Times by : Peter Catapano

Download or read book About Us: Essays from the Disability Series of the New York Times written by Peter Catapano and published by Liveright Publishing. This book was released on 2019-09-03 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on the pioneering New York Times series, About Us collects the personal essays and reflections that have transformed the national conversation around disability. Boldly claiming a space in which people with disabilities can be seen and heard as they are—not as others perceive them—About Us captures the voices of a community that has for too long been stereotyped and misrepresented. Speaking not only to those with disabilities, but also to their families, coworkers and support networks, the authors in About Us offer intimate stories of how they navigate a world not built for them. Since its 2016 debut, the popular New York Times’ “Disability” column has transformed the national dialogue around disability. Now, echoing the refrain of the disability rights movement, “Nothing about us without us,” this landmark collection gathers the most powerful essays from the series that speak to the fullness of human experience—stories about first romance, childhood shame and isolation, segregation, professional ambition, child-bearing and parenting, aging and beyond. Reflecting on the fraught conversations around disability—from the friend who says “I don’t think of you as disabled,” to the father who scolds his child with attention differences, “Stop it stop it stop it what is wrong with you?”—the stories here reveal the range of responses, and the variety of consequences, to being labeled as “disabled” by the broader public. Here, a writer recounts her path through medical school as a wheelchair user—forging a unique bridge between patients with disabilities and their physicians. An acclaimed artist with spina bifida discusses her art practice as one that invites us to “stretch ourselves toward a world where all bodies are exquisite.” With these notes of triumph, these stories also offer honest portrayals of frustration over access to medical care, the burden of social stigma and the nearly constant need to self-advocate in the public realm. In its final sections, About Us turns to the questions of love, family and joy to show how it is possible to revel in life as a person with disabilities. Subverting the pervasive belief that disability results in relentless suffering and isolation, a quadriplegic writer reveals how she rediscovered intimacy without touch, and a mother with a chronic illness shares what her condition has taught her young children. With a foreword by Andrew Solomon and introductory comments by co-editors Peter Catapano and Rosemarie Garland-Thomson, About Us is a landmark publication of the disability movement for readers of all backgrounds, forms and abilities. Topics Include: Becoming Disabled • Mental Illness is not a Horror Show • Disability and the Right to Choose • Brain Injury and the Civil Right We Don’t Think • The Deaf Body in Public Space • The Everyday Anxiety of the Stutterer • I Use a Wheelchair. And Yes, I’m Your Doctor • A Symbol for “Nobody” That’s Really for Everybody • Flying While Blind • My $1,000 Anxiety Attack • A Girlfriend of My Own • The Three-Legged Dog Who Carried Me • Passing My Disability On to My Children • I Have Diabetes. Am I to Blame? • Learning to Sing Again • A Disabled Life is a Life Worth Living

The Segregated Origins of Social Security

Download The Segregated Origins of Social Security PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 0807877220
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Segregated Origins of Social Security by : Mary Poole

Download or read book The Segregated Origins of Social Security written by Mary Poole and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2006-12-08 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relationship between welfare and racial inequality has long been understood as a fight between liberal and conservative forces. In The Segregated Origins of Social Security, Mary Poole challenges that basic assumption. Meticulously reconstructing the behind-the-scenes politicking that gave birth to the 1935 Social Security Act, Poole demonstrates that segregation was built into the very foundation of the welfare state because white policy makers--both liberal and conservative--shared an interest in preserving white race privilege. Although northern white liberals were theoretically sympathetic to the plight of African Americans, Poole says, their primary aim was to save the American economy by salvaging the pride of America's "essential" white male industrial workers. The liberal framers of the Social Security Act elevated the status of Unemployment Insurance and Social Security--and the white workers they were designed to serve--by differentiating them from welfare programs, which served black workers. Revising the standard story of the racialized politics of Roosevelt's New Deal, Poole's arguments also reshape our understanding of the role of public policy in race relations in the twentieth century, laying bare the assumptions that must be challenged if we hope to put an end to racial inequality in the twenty-first.

How the Suburbs Were Segregated

Download How the Suburbs Were Segregated PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231542496
Total Pages : 189 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis How the Suburbs Were Segregated by : Paige Glotzer

Download or read book How the Suburbs Were Segregated written by Paige Glotzer and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2020-04-28 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The story of the rise of the segregated suburb often begins during the New Deal and the Second World War, when sweeping federal policies hollowed out cities, pushed rapid suburbanization, and created a white homeowner class intent on defending racial barriers. Paige Glotzer offers a new understanding of the deeper roots of suburban segregation. The mid-twentieth-century policies that favored exclusionary housing were not simply the inevitable result of popular and elite prejudice, she reveals, but the culmination of a long-term effort by developers to use racism to structure suburban real estate markets. Glotzer charts how the real estate industry shaped residential segregation, from the emergence of large-scale suburban development in the 1890s to the postwar housing boom. Focusing on the Roland Park Company as it developed Baltimore’s wealthiest, whitest neighborhoods, she follows the money that financed early segregated suburbs, including the role of transnational capital, mostly British, in the U.S. housing market. She also scrutinizes the business practices of real estate developers, from vetting homebuyers to negotiating with municipal governments for services. She examines how they sold the idea of the suburbs to consumers and analyzes their influence in shaping local and federal housing policies. Glotzer then details how Baltimore’s experience informed the creation of a national real estate industry with professional organizations that lobbied for planned segregated suburbs. How the Suburbs Were Segregated sheds new light on the power of real estate developers in shaping the origins and mechanisms of a housing market in which racial exclusion and profit are still inextricably intertwined.

Whitewashing the South

Download Whitewashing the South PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1442232803
Total Pages : 239 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Whitewashing the South by : Kristen M. Lavelle

Download or read book Whitewashing the South written by Kristen M. Lavelle and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2014-10-23 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whitewashing the South is a powerful exploration of how ordinary white southerners recall living through extraordinary racial times—the Jim Crow era, civil rights movement, and the post-civil rights era—highlighting tensions between memory and reality. Author Kristen Lavelle draws on interviews with the oldest living generation of white southerners to uncover uncomfortable memories of our racial past. The vivid interview excerpts show how these lifelong southerners reflect on race in the segregated South, the civil rights era, and more recent decades. The book illustrates a number of complexities—how these white southerners both acknowledged and downplayed Jim Crow racial oppression, how they both appreciated desegregation and criticized the civil rights movement, and how they both favorably assessed racial progress while resenting reminders of its unflattering past. Chapters take readers on a real-world look inside The Help and an exploration of the way the Greensboro sit-ins and school desegregation have been remembered, and forgotten. Digging into difficult memories and emotions, Whitewashing the South challenges our understandings of the realities of racial inequality.

American Apartheid

Download American Apartheid PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780674018211
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (182 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis American Apartheid by : Douglas S. Massey

Download or read book American Apartheid written by Douglas S. Massey and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1993 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This powerful and disturbing book clearly links persistent poverty among blacks in the United States to the unparalleled degree of deliberate segregation they experience in American cities. American Apartheid shows how the black ghetto was created by whites during the first half of the twentieth century in order to isolate growing urban black populations. It goes on to show that, despite the Fair Housing Act of 1968, segregation is perpetuated today through an interlocking set of individual actions, institutional practices, and governmental policies. In some urban areas the degree of black segregation is so intense and occurs in so many dimensions simultaneously that it amounts to "hypersegregation." The authors demonstrate that this systematic segregation of African Americans leads inexorably to the creation of underclass communities during periods of economic downturn. Under conditions of extreme segregation, any increase in the overall rate of black poverty yields a marked increase in the geographic concentration of indigence and the deterioration of social and economic conditions in black communities. As ghetto residents adapt to this increasingly harsh environment under a climate of racial isolation, they evolve attitudes, behaviors, and practices that further marginalize their neighborhoods and undermine their chances of success in mainstream American society. This book is a sober challenge to those who argue that race is of declining significance in the United States today.