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Scientific Establishments And Hierarchies
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Book Synopsis Scientific Establishments and Hierarchies by : N. Elias
Download or read book Scientific Establishments and Hierarchies written by N. Elias and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years sociologists of sciences have become more interested in scien tific elites, in the way they direct and control the development of sciences and, beyond that, in which the organization of research facilities and resources generally affects research strategies and goals. In this volume we focus on scientific establishments and hierarchies as a means of bringing aspects of these concerns together in their historical and comparative contexts. These terms draw attention to the fact that much scientific work has been pursued within a highly specific organizational setting, that of universities and aca demic research institutes. The effects of this organizational setting as well as its power relations, and its resources in relation to governmental and other non-scientific establishments in society at large, deserve closer attention. One significant aspect of scientific establishments and hierarchies and of the power relations impinging upon scientific research, is the fact that the bulk of leading scientists have the professional career, qualifications and status of a professor. As heads or senior members of departments, institutes and laboratories, professors form the ruling groups of scientific work. They are the main defenders of scientific - or departmental - autonomy, accept or resist innovations in their field, play a leading part in fighting scientific controversies or establishing consensus. Even where research units are not directly controlled by professors, authority structures usually remain strongly hierarchical. These hierarchies too deserve attention in any explora tion of the social characteristics of scientific knowledge and its production.
Book Synopsis Science, Society, and Values by : Sal P. Restivo
Download or read book Science, Society, and Values written by Sal P. Restivo and published by Lehigh University Press. This book was released on 1994 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: He has tried - in his career and, specifically, in this volume - to understand science without accepting the culture of science uncritically.
Book Synopsis Nature and Sociology by : Tim Newton
Download or read book Nature and Sociology written by Tim Newton and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2007-08-07 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book engages with, and contests, the ‘new sociology of nature’. It moves beyond existing debates by presenting new social theory and working across current fields of interest, addressing the debate on new genetics and genomics, taking human biology seriously, and the issues of interdisciplinarity that are likely to arise in longer term attempts to work across the social and natural world. Nature and Sociology will be of great interest to students of a variety of disciplines including sociology and social science, human geography, social and biological anthropology, and the natural sciences.
Book Synopsis Social Studies of Science and Technology: Looking Back, Ahead by : B. Joerges
Download or read book Social Studies of Science and Technology: Looking Back, Ahead written by B. Joerges and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together contributions that resemble spotlights thrown on the past twenty-five years of science and technology studies. It covers a broad range: history of science; science and politics; science and contemporary democracy; science and the public; science and the constitution; science and metaphors; and science and modernity and provides a critical overview of how the field of science and technology studies has emerged and developed.
Book Synopsis On Civilization, Power, and Knowledge by : Norbert Elias
Download or read book On Civilization, Power, and Knowledge written by Norbert Elias and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 1998-02-28 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Norbert Elias has been described as among the great sociologists of the 20th century. A collection of his most important writings, this book sets out Elias' thinking during the course of his long career, with a discussion of how his work relates to that of other sociologists.
Book Synopsis Epistemic Communities, Constructivism, and International Environmental Politics by : Peter M. Haas
Download or read book Epistemic Communities, Constructivism, and International Environmental Politics written by Peter M. Haas and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-08-20 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epistemic Communities, Constructivism and International Environmental Politics brings together 25 years of publications by Peter M. Haas. The book examines how the world has changed significantly over the last 100 years, discusses the need for new, constructivist scholarship to understand the dynamics of world politics, and highlights the role played by transnational networks of professional experts in global governance. Combining an intellectual history of epistemic communities with theoretical arguments and empirical studies of global environmental conferences, as well as international organizations and comparative studies of international environmental regimes, this book presents a broad picture of social learning on the global scale. In addition to detailing the changes in the international system since the Industrial Revolution, Haas discusses the technical nature of global environmental threats. Providing a critical reading of discourses about environmental security, this book explores governance efforts to deal with global climate change, international pollution control, stratospheric ozone, and European acid rain. With a new general introduction and the addition of introductory pieces for each section, this collection offers a retrospective overview of the author’s work and is essential reading for students and scholars of environmental politics, international relations and global politics.
Book Synopsis Disciplining Feminism by : Ellen Messer-Davidow
Download or read book Disciplining Feminism written by Ellen Messer-Davidow and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2002-01-28 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How was academic feminism formed by the very institutions it originally set out to transform? This is the question Ellen Messer-Davidow seeks to answer in Disciplining Feminism. Launched thirty years ago as a bold venture to cut across disciplines and bridge the gap between scholarly knowledge and social activism, feminism in the academy, the author argues, is now entrenched in its institutional structures and separated from national political struggle. Working within a firm theoretical framework and drawing on years of both personal involvement and fieldwork in and outside of academe, Messer-Davidow traces the metamorphosis of a once insurgent project in three steps. After illustrating how early feminists meshed their activism with institutional processes to gain footholds on campuses and in disciplinary associations, she turns to the relay between institutionalization and intellectualization, examining the way feminist studies coalesced into an academic field beginning in the mid-1970s. Without denying the successes of this feminist passage into the established system of higher learning, Messer-Davidow nonetheless insists that the process of institutionalization itself necessarily alters all new entrants—no matter how radical. Her final chapters look to the future of feminism in an increasingly conservative environment and to the possibilities for social change in general. Disciplining Feminism’s interdisciplinary scope and cross-sector analysis will attract a broad range of readers interested in women’s studies, American higher education, and the dynamics of social transformation.
Book Synopsis Instrumentation Between Science, State and Industry by : B. Joerges
Download or read book Instrumentation Between Science, State and Industry written by B. Joerges and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: these. In this book, we appropriate their conception of research-technology, and ex tend it to many other phenomena which are less stable and less localized in time and space than the Zeeman/Cotton situation. In the following pages, we use the concept for instances where research activities are orientated primarily toward technologies which facilitate both the production of scientific knowledge and the production of other goods. In particular, we use the tenn for instances where instruments and meth ods· traverse numerous geographic and institutional boundaries; that is, fields dis tinctly different and distant from the instruments' and methods' initial focus. We suggest that instruments such as the ultra-centrifuge, and the trajectories of the men who devise such artefacts, diverge in an interesting way from other fonns of artefacts and careers in science, metrology and engineering with which students of science and technology are more familiar. The instrument systems developed by re search-technologists strike us as especially general, open-ended, and flexible. When tailored effectively, research-technology instruments potentially fit into many niches and serve a host of unrelated applications. Their multi-functional character distin guishes them from many other devices which are designed to address specific, nar rowly defined problems in a circumscribed arena in and outside of science. Research technology activities link universities, industry, public and private research or me trology establishments, instrument-making finns, consulting companies, the military, and metrological agencies. Research-technology practitioners do not follow the career path of the traditional academic or engineering professional.
Book Synopsis Social Computing and Social Media: Applications in Education and Commerce by : Gabriele Meiselwitz
Download or read book Social Computing and Social Media: Applications in Education and Commerce written by Gabriele Meiselwitz and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-16 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two-volume set LNCS 13315 and 13316 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Social Computing and Social Media, SCSM 2022, held as part of the 24rd International Conference, HCI International 2022, which took place in June-July 2022. Due to COVID-19 pandemic the conference was held virtually. The total of 1276 papers and 275 posters included in the 40 HCII 2022 proceedings volumes was carefully reviewed and selected from 5583 submissions. The papers of SCSM 2022, Part II, are organized in topical sections named: social media in education; customer experience and consumer behavior.
Book Synopsis Professionalism, the Third Logic by : Eliot Freidson
Download or read book Professionalism, the Third Logic written by Eliot Freidson and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2001-06 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new work explores the meaning and implications of professionalism as a form of social organization. Eliot Freidson formalizes professionalism by treating it as an ideal type grounded in the political economy; he presents the concept as a third logic, or a more viable alternative to consumerism and bureaucracy. He asks us to imagine a world where workers with specialized knowledge and the ability to provide society with especially important services can organize and control their own work, without directives from management or the influence of free markets. Freidson then appraises the present status of professionalism, exploring how traditional and national variations in state policy and organization are influencing the power and practice of such professions as medicine and law. Widespread attacks by neoclassical economists and populists, he contends, are obscuring the social value of credentialism and monopolies. The institutions that sustain professionalism in our world are simply too useful to both capital and state to dismiss.
Book Synopsis Subversive Sublimities by : Eitel Friedrich Timm
Download or read book Subversive Sublimities written by Eitel Friedrich Timm and published by Boydell & Brewer. This book was released on 1992 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This anthology of critical essays pursues a field of scholarship that has only recently caught fire: the dark side of the German Enlightenment. The most prominent of German enlightened poets and thinkers - Goethe, Schiller, Lichtenberg, Tieck, among others - were conspicuously prone to the ideology of shamans, occultists, and charlatans of modern science and psychology. And yet the studies published here for the first time argue that the fascination with magic and the occult are not symptoms of a dying age but subversively productive elements, so that the subversiveness of irrationalism may be said to have become a progressive rather than a reactionary force.
Book Synopsis Community, Competition and Citizen Science by : Anne Holohan
Download or read book Community, Competition and Citizen Science written by Anne Holohan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-12-05 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Voluntary distributed computing projects divide large computational tasks into small pieces of data or work that are sent out over the Internet to be processed by individual users, who participate voluntarily in order to provide solutions that would ordinarily require investments of millions of dollars. This approach is contributing to the transformation of computationally heavy scientific research, opening up participation in science to interested lay people and greatly reducing the cost-barriers to computation for financially challenged researchers. Drawing on face-to-face and online ethnographic, survey and interview data with participants in distributed computing projects around the world, this book sheds light on the organizational and social structures of voluntary distributed computing projects, communities and teams, with close attention to questions of motivation in projects that offer little or no traditional forms of reward, either financially or in terms of participants' careers. With its focus on non-market, non-hierarchical cooperation, this book is a case study of networked individuals around the world who are part of a new social production of information. A rich study of the transformative potential inherent in globalization and connectedness, Community, Competition and Citizen Science will appeal to sociologists and political scientists with interests in globalization, networks and science and technology studies, together with scholars and students of media and communication and those working in relevant fields of computing, information systems and scientific collaboration.
Book Synopsis The Intellectual and Social Organization of the Sciences by : Richard Whitley
Download or read book The Intellectual and Social Organization of the Sciences written by Richard Whitley and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2000 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: He also examines the divergences in the way research is organized and controlled both in different fields, and in the same field in different historical circumstances." "This book will be of interest to all graduate students and academics concerned with the social study and management of knowledge, science, technology, and the history and philosophy of science."--BOOK JACKET.
Book Synopsis Soviet Scientists and the State by : Peter Kneen
Download or read book Soviet Scientists and the State written by Peter Kneen and published by State University of New York Press. This book was released on 1985-06-30 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soviet Scientists and the State examines the constraints place upon the natural scientist in the Soviet Union. The book brings into sharp relief the social and economic consequences arising from the highly centralized character of Communist Party rule. Because conditions regarded as essential for effective scientific research conflict with the form of political control prevailing in the Soviet Union, the Soviet scientists' working environment provides a fruitful context for assessing the methods adopted by the Communist Party. This study is an excellent base from which to explore some important sources of change in contemporary Soviet politics. The book is also a survey of the present state of natural science in the U.S.S.R. Topics of concern range from the scientists' background and social characteristics, institutions, status, and leadership to their social relations and effectiveness. The relationship of the Communist Party to the scientists is examined in detail.
Book Synopsis Legal Professionals in White-Collar Crime by : Maria Eugenia Trombini
Download or read book Legal Professionals in White-Collar Crime written by Maria Eugenia Trombini and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-02-25 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work is dedicated to map the modes of thinking and acting of legal professionals who work in white-collar crime. Lawyers, whose decisions generate economic and political consequences, stand at a strategic location between the state and key segments of society. This monograph’s approach is linked to the foundations of the sociology of knowledge, that culture antecedes and anchors social action. It starts by reconstructing the worldviews that legal professionals hold about corruption and its main participants, and then advances to examine decision-making. The author is introducing an innovative dataset comprised of interviews, court records and biographical data to investigate Brazilian lawyers (1985-2021). The study’s qualitative findings show a professional cognitive pattern that is apolitical and technical, and criticizes unskilled people working in the state administration more than businesspeople. The dominant mindset understands corporate-state relations as a self-feeding system that requires qualification and awareness of international trends to counter crime. The decision-making patterns confirm: (i) that prosecutors and judges prioritize the ends, fighting corruption, and use existing legislation and organizational resources to secure verdicts; (ii) the asymmetries between how bribe-payers and bribe-payees are treated.
Download or read book Beyond Hierarchy written by Sarah Oerton and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2013-10-08 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the early 1980s there has been a surge of interest in both issues of gender and sexuality in work and organizational life, and in the founding and running of co-operatives and collectives. Since hierarchy rests on divisions which are in part gendered and sexualized, and co-operatives for the most part operate with "flat" or non-hierarchical structures, they could be seen as places where gender and sexuality make little difference to the experiences of workers.; This text takes issue with the assumption that where there is an absence of formal hierarchy in work and organizational life, there is likely to be an absence of gender inequalities. It argues that the matter is more complex than the simple equating of less hierarchy with greater gender equality.
Book Synopsis The Ends Of Science by : Harry Redner
Download or read book The Ends Of Science written by Harry Redner and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-07-11 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this path-breaking and controversial book, Harry Redner provides a systematic study of how the epistemologically interesting features of contemporary science are to be understood. Taking “science†to include knowledge from the social sciences and humanities as well as the physical sciences, Redner shows how the history of science, philosophical theory, and current scientific research reveal connections between scientific developments and features of the social organization of science. Redner argues that the shift from Classical science to a more complex and less orderly World science after World War II has changed the way scientific research is done and how its knowledge is organized. His aim, however, “is not merely to interpret science, but to change it.†Thus, this examination is more than a survey and critique—it is a positive program for the development of future science. Remarkable for its breadth and insight, the book is especially valuable for its discussions of authority and social organization (with the accompanying themes of academic politics, competition, power, and corruption) and for its catalog of the various contemporary critiques of science. Some of these are European in origin and will be new to many U.S. readers. A tour de force on several levels, this book is essential reading for scientists, philosophers, sociologists of science, historians of ideas, critics of contemporary culture and, indeed, for anyone who takes a serious interest in scientific research and higher learning.
