Science For Engineering

Download Science For Engineering full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Science For Engineering ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Science for Engineering

Author : John Bird
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136299750
Total Pages : 473 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (362 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Science for Engineering by : John Bird

Download or read book Science for Engineering written by John Bird and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-01-17 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Science for Engineering offers an introductory textbook for students of engineering science and assumes no prior background in engineering. John Bird focuses upon examples rather than theory, enabling students to develop a sound understanding of engineering systems in terms of the basic laws and principles. This book includes over 580 worked examples, 1300 further problems, 425 multiple choice questions (with answers), and contains sections covering the mathematics that students will require within their engineering studies, mechanical applications, electrical applications and engineering systems. This new edition of Science for Engineering covers the fundamental scientific knowledge that all trainee engineers must acquire in order to pass their exams. It has also been brought fully in line with the compulsory science and mathematics units in the new engineering course specifications. Supported by free lecturer materials that can be found at www.routledge/cw/bird This resource includes full worked solutions of all 1300 of the further problems for lecturers/instructors use, and the full solutions and marking scheme for the fifteen revision tests. In addition, all illustrations will be available for downloading.

Writing for Science and Engineering

Author : Heather Silyn-Roberts
Publisher : Newnes
ISBN 13 : 0080982859
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Writing for Science and Engineering by : Heather Silyn-Roberts

Download or read book Writing for Science and Engineering written by Heather Silyn-Roberts and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resumen: Are you a post-graduate student in Engineering, Science or Technology who needs to know how to: Prepare abstracts, theses and journal papers Present your work orally Present a progress report to your funding body Would you like some guidance aimed specifically at your subject area? ... This is the book for you; a practical guide to all aspects of post-graduate documentation for Engineering, Science and Technology students, which will prove indispensable to readers. Writing for Science and Engineering will prove invaluable in all areas of research and writing due its clear, concise style. The practical advice contained within the pages alongside numerous examples to aid learning will make the preparation of documentation much easier for all students.

The Art of Doing Science and Engineering

Author : Richard W. Hamming
Publisher : Stripe Press
ISBN 13 : 195395331X
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (539 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Art of Doing Science and Engineering by : Richard W. Hamming

Download or read book The Art of Doing Science and Engineering written by Richard W. Hamming and published by Stripe Press. This book was released on 2020-05-26 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A groundbreaking treatise by one of the great mathematicians of our time, who argues that highly effective thinking can be learned. What spurs on and inspires a great idea? Can we train ourselves to think in a way that will enable world-changing understandings and insights to emerge? Richard Hamming said we can, and first inspired a generation of engineers, scientists, and researchers in 1986 with "You and Your Research," an electrifying sermon on why some scientists do great work, why most don't, why he did, and why you should, too. The Art of Doing Science and Engineering is the full expression of what "You and Your Research" outlined. It's a book about thinking; more specifically, a style of thinking by which great ideas are conceived. The book is filled with stories of great people performing mighty deeds––but they are not meant to simply be admired. Instead, they are to be aspired to, learned from, and surpassed. Hamming consistently returns to Shannon’s information theory, Einstein’s relativity, Grace Hopper’s work on high-level programming, Kaiser’s work on digital fillers, and his own error-correcting codes. He also recounts a number of his spectacular failures as clear examples of what to avoid. Originally published in 1996 and adapted from a course that Hamming taught at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, this edition includes an all-new foreword by designer, engineer, and founder of Dynamicland Bret Victor, and more than 70 redrawn graphs and charts. The Art of Doing Science and Engineering is a reminder that a childlike capacity for learning and creativity are accessible to everyone. Hamming was as much a teacher as a scientist, and having spent a lifetime forming and confirming a theory of great people, he prepares the next generation for even greater greatness.

Science and Mathematics for Engineering

Author : John Bird
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429523823
Total Pages : 562 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Science and Mathematics for Engineering by : John Bird

Download or read book Science and Mathematics for Engineering written by John Bird and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-10-08 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A practical introduction to the engineering science and mathematics required for engineering study and practice. Science and Mathematics for Engineering is an introductory textbook that assumes no prior background in engineering. This new edition covers the fundamental scientific knowledge that all trainee engineers must acquire in order to pass their examinations and has been brought fully in line with the compulsory science and mathematics units in the new engineering course specifications. A new chapter covers present and future ways of generating electricity, an important topic. John Bird focuses upon engineering examples, enabling students to develop a sound understanding of engineering systems in terms of the basic laws and principles. This book includes over 580 worked examples, 1300 further problems, 425 multiple choice questions (with answers), and contains sections covering the mathematics that students will require within their engineering studies, mechanical applications, electrical applications and engineering systems. This book is supported by a companion website of materials that can be found at www.routledge/cw/bird. This resource includes fully worked solutions of all the further problems for students to access, and the full solutions and marking schemes for the revision tests found within the book for instructor use. In addition, all 447 illustrations will be available for downloading by lecturers.

Careers in Science and Engineering

Author : National Academy of Engineering
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030917581X
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Careers in Science and Engineering by : National Academy of Engineering

Download or read book Careers in Science and Engineering written by National Academy of Engineering and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-03-28 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As science and technology advance, the needs of employers change, and these changes continually reshape the job market for scientists and engineers. Such shifts present challenges for students as they struggle to make well-informed education and career choices. Careers in Science and Engineering offers guidance to students on planning careersâ€"particularly careers in nonacademic settingsâ€"and acquiring the education necessary to attain career goals. This booklet is designed for graduate science and engineering students currently in or soon to graduate from a university, as well as undergraduates in their third or fourth year of study who are deciding whether or not to pursue graduate education. The content has been reviewed by a number of student focus groups and an advisory committee that included students and representatives of several disciplinary societies. Careers in Science and Engineering offers advice on not only surviving but also enjoying a science- or engineering-related education and careerâ€"how to find out about possible careers to pursue, choose a graduate school, select a research project, work with advisers, balance breadth against specialization, obtain funding, evaluate postdoctoral appointments, build skills, and more. Throughout, Careers in Science and Engineering lists resources and suggests people to interview in order to gather the information and insights needed to make good education and career choices. The booklet also offers profiles of science and engineering professionals in a variety of careers. Careers in Science and Engineering will be important to undergraduate and graduate students who have decided to pursue a career in science and engineering or related areas. It will also be of interest to faculty, counselors, and education administrators.

Learning to Communicate in Science and Engineering

Author : Mya Poe
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262162474
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (621 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Learning to Communicate in Science and Engineering by : Mya Poe

Download or read book Learning to Communicate in Science and Engineering written by Mya Poe and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2010-02-05 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Case studies and pedagogical strategies to help science and engineering students improve their writing and speaking skills while developing professional identities. To many science and engineering students, the task of writing may seem irrelevant to their future professional careers. At MIT, however, students discover that writing about their technical work is important not only in solving real-world problems but also in developing their professional identities. MIT puts into practice the belief that “engineers who don't write well end up working for engineers who do write well,” requiring all students to take “communications-intensive” classes in which they learn from MIT faculty and writing instructors how to express their ideas in writing and in presentations. Students are challenged not only to think like professional scientists and engineers but also to communicate like them.This book offers in-depth case studies and pedagogical strategies from a range of science and engineering communication-intensive classes at MIT. It traces the progress of seventeen students from diverse backgrounds in seven classes that span five departments. Undergraduates in biology attempt to turn scientific findings into a research article; graduate students learn to define their research for scientific grant writing; undergraduates in biomedical engineering learn to use data as evidence; and students in aeronautic and astronautic engineering learn to communicate collaboratively. Each case study is introduced by a description of its theoretical and curricular context and an outline of the objectives for the students' activities. The studies describe the on-the-ground realities of working with faculty, staff, and students to achieve communication and course goals, offering lessons that can be easily applied to a wide variety of settings and institutions.

Data-Driven Science and Engineering

Author : Steven L. Brunton
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009098489
Total Pages : 615 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Data-Driven Science and Engineering by : Steven L. Brunton

Download or read book Data-Driven Science and Engineering written by Steven L. Brunton and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-05-05 with total page 615 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A textbook covering data-science and machine learning methods for modelling and control in engineering and science, with Python and MATLAB®.

Engineering Science

Author : William Bolton
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317572297
Total Pages : 703 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Engineering Science by : William Bolton

Download or read book Engineering Science written by William Bolton and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-06-05 with total page 703 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive engineering science coverage that is fully in line with the latest vocational course requirements New chapters on heat transfer and fluid mechanics Topic-based approach ensures that this text is suitable for all vocational engineering courses Coverage of all the mechanical, electrical and electronic principles within one volume provides a comprehensive exploration of scientific principles within engineering Engineering Science is a comprehensive textbook suitable for all vocational and pre-degree courses. Taking a subject-led approach, the essential scientific principles engineering students need for their studies are topic-by-topic based in presntation. Unlike most of the textbooks available for this subject, Bill Bolton goes beyond the core science to include the mechanical, electrical and electronic principles needed in the majority of courses. A concise and accessible text is supported by numerous worked examples and problems, with a complete answer section at the back of the book. Now in its sixth edition, the text has been fully updated in line with the current BTEC National syllabus and will also prove an essential reference for students embarking on Higher National engineering qualifications and Foundation Degrees.

Picturing Science and Engineering

Author : Felice Frankel
Publisher : Mit Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262038553
Total Pages : 451 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (385 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Picturing Science and Engineering by : Felice Frankel

Download or read book Picturing Science and Engineering written by Felice Frankel and published by Mit Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide to making scientific photographs for presentations, journal submissions, and covers, featuring step-by-step instructions and case studies, by an award-winning science photographer; illustrated in color throughout. One of the most powerful ways for scientists to document and communicate their work is through photography. Unfortunately, most scientists have little or no training in that craft. In this book, celebrated science photographer Felice Frankel offers a guide for creating science images that are both accurate and visually stunning. Picturing Science and Engineering provides detailed instructions for making science photographs using the DSLR camera, the flatbed scanner, and the phone camera. The book includes a series of step-by-step case studies, describing how final images were designed for cover submissions and other kinds of visualizations. Lavishly illustrated in color throughout, the book encourages the reader to learn by doing, following Frankel as she recreates the stages of discovery that lead to a good science visual. Frankel shows readers how to present their work with graphics--how to tell a visual story--and considers issues of image adjustment and enhancement. She describes how developing the right visual to express a concept not only helps make science accessible to nonspecialists, but also informs the science itself, helping scientists clarify their thinking. Within the book are specific URLs where readers can view Frankel's online tutorials--visual "punctuations" of this printed edition. Additional materials, including tutorials and videos, can be found online at the book's website. Published with the help of funding from Furthermore: a program of the J. M. Kaplan fund

The Way Things Work Now

Author : David Macaulay
Publisher : HarperCollins
ISBN 13 : 1328663108
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (286 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Way Things Work Now by : David Macaulay

Download or read book The Way Things Work Now written by David Macaulay and published by HarperCollins. This book was released on 2016-10-04 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A New York Times Bestseller Explainer-in-Chief David Macaulay updates the worldwide bestseller The New Way Things Work to capture the latest developments in the technology that most impacts our lives. Famously packed with information on the inner workings of everything from windmills to Wi-Fi, this extraordinary and humorous book both guides readers through the fundamental principles of machines, and shows how the developments of the past are building the world of tomorrow. This sweepingly revised edition embraces all of the latest developments, from touchscreens to 3D printer. Each scientific principle is brilliantly explained--with the help of a charming, if rather slow-witted, woolly mammoth. An illustrated survey of significant inventions closes the book, along with a glossary of technical terms, and an index. What possible link could there be between zippers and plows, dentist drills and windmills? Parking meters and meat grinders, jumbo jets and jackhammers, remote control and rockets, electric guitars and egg beaters? Macaulay explains them all.

How to Be Good at Science, Technology, and Engineering

Author : DK
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1465479708
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (654 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis How to Be Good at Science, Technology, and Engineering by : DK

Download or read book How to Be Good at Science, Technology, and Engineering written by DK and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2018-06-05 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With a visual approach to the STEM subjects, this book makes science easy to understand and shows kids how things work. From molecules and magnetism to rockets and radio waves, How to Be Good at Science, Technology, and Engineering makes complex scientific concepts simple to grasp. Dynamic, visual explanations break down even the trickiest of topics into small steps. Find out how a hot-air balloon rises, how erosion flattens mountains, how light waves zip through space, and how the human eye sees colors. Cool illustrations show the application of science in the real world: see how microchips, tractors, and suspension bridges work. "Try it out" boxes suggest ways children can see the science for themselves. Hands-on projects feature fun experiments to try at home or school: polish up old coins in vinegar, make an erupting volcano with baking soda, learn about different types of solutions, and more. With STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) subjects ever more important in today's technological world, here is the perfect book to inspire and educate kids and prepare them for the future. All core curriculum areas of science are covered, including physics, biology, chemistry, earth science, and space science.

Remaking the World

Author : Henry Petroski
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0375700242
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (757 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Remaking the World by : Henry Petroski

Download or read book Remaking the World written by Henry Petroski and published by Vintage. This book was released on 1998-12-29 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Science/Engineering "Petroski has an inquisitive mind, and he is a fine writer. . . . [He] takes us on a lively tour of engineers, their creations and their necessary turns of mind." --Los Angeles Times From the Ferris wheel to the integrated circuit, feats of engineering have changed our environment in countless ways, big and small. In Remaking the World: Adventures in Engineering, Duke University's Henry Petroski focuses on the big: Malaysia's 1,482-foot Petronas Towers as well as the Panama Canal, a cut through the continental divide that required the excavation of 311 million cubic yards of earth. Remaking the World tells the stories behind the man-made wonders of the world, from squabbles over the naming of the Hoover Dam to the effects the Titanic disaster had on the engineering community of 1912. Here, too, are the stories of the personalities behind the wonders, from the jaunty Isambard Kingdom Brunel, designer of nineteenth-century transatlantic steamships, to Charles Steinmetz, oddball genius of the General Electric Company, whose office of preference was a battered twelve-foot canoe. Spirited and absorbing, Remaking the World is a celebration of the creative instinct and of the men and women whose inspirations have immeasurably improved our world. "Petroski [is] America's poet laureate of technology. . . . Remaking the World is another fine book." --Houston Chronicle "Remaking the World really is an adventure in engineering." --San Diego Union-Tribune

Software Engineering for Science

Author : Jeffrey C. Carver
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1498743862
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (987 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Software Engineering for Science by : Jeffrey C. Carver

Download or read book Software Engineering for Science written by Jeffrey C. Carver and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-11-03 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Software Engineering for Science provides an in-depth collection of peer-reviewed chapters that describe experiences with applying software engineering practices to the development of scientific software. It provides a better understanding of how software engineering is and should be practiced, and which software engineering practices are effective for scientific software. The book starts with a detailed overview of the Scientific Software Lifecycle, and a general overview of the scientific software development process. It highlights key issues commonly arising during scientific software development, as well as solutions to these problems. The second part of the book provides examples of the use of testing in scientific software development, including key issues and challenges. The chapters then describe solutions and case studies aimed at applying testing to scientific software development efforts. The final part of the book provides examples of applying software engineering techniques to scientific software, including not only computational modeling, but also software for data management and analysis. The authors describe their experiences and lessons learned from developing complex scientific software in different domains. About the Editors Jeffrey Carver is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Alabama. He is one of the primary organizers of the workshop series on Software Engineering for Science (http://www.SE4Science.org/workshops). Neil P. Chue Hong is Director of the Software Sustainability Institute at the University of Edinburgh. His research interests include barriers and incentives in research software ecosystems and the role of software as a research object. George K. Thiruvathukal is Professor of Computer Science at Loyola University Chicago and Visiting Faculty at Argonne National Laboratory. His current research is focused on software metrics in open source mathematical and scientific software.

The Art of Insight in Science and Engineering

Author : Sanjoy Mahajan
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262526549
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Art of Insight in Science and Engineering by : Sanjoy Mahajan

Download or read book The Art of Insight in Science and Engineering written by Sanjoy Mahajan and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2014-11-07 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tools to make hard problems easier to solve. In this book, Sanjoy Mahajan shows us that the way to master complexity is through insight rather than precision. Precision can overwhelm us with information, whereas insight connects seemingly disparate pieces of information into a simple picture. Unlike computers, humans depend on insight. Based on the author's fifteen years of teaching at MIT, Cambridge University, and Olin College, The Art of Insight in Science and Engineering shows us how to build insight and find understanding, giving readers tools to help them solve any problem in science and engineering. To master complexity, we can organize it or discard it. The Art of Insight in Science and Engineering first teaches the tools for organizing complexity, then distinguishes the two paths for discarding complexity: with and without loss of information. Questions and problems throughout the text help readers master and apply these groups of tools. Armed with this three-part toolchest, and without complicated mathematics, readers can estimate the flight range of birds and planes and the strength of chemical bonds, understand the physics of pianos and xylophones, and explain why skies are blue and sunsets are red. The Art of Insight in Science and Engineering will appear in print and online under a Creative Commons Noncommercial Share Alike license.

Science and Engineering of Small Arms

Author : Prasanta Kumar Das
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 100045505X
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Science and Engineering of Small Arms by : Prasanta Kumar Das

Download or read book Science and Engineering of Small Arms written by Prasanta Kumar Das and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-10-06 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book initiates with the story of the evolution of firearms to enable the reader to appreciate the sequence of the development of firearms. It discusses different classes of small arms, their mechanics, internal and external ballistics. Further, it covers the design idea of barrels and actions, various operating principles and relevant discussion on ammunition and propellants. The principle of quality in the design of the small arms is also elaborated in the desired degree. The book brings out the relevance of modern manufacturing technologies like MIM and various surface treatments, and polymers for enhancement of product quality. To appreciate the sophistication of the architecture, the book presents the anatomical details of a few small arms of reputes. Provides complete understanding of overall small weapon systems Explores mechanics and physics of small arms Discusses proper design, quality control, and manufacturing process selections for a good weapon Covers common type of weapon failures and catastrophic failure Includes relevance of manufacturing processes The book is aimed at professionals and graduate students in Mechanical Design, Armament Design, Gun Design including personnel in the military, paramilitary, police, and all other armed forces and their maintenance crews.

Helping Students Make Sense of the World Using Next Generation Science and Engineering Practices

Author : Christina V. Schwarz
Publisher : NSTA Press
ISBN 13 : 1941316956
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (413 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Helping Students Make Sense of the World Using Next Generation Science and Engineering Practices by : Christina V. Schwarz

Download or read book Helping Students Make Sense of the World Using Next Generation Science and Engineering Practices written by Christina V. Schwarz and published by NSTA Press. This book was released on 2017-01-31 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When it’s time for a game change, you need a guide to the new rules. Helping Students Make Sense of the World Using Next Generation Science and Engineering Practices provides a play-by-play understanding of the practices strand of A Framework for K–12 Science Education (Framework) and the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). Written in clear, nontechnical language, this book provides a wealth of real-world examples to show you what’s different about practice-centered teaching and learning at all grade levels. The book addresses three important questions: 1. How will engaging students in science and engineering practices help improve science education? 2. What do the eight practices look like in the classroom? 3. How can educators engage students in practices to bring the NGSS to life? Helping Students Make Sense of the World Using Next Generation Science and Engineering Practices was developed for K–12 science teachers, curriculum developers, teacher educators, and administrators. Many of its authors contributed to the Framework’s initial vision and tested their ideas in actual science classrooms. If you want a fresh game plan to help students work together to generate and revise knowledge—not just receive and repeat information—this book is for you.

Science and Engineering Careers in the United States

Author : Richard B. Freeman
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226261905
Total Pages : 405 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (262 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Science and Engineering Careers in the United States by : Richard B. Freeman

Download or read book Science and Engineering Careers in the United States written by Richard B. Freeman and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2009-08-01 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beginning in the early 2000s, there was an upsurge of national concern over the state of the science and engineering job market that sparked a plethora of studies, commission reports, and a presidential initiative, all stressing the importance of maintaining American competitiveness in these fields. Science and Engineering Careers in the United States is the first major academic study to probe the issues that underlie these concerns. This volume provides new information on the economics of the postgraduate science and engineering job market, addressing such topics as the factors that determine the supply of PhDs, the career paths they follow after graduation, and the creation and use of knowledge as it is reflected by the amount of papers and patents produced. A distinguished team of contributors also explores the tensions between industry and academe in recruiting graduates, the influx of foreign-born doctorates, and the success of female doctorates. Science and Engineering Careers in the United States will raise new questions about stimulating innovation and growth in the American economy.