Revolutionary Becomings

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Becoming a Revolutionary

Author : Timothy Tackett
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400864313
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Becoming a Revolutionary by : Timothy Tackett

Download or read book Becoming a Revolutionary written by Timothy Tackett and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2014-07-14 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here Timothy Tackett tests some of the diverse explanations of the origins of the French Revolution by examining the psychological itineraries of the individuals who launched it--the deputies of the Estates General and the National Assembly. Based on a wide variety of sources, notably the letters and diaries of over a hundred deputies, the book assesses their collective biographies and their cultural and political experience before and after 1789. In the face of the current "revisionist" orthodoxy, it argues that members of the Third Estate differed dramatically from the Nobility in wealth, status, and culture. Virtually all deputies were familiar with some elements of the Enlightenment, yet little evidence can be found before the Revolution of a coherent oppositional "ideology" or "discourse." Far from the inexperienced ideologues depicted by the revisionists, the Third Estate deputies emerge as practical men, more attracted to law, history, and science than to abstract philosophy. Insofar as they received advance instruction in the possibility of extensive reform, it came less from reading books than from involvement in municipal and regional politics and from the actions and decrees of the monarchy itself. Before their arrival in Versailles, few deputies envisioned changes that could be construed as "Revolutionary." Such new ideas emerged primarily in the process of the Assembly itself and continued to develop, in many cases, throughout the first year of the Revolution. Originally published in 1996. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Becoming Men of Some Consequence

Author : John A. Ruddiman
Publisher : University of Virginia Press
ISBN 13 : 0813936187
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (139 download)

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Book Synopsis Becoming Men of Some Consequence by : John A. Ruddiman

Download or read book Becoming Men of Some Consequence written by John A. Ruddiman and published by University of Virginia Press. This book was released on 2014-12-15 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Young Continental soldiers carried a heavy burden in the American Revolution. Their experiences of coming of age during the upheavals of war provide a novel perspective on the Revolutionary era, eliciting questions of gender, family life, economic goals, and politics. "Going for a soldier" forced young men to confront profound uncertainty, and even coercion, but also offered them novel opportunities. Although the war imposed obligations on youths, military service promised young men in their teens and early twenties alternate paths forward in life. Continental soldiers’ own youthful expectations about respectable manhood and their goals of economic competence and marriage not only ordered their experience of military service; they also shaped the fighting capacities of George Washington’s army and the course of the war. Becoming Men of Some Consequence examines how young soldiers and officers joined the army, their experiences in the ranks, their relationships with civilians, their choices about quitting long-term military service, and their attempts to rejoin the flow of civilian life after the war. The book recovers young soldiers’ perspectives and stories from military records, wartime letters and journals, and postwar memoirs and pension applications, revealing how revolutionary political ideology intertwined with rational calculations and youthful ambitions. Its focus on soldiers as young men offers a new understanding of the Revolutionary War, showing how these soldiers’ generational struggle for their own independence was a profound force within America’s struggle for its independence.

Revolutionary Becomings

Author : Ying Qian
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231555555
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Revolutionary Becomings by : Ying Qian

Download or read book Revolutionary Becomings written by Ying Qian and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2024-03-12 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the toppling of the Qing Empire in 1911 to the political campaigns and mass protests in the Mao and post-Mao eras, revolutionary upheavals characterized China’s twentieth century. In Revolutionary Becomings ̧ Ying Qian studies documentary film as an “eventful medium” deeply embedded in these upheavals and as a prism to investigate the entwined histories of media and China’s revolutionary movements. With meticulous historical excavation and attention to intermedial practices and transnational linkages, Qian discusses how early media practitioners at the turn of the twentieth century intermingled with rival politicians and warlords as well as civic and business organizations. She reveals the foundational role documentary media played in the Chinese Communist Revolution as a bridge between Marxist theories and Chinese historical conditions. In considering the years after the Communist Party came to power, Qian traces the dialectical relationships between media practice, political relationality, and revolutionary epistemology from production campaigns during the Great Leap Forward to the “class struggles” during the Cultural Revolution and the reorganization of society in the post-Mao decade. Exploring a wide range of previously uninvestigated works and intervening in key debates in documentary studies and film and media history, Revolutionary Becomings provides a groundbreaking assessment of the significance of media to the historical unfolding and actualization of revolutionary movements.

Disruptive Compassion

Author : Hal Donaldson
Publisher : Zondervan
ISBN 13 : 0310355311
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Disruptive Compassion by : Hal Donaldson

Download or read book Disruptive Compassion written by Hal Donaldson and published by Zondervan. This book was released on 2019-07-09 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Your invitation to move beyond pity, helplessness, and outrage, and your playbook for making a difference right where you are. As the daily newsfeed full of suffering and injustice scrolls by, it's all too easy to question what one person can really do to enact the profound change the world needs. Like moviegoers, we often watch and witness with care, but assume the script has already been written. Disruptive Compassion dares to make a bold counter: you possess the power to provoke real and meaningful change. Why? Because God has empowered you to rewrite the story of tomorrow. Over 2,000 years ago, Jesus created a model for revolutionaries that has been followed ever since. These principles are just as powerful to guide our journey today. With raw and inspiring stories from the world's most desperate places and his own journey to find meaning, Convoy of Hope founder and CEO Hal Donaldson will take you on a tour along the frontlines of courage and compassion. Let this book be your crash course in what it means to become a revolutionary, as you learn how to: Evaluate the resources you already have Navigate real concerns and risks Check your motives And ultimately become equipped as an agitator with purpose With principles and insights gleaned from two decades of relief work, Hal reveals what he's learned from the journey and what we can take with us as we join the revolution.

Becoming America

Author : Jon Butler
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674006674
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Becoming America by : Jon Butler

Download or read book Becoming America written by Jon Butler and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2001-12-28 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multinational, profit-driven, materialistic, politically self-conscious, power-hungry, religiously plural: America three hundred years ago -- and today. Here are Britain's mainland American colonies after 1680, in the process of becoming the first modern society -- a society the earliest colonists never imagined, a "new order of the ages" that anticipated the American Revolution. Jon Butler's panoramic view of the colonies in this epoch transforms our customary picture of prerevolutionary America; it reveals a strikingly "modern" character that belies the eighteenth-century quaintness fixed in history. Stressing the middle and late decades (the hitherto "dark ages") of the American colonial experience, and emphasizing the importance of the middle and southern colonies as well as New England, Becoming America shows us transformations before 1776 among an unusually diverse assortment of peoples. Here is a polyglot population of English, Indians, Africans, Scots, Germans, Swiss, Swedes, and French; a society of small colonial cities with enormous urban complexities; an economy of prosperous farmers thrust into international market economies; peoples of immense wealth, a burgeoning middle class, and incredible poverty. Butler depicts settlers pursuing sophisticated provincial politics that ultimately sparked revolution and a new nation; developing new patterns in production, consumption, crafts, and trades that remade commerce at home and abroad; and fashioning a society remarkably pluralistic in religion, whose tolerance nonetheless did not extend to Africans or Indians. Here was a society that turned protest into revolution and remade itself many times during the next centuries -- asociety that, for ninety years before 1776, was becoming America.

Deleuze and Guattari’s Philosophy of ‘Becoming-Revolutionary’

Author : Raniel S.M. Reyes
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1527549852
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (275 download)

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Book Synopsis Deleuze and Guattari’s Philosophy of ‘Becoming-Revolutionary’ by : Raniel S.M. Reyes

Download or read book Deleuze and Guattari’s Philosophy of ‘Becoming-Revolutionary’ written by Raniel S.M. Reyes and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2020-04-27 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reconstructs Deleuze and Guattari’s micropolitics toward a philosophy of ‘becoming-revolutionary’. It provides novel ways to comprehend their political philosophy, through a critical engagement with Chantal Mouffe’s theorization of radical democracy, Michael Hardt and Negri’s diagnosis of Empire, Franco Berardi’s analysis of semiocapitalism, the Philippine Party-List System Act, and the ASEAN Integration Project, to name a few. These initiatives aim to examine, expand, and challenge Deleuzo-Guattarian philosophy against the backdrop of various present-day predicaments and practices that perpetually allow people to choose their own oppression. Furthermore, the book embarks on an invigorating journey through philosophy, politics, cultural studies, and contemporary events, searching for new modes of thinking and resistance that carry with them the radical potentials of a revolution-to-come. Through the philosophy of becoming-revolutionary, the book endorses the cultivation of new concepts, subjectivities, and relations, capable of subverting advanced capitalism and other kinds of ethical fascism toward a people- and world-to-come.

The Chinese Revolution on the Tibetan Frontier

Author : Benno Weiner
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501749412
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis The Chinese Revolution on the Tibetan Frontier by : Benno Weiner

Download or read book The Chinese Revolution on the Tibetan Frontier written by Benno Weiner and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2020-06-15 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The Chinese Revolution on the Tibetan Frontier, Benno Weiner provides the first in-depth study of an ethnic minority region during the first decade of the People's Republic of China: the Amdo region in the Sino-Tibetan borderland. Employing previously inaccessible local archives as well as other rare primary sources, he demonstrates that the Communist Party's goal in 1950s Amdo was not just state-building but also nation-building. Such an objective required the construction of narratives and policies capable of convincing Tibetans of their membership in a wider political community. As Weiner shows, however, early efforts to gradually and organically transform a vast multiethnic empire into a singular nation-state lost out to a revolutionary impatience, demanding more immediate paths to national integration and socialist transformation. This led in 1958 to communization, then to large-scale rebellion and its brutal pacification. Rather than joining voluntarily, Amdo was integrated through the widespread, often indiscriminate use of violence, a violence that lingers in the living memory of Amdo Tibetans and others.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution

Author : Klaus Schwab
Publisher : Currency
ISBN 13 : 1524758876
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (247 download)

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Book Synopsis The Fourth Industrial Revolution by : Klaus Schwab

Download or read book The Fourth Industrial Revolution written by Klaus Schwab and published by Currency. This book was released on 2017-01-03 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: World-renowned economist Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum, explains that we have an opportunity to shape the fourth industrial revolution, which will fundamentally alter how we live and work. Schwab argues that this revolution is different in scale, scope and complexity from any that have come before. Characterized by a range of new technologies that are fusing the physical, digital and biological worlds, the developments are affecting all disciplines, economies, industries and governments, and even challenging ideas about what it means to be human. Artificial intelligence is already all around us, from supercomputers, drones and virtual assistants to 3D printing, DNA sequencing, smart thermostats, wearable sensors and microchips smaller than a grain of sand. But this is just the beginning: nanomaterials 200 times stronger than steel and a million times thinner than a strand of hair and the first transplant of a 3D printed liver are already in development. Imagine “smart factories” in which global systems of manufacturing are coordinated virtually, or implantable mobile phones made of biosynthetic materials. The fourth industrial revolution, says Schwab, is more significant, and its ramifications more profound, than in any prior period of human history. He outlines the key technologies driving this revolution and discusses the major impacts expected on government, business, civil society and individuals. Schwab also offers bold ideas on how to harness these changes and shape a better future—one in which technology empowers people rather than replaces them; progress serves society rather than disrupts it; and in which innovators respect moral and ethical boundaries rather than cross them. We all have the opportunity to contribute to developing new frameworks that advance progress.

Revolution 2.0

Author : Wael Ghonim
Publisher : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
ISBN 13 : 0547774044
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (477 download)

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Book Synopsis Revolution 2.0 by : Wael Ghonim

Download or read book Revolution 2.0 written by Wael Ghonim and published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. This book was released on 2012-01-17 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The former Google executive and political activist tells the story of the Egyptian revolution he helped ignite through the power of social media. In the summer of 2010, thirty-year-old Google executive Wael Ghonim anonymously launched a Facebook page to protest the death of an Egyptian man at the hands of security forces. The page’s following expanded quickly and moved from online protests to a nonconfrontational movement. On January 25, 2011, Tahrir Square resounded with calls for change. Yet just as the revolution began in earnest, Ghonim was captured and held for twelve days of brutal interrogation. After he was released, he gave a tearful speech on national television, and the protests grew more intense. Four days later, the president of Egypt was gone. In this riveting story, Ghonim takes us inside the movement and shares the keys to unleashing the power of crowds in the age of social networking. “A gripping chronicle of how a fear-frozen society finally topples its oppressors with the help of social media.” —San Francisco Chronicle “Revolution 2.0 excels in chronicling the roiling tension in the months before the uprising, the careful organization required and the momentum it unleashed.” —NPR.org

The Irresistible Revolution

Author : Shane Claiborne
Publisher : Zondervan
ISBN 13 : 0310296080
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis The Irresistible Revolution by : Shane Claiborne

Download or read book The Irresistible Revolution written by Shane Claiborne and published by Zondervan. This book was released on 2008-09-09 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Living as an Ordinary RadicalMany of us find ourselves caught somewhere between unbelieving activists and inactive believers. We can write a check to feed starving children or hold signs in the streets and feel like we’ve made a difference without ever encountering the faces of the suffering masses. In this book, Shane Claiborne describes an authentic faith rooted in belief, action, and love, inviting us into a movement of the Spirit that begins inside each of us and extends into a broken world. Shane’s faith led him to dress the wounds of lepers with Mother Teresa, visit families in Iraq amidst bombings, and dump $10,000 in coins and bills on Wall Street to redistribute wealth. Shane lives out this revolution each day in his local neighborhood, an impoverished community in North Philadelphia, by living among the homeless, helping local kids with homework, and “practicing resurrection” in the forgotten places of our world. Shane’s message will comfort the disturbed, and disturb the comfortable . . . but will also invite us into an irresistible revolution. His is a vision for ordinary radicals ready to change the world with little acts of love.

Citizen Sailors

Author : Nathan Perl-Rosenthal
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674915550
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (749 download)

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Book Synopsis Citizen Sailors by : Nathan Perl-Rosenthal

Download or read book Citizen Sailors written by Nathan Perl-Rosenthal and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2015-10-12 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After 1776, Americans struggled to gain recognition of their new republic and their rights as citizens. None had to fight harder than the nation’s seamen, whose labor took them deep into the Atlantic world. Nathan Perl-Rosenthal tells the story of how their efforts created the first national, racially inclusive model of U.S. citizenship.

Mao's Last Revolution

Author : Roderick MACFARQUHAR
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674040414
Total Pages : 742 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Mao's Last Revolution by : Roderick MACFARQUHAR

Download or read book Mao's Last Revolution written by Roderick MACFARQUHAR and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-06-30 with total page 742 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains why Mao launched the Cultural Revolution, and shows his Machiavellian role in masterminding it. This book documents the Hobbesian state that ensued. Power struggles raged among Lin Biao, Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, and Jiang Qing - Mao's wife and leader of the Gang of Four - while Mao often played one against the other.

Energy Revolution

Author : Mara Prentiss
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674744977
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (747 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Revolution by : Mara Prentiss

Download or read book Energy Revolution written by Mara Prentiss and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2015-02-10 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed—but it can be wasted. The United States wastes two-thirds of its energy, including 80 percent of the energy used in transportation. So the nation has a tremendous opportunity to develop a sensible energy policy based on benefits and costs. But to do that we need facts—not hyperbole, not wishful thinking. Mara Prentiss presents and interprets political and technical information from government reports and press releases, as well as fundamental scientific laws, to advance a bold claim: wind and solar power could generate 100 percent of the United States’ average total energy demand for the foreseeable future, even without waste reduction. To meet the actual rather than the average demand, significant technological and political hurdles must be overcome. Still, a U.S. energy economy based entirely on wind, solar, hydroelectricity, and biofuels is within reach. The transition to renewables will benefit from new technologies that decrease energy consumption without lifestyle sacrifices, including energy optimization from interconnected smart devices and waste reduction from use of LED lights, regenerative brakes, and electric cars. Many countries cannot obtain sufficient renewable energy within their borders, Prentiss notes, but U.S. conversion to a 100 percent renewable energy economy would, by itself, significantly reduce the global impact of fossil fuel consumption. Enhanced by full-color visualizations of key concepts and data, Energy Revolution answers one of the century’s most crucial questions: How can we get smarter about producing and distributing, using and conserving, energy?

Anthropologies of Revolution

Author : Igor Cherstich
Publisher : University of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520343794
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis Anthropologies of Revolution by : Igor Cherstich

Download or read book Anthropologies of Revolution written by Igor Cherstich and published by University of California Press. This book was released on 2020-06-02 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A free open access ebook is available upon publication. Learn more at www.luminosoa.org. What can anthropological thinking contribute to the study of revolutions? The first book-length attempt to develop an anthropological approach to revolutions, Anthropologies of Revolution proposes that revolutions should be seen as concerted attempts to radically reconstitute the worlds people inhabit. Viewing revolutions as all-embracing, world-creating projects, the authors ask readers to move beyond the idea of revolutions as acts of violent political rupture, and instead view them as processes of societal transformation that penetrate deeply into the fabric of people’s lives, unfolding and refolding the coordinates of human existence.

Becoming Heroines

Author : Elizabeth Cronise McLaughlin
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0593087666
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Becoming Heroines by : Elizabeth Cronise McLaughlin

Download or read book Becoming Heroines written by Elizabeth Cronise McLaughlin and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2021-07-20 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A profound roadmap for how whole systems of oppression can die if we choose to do the work."—LaTosha Brown, cofounder of Black Voters Matter “An inspiring, empowering clarion call and guide to become the heroines we were meant to be.”—Debra Messing, actor and activist A soul-shaking wake-up call to the oppressive structures that keep women in their place—and a radical approach to fighting back You were born with massive reservoirs of strength, confidence, and creativity. But oppressive structures that keep you “in your place”—that is, silent, weak, and complacent—have cut you off you from your natural gifts and pitted women against one another. Following the timeless wisdom of the heroine's journey, Becoming Heroines invites you to recover your inner power and unleash it as a force for change in the world. For decades, Elizabeth Cronise McLaughlin has been the go-to mentor for women who’ve wasted years playing by traditional rules. Now, she’ll show you how to break away from that which no longer serves you, starting by healing the painful memories that hold you back from living to your fullest capacity. You’ll learn how to confront any internalized bias contributing to systems of oppression. And joining with the growing revolution, you’ll be inspired to lend your voice to those repairing the wounds of history in order to build a future of freedom and justice for all. At once deeply heartfelt and galvanizing, Becoming Heroines is an empowering call to recover your rightful role as the heroine of your own life. For any woman ready to rise from the ashes of trauma and grief, live out her values more radically, and lead us all to a better world, the journey begins.

Revolutionary Mothers

Author : Carol Berkin
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0307427498
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Revolutionary Mothers by : Carol Berkin

Download or read book Revolutionary Mothers written by Carol Berkin and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2007-12-18 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A groundbreaking history of the American Revolution that “vividly recounts Colonial women’s struggles for independence—for their nation and, sometimes, for themselves.... [Her] lively book reclaims a vital part of our political legacy" (Los Angeles Times Book Review). The American Revolution was a home-front war that brought scarcity, bloodshed, and danger into the life of every American. In this book, Carol Berkin shows us how women played a vital role throughout the conflict. The women of the Revolution were most active at home, organizing boycotts of British goods, raising funds for the fledgling nation, and managing the family business while struggling to maintain a modicum of normalcy as husbands, brothers and fathers died. Yet Berkin also reveals that it was not just the men who fought on the front lines, as in the story of Margaret Corbin, who was crippled for life when she took her husband’s place beside a cannon at Fort Monmouth. This incisive and comprehensive history illuminates a fascinating and unknown side of the struggle for American independence.

Revolutionary Backlash

Author : Rosemarie Zagarri
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812205553
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Revolutionary Backlash by : Rosemarie Zagarri

Download or read book Revolutionary Backlash written by Rosemarie Zagarri and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2011-06-03 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Seneca Falls Convention is typically seen as the beginning of the first women's rights movement in the United States. Revolutionary Backlash argues otherwise. According to Rosemarie Zagarri, the debate over women's rights began not in the decades prior to 1848 but during the American Revolution itself. Integrating the approaches of women's historians and political historians, this book explores changes in women's status that occurred from the time of the American Revolution until the election of Andrew Jackson. Although the period after the Revolution produced no collective movement for women's rights, women built on precedents established during the Revolution and gained an informal foothold in party politics and male electoral activities. Federalists and Jeffersonians vied for women's allegiance and sought their support in times of national crisis. Women, in turn, attended rallies, organized political activities, and voiced their opinions on the issues of the day. After the publication of Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, a widespread debate about the nature of women's rights ensued. The state of New Jersey attempted a bold experiment: for a brief time, women there voted on the same terms as men. Yet as Rosemarie Zagarri argues in Revolutionary Backlash, this opening for women soon closed. By 1828, women's politicization was seen more as a liability than as a strength, contributing to a divisive political climate that repeatedly brought the country to the brink of civil war. The increasing sophistication of party organizations and triumph of universal suffrage for white males marginalized those who could not vote, especially women. Yet all was not lost. Women had already begun to participate in charitable movements, benevolent societies, and social reform organizations. Through these organizations, women found another way to practice politics.