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Author : Lenna A. Mahoney
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)
Download or read book Results of Waste Transfer and Back-dilution in Tanks 241-SY-101 and 241-SY-102 written by Lenna A. Mahoney and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309075653
Total Pages : 146 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)
Download or read book Research Needs for High-Level Waste Stored in Tanks and Bins at U.S. Department of Energy Sites written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-10-05 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States Department of Energy (DOE) has approximately 400 million liters (100 million gallons) of liquid high-level waste (HLW) stored in underground tanks and approximately 4,000 cubic meters of solid HLW stored in bins. The current DOE estimate of the cost of converting these liquid and solid wastes into stable forms for shipment to a geological repository exceeds $50 billion to be spent over several decades (DOE, 2000). The Committee on Long-Term Research Needs for Radioactive High-Level Waste at Department of Energy Sites was appointed by the National Research Council (NRC) to advise the Environmental Management Science Program (EMSP) on a long-term research agenda addressing the above problems related to HLW stored in tanks and bins at DOE sites.
Author : Stuart T. Arm
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1040114849
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)
Download or read book Remediation of Legacy Hazardous and Nuclear Industrial Sites written by Stuart T. Arm and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-09-12 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Remediation of Legacy Hazardous and Nuclear Industrial Sites provides an overview of the key elements involved in remediating complex waste sites using the Hanford nuclear site as a case study. Hanford is one of the most complex waste sites in the world and has examples of most, if not all, characteristics of the complex waste sites that exist globally. This book is aimed at a non-technical audience and describes the stages of remediation based on general RCRA/CERCLA processes, from establishing a strategy that includes all stakeholders to site assessment, waste treatment and disposal, and long-term monitoring. Features: Informs a non-technical audience of the important elements involved in complex waste site remediation Employs the Hanford Site as a case study throughout to explain real-world applications of remediation steps Connects the “human” element to the technical aspects through interviews with key current and retired individuals at the Hanford Site Includes discussion of stakeholders and the engagement process in remediation Demonstrates how all elements of complex waste site remediation from demolition of buildings to groundwater management are interrelated Focuses on broader technical and sociopolitical challenges for remediation of a contaminated site Aimed at a broad audience, this book offers approachable guidance to technical and non-technical readers through a series of real-world examples that cover each important step in the complex waste cleanup process.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (683 download)
Download or read book Buoyant Response of the Tank 241-SY-101 Crust to Transfer and Back-Dilution written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mixer pump installed in Hanford Tank 241-SY-101 (SY-101) in July 1993 has prevented the large buoyant displacement gas release events (BD GRE) it has historically exhibited. But the absence of periodic disruption from GREs and the action of mixing have allowed the crust to grow. The accelerated gas retention has resulted in over 30 inches of waste level growth and the flammable gas volume stored in the crust has become a hazard. To remediate gas retention in the crust and the potential for buoyant displacement gas releases from below the crust, SY-101 will be diluted in the fall of 1999 to dissolve a large fraction of the solids in the tank. The plan is to transfer waste out and back-dilute with water in several steps of about 100,000 gallons each. Back-dilution water may be added at the transfer pump inlet, the base of the mixer pump, and on top of the crust. The mixer pump will continue to be required to prevent formation of a deep nonconnective layer and resumption of BD GREs. Therefore, it is vital to ensure that the transfer and back-dilution processes do not significantly degrade the pump's effectiveness. Part of the strategy to avoid mixer pump degradation is to keep the base of the crust layer well above the pump inlet, which is 236 inches above the tank bottom. The maximum transfer for which an equal back-dilution is possible without sinking the crust is 90 kgal if water is injected at the 96-inch transfer pump inlet and 120 kgal for injection at the 9-inch mixer pump burrowing ring. To keep the crust base above the lowest observed elevation of 295 inches, transfer and back-dilution must be limited to 143 kgal and 80 kgal, respectively, for the 96-inch back-dilution and 175 kgal with a 112 kgal back-dilution using the 9-inch back-dilution elevation. These limits can be avoided by adding water to the top of the crust to dissolve the negatively buoyant layers. If 20 kgal of water is placed on top of the crust and the rest of the back-dilution is placed under the crust, back-dilution becomes limited by crust sinking at a 128 kgal transfer using the 96-inch injection point and at 160 kgal at 9 inches. The crust base remains well above the 295-inch minimum, and crust base elevation does not limit transfer volume. This result shows that top dilution is very beneficial in providing operational flexibility to the transfer and back-dilution process.
Author : Chuck Stewart
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 550 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Hanford's Battle with Nuclear Waste Tank SY-101 written by Chuck Stewart and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The nuclear reactors and separation plants at the Hanford Site in Washington State made the plutonium for the bombs dropped on Japan in 1945. Plutonium production expanded during the Cold War and continued into the late 1980s leaving Hanford with a majority of the national inventory of high-level radioactive waste stored in its underground tanks. This book tells the story of one specific tank, the million-gallon double-shell tank 241-SY-101 in Hanford's 200-West Area. SY-101 was a dominating element in DOE waste management for the last decade of the 20th century. The possibility of a flammable gas burn in SY-101 was acknowledged as the safety issue of highest priority in the entire DOE complex during the early 1990s. Uncontrolled crust growth demanded another large-scale emergency effort in the late 1990s that finally allowed the tank to return to service in September 2001. It received its first waste as an "active" tank in November 2002. The experience spawned a legacy of inspired engineering, tight project discipline, and supportive teamwork that still affects the Hanford culture today. This narrative presents the whole SY-101 story from the viewpoint of those who lived through it. If it makes people who work in nuclear waste management pause and worry a little when funding, scheduling, or political pressures curtail creativity and prudence, the book will have served its purpose.
Author : Zenen I. Antoniak
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 9 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)
Download or read book Potential for Waste Stratification from Back-dilution in Tank 241-SY-101 written by Zenen I. Antoniak and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 18 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (683 download)
Download or read book The Effect of Dilution on the Gas Retention Behavior of Tank 241-SY- 103 Waste written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Twenty-five of the 177 underground waste storage tanks on the Hanford Site have been placed on the Flammable Gas watch list. These 25 tanks, containing high-level waste generated during plutonium and uranium processing, have been identified as potentially capable of accumulating flammable gases above the lower flammability limit (Babad et al. 1991). In the case of Tanks 241-SY-101 and 241-SY-103, it has been proposed that diluting the tank waste may mitigate this hazard (Hudson et al. 1995; Stewart et al. 1994). The effect of dilution on the ability of waste from Tank 241-SY-103 to accumulate gas was studied at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. A similar study has been completed for waste from Tank 241-SY-101 (Bredt et al. 1995). Because of the additional waste-storage volume available in Tank 241-SY-103 and because the waste is assumed to be similar to that currently in Tank 241-SY-101, Tank 241-SY-103 became the target for a demonstration of passive mitigation through in-tank dilution. In 1994, plans for the in-tank dilution demonstration were deferred pending a decision on whether to pursue dilution as a mitigation strategy. However, because Tank 241-SY-103 is an early retrieval target, determination of how waste properties vary with dilution will still be required.
Download or read book Simulation of Hanford Tank 241-C-106 Waste Release Into Tank 241-Y-102 written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Waste stored in Hdord single-shell Tank 241-C-106 will be sluiced with a supernatant liquid from doubIe-shell Tank 241 -AY- 102 (AY-1 02) at the U.S. Department of Energy's Har@ord Site in Eastern Washington. The resulting slurry, containing up to 30 wtYo solids, will then be transferred to Tank AY-102. During the sluicing process, it is important to know the mass of the solids being transferred into AY- 102. One of the primary instruments used to measure solids transfer is an E+ densitometer located near the periphery of the tank at riser 15S. This study was undert.dcen to assess how well a densitometer measurement could represent the total mass of soiids transferred if a uniform lateral distribution was assumed. The study evaluated the C-1 06 slurry mixing and accumulation in Tank AY- 102 for the following five cases: Case 1: 3 wt'%0 slurry in 6.4-m AY-102 waste Case 2: 3 w-t% slurry in 4.3-m AY-102 waste Case 3: 30 wtYo slurry in 6.4-m AY-102 waste Case 4: 30 wt% slurry in 4.3-m AY-102 waste Case 5: 30 wt% slurry in 5. O-m AY-102 waste. The tirne-dependent, three-dimensional, TEMPEST computer code was used to simulate solid deposition and accumulation during the injection of the C-106 slurry into AY-102 through four injection nozzles. The TEMPEST computer code was applied previously to other Hanford tanks, AP-102, SY-102, AZ-101, SY-101, AY-102, and C-106, to model tank waste mixing with rotating pump jets, gas rollover events, waste transfer from one tank to another, and pump-out retrieval of the sluiced waste. The model results indicate that the solid depth accumulated at the densitometer is within 5% of the average depth accumulation. Thus the reading of the densitometer is expected to represent the total mass of the transferred solids reasonably well.
Author : John D. Hudson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 23 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (191 download)
Download or read book An Assessment of the Dilution Required to Mitigate Hanford Tank 241-SY-101 written by John D. Hudson and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Yasuo Onishi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (796 download)
Download or read book Waste Mixing and Diluent Selection for the Planned Retrieval of Hanford Tank 241-SY-102 written by Yasuo Onishi and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Charles W. Stewart
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (564 download)
Download or read book Analysis of Several Hazardous Conditions for Large Transfer and Back-dilution Sequences in Tank 241-SY-101 written by Charles W. Stewart and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Paul Richard Bredt
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 19 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (225 download)
Download or read book The Effect of Dilution on the Gas-retention Behaviour of Tank 241-SY-101 Waste written by Paul Richard Bredt and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 98 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (684 download)
Download or read book Process Control Plan for Tank 241-SY-101 Surface Level Rise Remediation written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The tank 241-SY-101 transfer system was conceived and designed to address the immediate needs presented by rapidly changing waste conditions in tank 241-SY-101. Within the last year or so, the waste in this tank has exhibited unexpected behavior (Rassat et al. 1999) in the form of rapidly increasing crust growth. This growth has been brought about by a rapidly increasing rate of gas entrapment within the crust. It has been conceived that the lack of crust agitation beginning upon the advent of mixer pump operations may have set-up a more consolidated, gas impermeable barrier when compared to a crust regularly broken up by the prior buoyant displacement events within the tank. As a result, a series of level-growth remediation activities have been developed for tank 241-SY-101. The initial activities are also known as near-term crust mitigation. The first activity of near-term mitigation is to perform the small transfer of convective waste from tank 241-SY-101 into tank 241-SY-102. A 100 kgal transfer represents about a 10% volume reduction allowing a 10% water in-tank dilution. Current thinking holds that this should be enough to dissolve nitrite solids in the crust and perhaps largely eliminate gas retention problem in the crust (Raymond 1999).
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 19 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (683 download)
Download or read book The Effect of Dilution on the Gas-retention Behavior of Tank 241-SY-101 Waste written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effect of dilution on gas retention in waste from Tank 241-SY-101 was investigated. A composite sample was prepared from material collected during the Window ''C'' and Window ''E'' sampling events. The composite contained material from both the convective and nonconvective layer in the proportions existing in the tank. Operation of the mixer pump in Tank 241-SY-101 has homogenized the tank material, and dilution of the current waste would require additional mixing; therefore, no attempt was made to use unhomogenized tank waste to prepare the composite. The composite was diluted with 2 M NaOH at ratios of 0.5:1, 0.75: 1, 1:1, and 3:1 per volume (2 M NaOH:tank waste).
Download or read book Chemical and Physical Processes in Tank 241-SY-101 written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1942, chemical and radioactive waste have been stored in underground tanks at the Hanford Site. In March 1981 one of the double shell tanks, 241-SY-101 (called 101-SY), began venting large quantities of gas, primarily hydrogen and nitrous oxide. Because of the potential for explosion Westinghouse Hanford Company and the US Department of Energy realized the need for knowledge about the processes occurring in this tank that lead to generation of the gases. In June 1990, the Pacific Northwest Laboratory began assembling a Tank Waste Science Panel to develop a better understanding of the processes occurring the Tank 101-SY. This knowledge is necessary to provide a technically defensible basis for the safety analyses, which will allow the tank contents to be sampled, as well as for the future remediation of the tank and its contents. The Panel concluded that the data available on Tank 101-SY are insufficient to allow the critical chemical and physical processes giving rise to gas formation and release to be unambiguously identified. To provide the needed information the Panel recommends that Tank 101-SY by physically and chemically characterized as fully as possible and as expeditiously as safety considerations allow, and laboratory studies and modeling efforts be undertaken the chemical and physical processes involved in gas generation and release. Finally, the Panel recommends that no remediation steps be taken until there is a better understanding of the chemical and physical phenomena occurring in Tank 101-SY. Premature remediation steps may only serve to compound the problem. Furthermore, such steps may change the chemical and physical characteristics of the tank and prevent a true understanding of the phenomena involved. As a consequence, similar problems in other tanks on the site may not be adequately addressed. 17 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Author : Kurtis P. Recknagle
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (135 download)
Download or read book Transport of Tank 241-SY-101 Waste Slurry written by Kurtis P. Recknagle and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 94 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (683 download)
Download or read book Tank Characterization Report for Double-Shell Tank 241-SY-102 written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This tank characterization report presents an overview of Double-Shell Tank 241-SY-102 (hereafter, Tank 241-SY-102) and its waste contents. It provides estimated concentrations and inventories for the waste components based on the latest sampling and analysis activities and background tank information. This report describes the results of three sampling events. The first core sample was taken in October 1988. The tank supernate and sludge were next core sampled in February and March of 1990 (Tingey and Sasaki 1995). A grab sample of the supernate was taken in March of 1994. Tank 241-SY-102 is in active service and can be expected to have additional transfers to and from the tank that will alter the composition of the waste. The concentration and inventory estimates reported in this document no longer reflect the exact composition of the waste but represent the best estimates based on the most recent and available data. This report supports the requirements of the Hanford Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order Milestone M-44-08 (Ecology, EPA, DOE 1994).
