Reorienting the Middle East

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Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780253067579
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (675 download)

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Book Synopsis Reorienting the Middle East by : Dale Hudson

Download or read book Reorienting the Middle East written by Dale Hudson and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2023-12-05 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stories of cutting-edge production facilities, generous tax incentives, and lavish film festivals often dominate perceptions of film and digital media on the Arabian Peninsula, but there is a much longer and more complicated history that connects it with the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, and Indian Ocean. In Reorienting the Middle East, contributors consider oil companies that brought film to this area in the 1930s and '40s, the first Indian film produced on the Arabian Peninsula in the late 1970s, Blackness in Iranian films, the role of Western funding in reshaping stories, Dubai's emergence in global film production, uses of online platforms for performance art, the evolution of film festivals and cinemas, and short citizen-made films that critique racism and sexism perpetrated against migrants from Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Just as the Gulf is a fluid space where film and digital media reflect long-standing connections among the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa, Reorienting the Middle East offers a way to analyze the oft-forgotten spaces between regions and disciplines and challenges the definition of film in the Middle East.

Reorienting the Middle East

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Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 0253067596
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis Reorienting the Middle East by : Dale Hudson

Download or read book Reorienting the Middle East written by Dale Hudson and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2024-01-16 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stories of desert landscapes, cutting-edge production facilities, and lavish festivals often dominate narratives about film and digital media on the Arabian Peninsula. However, there is a more complicated history that reflects long-standing interconnections between the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, and Indian Ocean. Just as these waters are fluid spaces, so too is the flow of film and digital media between cultures in East Africa, Europe, North Africa, South Asia, Southwest Asia, and Southeast Asia. Reorienting the Middle East examines past and contemporary aspects of film and digital media in the Gulf that might not otherwise be apparent in dominant frameworks. Contributors consider oil companies that brought film exhibition to this area in the 1930s, the first Indian film produced on the Arabian Peninsula in the late 1970s, blackness in Iranian films, the role of Western funding in reshaping stories, Dubai's emergence in global film production, uses of online platforms for performance art, the development of film festivals and cinemas, and short films made by citizens and migrants that turn a lens on racism, sexism, national identity, and other rarely discussed social issues. Reorienting the Middle East offers new methods to analyze the often-neglected littoral spaces between nation-states and regions and to understand the role of film and digital media in shaping dialogue between area studies and film and media studies. Readers will find new pathways to rethink the limitations of dominant categories and frameworks in both fields.

ReOrienting the Sasanians

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Publisher : Edinburgh University Press
ISBN 13 : 1474400302
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (744 download)

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Book Synopsis ReOrienting the Sasanians by : Khodadad Rezakhani

Download or read book ReOrienting the Sasanians written by Khodadad Rezakhani and published by Edinburgh University Press. This book was released on 2017-03-15 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A narrative history of Central Asia after the Greek dynasties and before IslamCentral Asia is commonly imagined as the marginal land on the periphery of Chinese and Middle Eastern civilisations. At best, it is understood as a series of disconnected areas that served as stop-overs along the Silk Road. However, in the mediaeval period, this region rose to prominence and importance as one of the centres of Persian-Islamic culture, from the Seljuks to the Mongols and Timur. Khodadad Rezakhani tells the back story of this rise to prominence, the story of the famed Kushans and mysterious aAsian Huns, and their role in shaping both the Sasanian Empire and the rest of the Middle East.Contextualises Persian history in relation to the history of Central Asia Extends the concept of late antiquity further east than is usually done Surveys the history of Iran and Central Asia between 200 and 800 bc and contextualises the rise of Islam in both regions "e;

Reorienting the East

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Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812290011
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Reorienting the East by : Martin Jacobs

Download or read book Reorienting the East written by Martin Jacobs and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2014-08-14 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reorienting the East explores the Islamic world as it was encountered, envisioned, and elaborated by Jewish travelers from the Middle Ages to the early modern period. The first comprehensive investigation of Jewish travel writing from this era, this study engages with questions raised by postcolonial studies and contributes to the debate over the nature and history of Orientalism as defined by Edward Said. Examining two dozen Hebrew and Judeo-Arabic travel accounts from the mid-twelfth to the early sixteenth centuries, Martin Jacobs asks whether Jewish travelers shared Western perceptions of the Islamic world with their Christian counterparts. Most Jews who detailed their journeys during this period hailed from Christian lands and many sailed to the Eastern Mediterranean aboard Christian-owned vessels. Yet Jacobs finds that their descriptions of the Near East subvert or reorient a decidedly Christian vision of the region. The accounts from the crusader era, in particular, are often critical of the Christian church and present glowing portraits of Muslim-Jewish relations. By contrast, some of the later travelers discussed in the book express condescending attitudes toward Islam, Muslims, and Near Eastern Jews. Placing shifting perspectives on the Muslim world in their historical, social, and literary contexts, Jacobs interprets these texts as mirrors of changing Jewish self-perceptions. As he argues, the travel accounts echo the various ways in which premodern Jews negotiated their mingled identities, which were neither exclusively Western nor entirely Eastern.

Re-engaging the Middle East

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780815737407
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (374 download)

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Book Synopsis Re-engaging the Middle East by : Dafna H. Rand

Download or read book Re-engaging the Middle East written by Dafna H. Rand and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It's time for new policies based on changing U.S. interests U.S. policy in the Middle East has had very few successes in recent years, so maybe it's time for a different approach. But is the new approach of the Trump administration--military disengagement coupled with unquestioning support for key allies--Israel, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia--the way forward? In this edited volume, noted experts on the region lay out a better long-term strategy for protecting U.S. interests in the Middle East. The authors articulate a vision that is both self-interested and carefully tailored to the unique dynamics of the increasingly divergent sub-regions in the Middle East, including North Africa, the Sunni Arab bloc of Egypt and Persian Gulf states, and the increasingly chaotic Levant. The book argues that the most effective way to pursue and protect U.S. interests is unlikely to involve the same alliance-centric approach that has been the basis of Washington's policy since the 1990s. Instead, the United States should adopt a nimbler and less military-dominant strategy that relies on a diversified set of partners and a determination to establish priorities for American interests and the use of resources, both financial and military. In essence, the book calls for a new post-Obama and post-Trump approach to the region that reflects the fact that U.S. interests are changing and likely will continue to change. The book offers a fresh perspective in advance of the 2020 presidential election.

Reorienting Modernism in Arabic and Persian Poetry

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009196200
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Reorienting Modernism in Arabic and Persian Poetry by : Levi Thompson

Download or read book Reorienting Modernism in Arabic and Persian Poetry written by Levi Thompson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-12-08 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Re-orienting Modernism in Arabic and Persian Poetry is the first book to systematically study the parallel development of modernist poetry in Arabic and Persian. It presents a fresh line of comparative inquiry into minor literatures within the field of world literary studies. Focusing on Arabic-Persian literary exchanges allows readers to better understand the development of modernist poetry in both traditions and in turn challenge Europe's position at the center of literary modernism. The argument contributes to current scholarly efforts to globalize modernist studies by reading Arabic and Persian poetry comparatively within the context of the Cold War to establish the Middle East as a significant participant in wider modernist developments. To illuminate profound connections between Arabic and Persian modernist poetry in both form and content, the book takes up works from key poets including the Iraqis Badr Shakir al-Sayyab and Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati and the Iranians Nima Yushij, Ahmad Shamlu, and Forough Farrokhzad.

Brokers of Deceit

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Publisher : Beacon Press
ISBN 13 : 0807044768
Total Pages : 239 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Brokers of Deceit by : Rashid Khalidi

Download or read book Brokers of Deceit written by Rashid Khalidi and published by Beacon Press. This book was released on 2013-03-12 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2014 Lionel Trilling Book Award An examination of the failure of the United States as a broker in the Palestinian-Israeli peace process, through three key historical moments For more than seven decades the conflict between Israel and the Palestinian people has raged on with no end in sight, and for much of that time, the United States has been involved as a mediator in the conflict. In this book, acclaimed historian Rashid Khalidi zeroes in on the United States’s role as the purported impartial broker in this failed peace process. Khalidi closely analyzes three historical moments that illuminate how the United States’ involvement has, in fact, thwarted progress toward peace between Israel and Palestine. The first moment he investigates is the “Reagan Plan” of 1982, when Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin refused to accept the Reagan administration’s proposal to reframe the Camp David Accords more impartially. The second moment covers the period after the Madrid Peace Conference, from 1991 to 1993, during which negotiations between Israel and Palestine were brokered by the United States until the signing of the secretly negotiated Oslo accords. Finally, Khalidi takes on President Barack Obama’s retreat from plans to insist on halting the settlements in the West Bank. Through in-depth research into and keen analysis of these three moments, as well as his own firsthand experience as an advisor to the Palestinian delegation at the 1991 pre–Oslo negotiations in Washington, DC, Khalidi reveals how the United States and Israel have actively colluded to prevent a Palestinian state and resolve the situation in Israel’s favor. Brokers of Deceit bares the truth about why peace in the Middle East has been impossible to achieve: for decades, US policymakers have masqueraded as unbiased agents working to bring the two sides together, when, in fact, they have been the agents of continuing injustice, effectively preventing the difficult but essential steps needed to achieve peace in the region.

Re-orienting Modernism in Arabic and Persian Poetry

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009164473
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Re-orienting Modernism in Arabic and Persian Poetry by : Levi Thompson

Download or read book Re-orienting Modernism in Arabic and Persian Poetry written by Levi Thompson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-12-31 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comparatively studies, through both form and content, the development of Arabic and Persian modernist poetry during the mid-twentieth century.

Re-orienting Cuisine

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Publisher : Berghahn Books
ISBN 13 : 1782385630
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (823 download)

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Book Synopsis Re-orienting Cuisine by : Kwang Ok Kim

Download or read book Re-orienting Cuisine written by Kwang Ok Kim and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2015-02-01 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Foods are changed not only by those who produce and supply them, but also by those who consume them. Analyzing food without considering changes over time and across space is less meaningful than analyzing it in a global context where tastes, lifestyles, and imaginations cross boundaries and blend with each other, challenging the idea of authenticity. A dish that originated in Beijing and is recreated in New York is not necessarily the same, because although authenticity is often claimed, the form, ingredients, or taste may have changed. The contributors of this volume have expanded the discussion of food to include its social and cultural meanings and functions, thereby using it as a way to explain a culture and its changes.

Inside the Middle East

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Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 151076934X
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Inside the Middle East by : Avi Melamed

Download or read book Inside the Middle East written by Avi Melamed and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2022-02-08 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why Is the Middle East Entering a “New Era?” Is It a New Dawn? Is It a Setting Sun? In the third decade of the twenty-first century, the Middle East is entering a new era. A multifaceted and intricate equilibrium will write the next chapter of this region. The new era we are entering is fraught with challenges and full of opportunities. The new era is both defined by, and a result of, a combination of ancient and modern, domestic, regional, and international processes. Iran and Turkey each strive to position themselves as the regional superpower. In parallel, the people of the region struggle to overcome increasing domestic challenges. These developments, combined with an escalating struggle over path, identity, and direction, could result in a new model of statehood in the Arab world. While some countries take the turbulent path toward a possible new statehood model, others are fighting for their sovereignty and survival. All of this is occurring while Western hegemony in the Middle East is coming to an end and the Eastern giants are on the rise. Acclaimed Middle East expert, an Israeli fluent in Arabic, English, and Hebrew, Avi Melamed has a proven exceptional record of foreseeing the evolution of events in the Middle East and their impact on a local and regional level. In this book, Melamed takes you on a fascinating eye-opening journey through the geopolitical landscape of the Middle East in the third decade of the twenty first century. He challenges common Western concepts, narratives, and theories. And he provides predictions about some of the most central regional issues of the day. Using primarily sources from the region, Avi Melamed provides a professional, rare insider’s view and clearly and insightfully contextualizes current regional events. Inside The Middle East: Entering a New Era provides the knowledge and tools to connect the dots. This distinct understanding allows the reader to build a multidimensional picture of the geopolitical reality of the Middle East today and provides an unparalleled foundation for navigating the events of tomorrow.

Casting a Movement

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429948271
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

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Book Synopsis Casting a Movement by : Claire Syler

Download or read book Casting a Movement written by Claire Syler and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-07-17 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Casting a Movement brings together US-based actors, directors, educators, playwrights, and scholars to explore the cultural politics of casting. Drawing on the notion of a "welcome table"—a space where artists of all backgrounds can come together as equals to create theatre—the book’s contributors discuss casting practices as they relate to varying communities and contexts, including Middle Eastern American theatre, Disability culture, multilingual performance, Native American theatre, color- and culturally-conscious casting, and casting as a means to dismantle stereotypes. Syler and Banks suggest that casting is a way to invite more people to the table so that the full breadth of US identities can be reflected onstage, and that casting is inherently a political act; because an actor’s embodied presence both communicates a dramatic narrative and evokes cultural assumptions associated with appearance, skin color, gender, sexuality, and ability, casting choices are never neutral. By bringing together a variety of artistic perspectives to discuss common goals and particular concerns related to casting, this volume features the insights and experiences of a broad range of practitioners and experts across the field. As a resource-driven text suitable for both practitioners and academics, Casting a Movement seeks to frame and mobilize a social movement focused on casting, access, and representation. Chapter 2 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

Thinking the Re-Thinking of the World

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Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110733331
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Thinking the Re-Thinking of the World by : Kai Kresse

Download or read book Thinking the Re-Thinking of the World written by Kai Kresse and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2022-12-19 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As far too many intellectual histories and theoretical contributions from the ‘global South’ remain under-explored, this volume works towards redressing such imbalance. Experienced authors, from the regions concerned, along different disciplinary lines, and with a focus on different historical timeframes, sketch out their perspectives of envisaged transformations. This includes specific case studies and reflexive accounts from African, South Asian, and Middle Eastern contexts. Taking a critical stance on the ongoing dominance of Eurocentrism in academia, the authors present their contributions in relation to current decolonial challenges. Hereby, they consider intellectual, practical and structural aspects and dimensions, to mark and build their respective positions. From their particular vantage points of (trans)disciplinary and transregional engagement, they sketch out potential pathways for addressing the unfinished business of conceptual decolonization. The specific individual positionalities of the contributors, which are shaped by location and regional perspective as much as in disciplinary, biographical, linguistic, religious, and other terms, are hereby kept in view. Drawing on their significant experiences and insights gained in both the global north and global south, the contributors offer original and innovative models of engagement and theorizing frames that seek to restore and critically engage with intellectual practices from particular regions and transregional contexts in Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East. This volume builds on a lecture series held at ZMO in the winter 2019-2020

Desiring Arabs

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Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226509605
Total Pages : 470 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (265 download)

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Book Synopsis Desiring Arabs by : Joseph A. Massad

Download or read book Desiring Arabs written by Joseph A. Massad and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2008-09-15 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sexual desire has long played a key role in Western judgments about the value of Arab civilization. In the past, Westerners viewed the Arab world as licentious, and Western intolerance of sex led them to brand Arabs as decadent; but as Western society became more sexually open, the supposedly prudish Arabs soon became viewed as backward. Rather than focusing exclusively on how these views developed in the West, in Desiring Arabs Joseph A. Massad reveals the history of how Arabs represented their own sexual desires. To this aim, he assembles a massive and diverse compendium of Arabic writing from the nineteenth century to the present in order to chart the changes in Arab sexual attitudes and their links to Arab notions of cultural heritage and civilization. A work of impressive scope and erudition, Massad’s chronicle of both the history and modern permutations of the debate over representations of sexual desires and practices in the Arab world is a crucial addition to our understanding of a frequently oversimplified and vilified culture. “A pioneering work on a very timely yet frustratingly neglected topic. . . . I know of no other study that can even begin to compare with the detail and scope of [this] work.”—Khaled El-Rouayheb, Middle East Report “In Desiring Arabs, [Edward] Said’s disciple Joseph A. Massad corroborates his mentor’s thesis that orientalist writing was racist and dehumanizing. . . . [Massad] brilliantly goes on to trace the legacy of this racist, internalized, orientalist discourse up to the present.”—Financial Times

Re-Orienting the Renaissance

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230523862
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Re-Orienting the Renaissance by : G. Maclean

Download or read book Re-Orienting the Renaissance written by G. Maclean and published by Springer. This book was released on 2005-10-11 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores how the Renaissance entailed a global exchange of goods, skills and ideas between East and West. In chapters ranging from Ottoman history to Venetian publishing, from portraits of St George to Arab philosophy, from cannibalism to diplomacy, the authors interrogate what all too often may seem to be settled certainties, such as the difference between East and West, the invariable conflict between Islam and Christianity, and the 'rebirth' of European civilization from roots in classical Greece and Imperial Rome.

The Middle East in Turmoil

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Publisher : Nova Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781590331606
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (316 download)

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Book Synopsis The Middle East in Turmoil by : John V. Canfield

Download or read book The Middle East in Turmoil written by John V. Canfield and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2001 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Middle East in Turmoil, Volume 1

Reorienting the 19th Century

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317252934
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

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Book Synopsis Reorienting the 19th Century by : Andre Gunder Frank

Download or read book Reorienting the 19th Century written by Andre Gunder Frank and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-10-23 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Andre Gunder Frank was a path-breaking scholar in several disciplines over an illustrious and contentious 50-year career. First amongst his many important works is the book ReORIENT: Global Economy in the Asian Age, which sought to correct a Euro-centric world view of the development of the global political economy. Frank passed away in April 2005 while working on this new book, a sequel to ReORIENT. In this book Frank shows many of the myths of European industrialisation, hegemony and capitalism which have hidden the fact that Asia remained a serious power not just into the 18th century, as Frank himself argued in 1998, but well into the 19th century as well. When Frank passed away his colleagues rallied to finish this book and it is presented here as his final major statement.

The Middle East and the United States

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Publisher : Transaction Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781412828604
Total Pages : 454 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (286 download)

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Book Synopsis The Middle East and the United States by : Haim Shaked

Download or read book The Middle East and the United States written by Haim Shaked and published by Transaction Publishers. This book was released on 1980-01-01 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Like its two predecessors in the "Collected Papers "series, this volume is based on the proceedings of an international colloquium held at Tel Aviv University. The colloquium was organized in March 1978 by the Shiloah Center in cooperation with the University's newly established Center for Strategic Studies. As the title and subtitle imply, special emphasis was laid on the images and perceptions that people of the Middle East and the United States have had of one another, and the way in which their relationship is viewed from within the area, from Washington and from other pertinent vantage points. The conference also dealt with five other major issues: the historic background and evolution of American policy in the Middle East (papers by Elie Kedourie from the London School of Economics and Wilfrid Knapp from Oxford University); American interests in the Middle East (papers by Uzi Arad from Tel Aviv University, Gad Gilbar from Haifa University, and Bernard Reich from George Washington University); the international context within which American policy in the area is conducted (Ya'acov Ro'i from Tel Aviv University, Richard Rosecrance from Cornell University, and Udo Steinbach from the Orient Institut in Hamburg); the formulation of American policies in the Middle East (Steven Spiegel from UCLA); and America's bilateral relationship with several Middle Eastern states (papers by Yoram Dinstein, Yair Evron, Gideon Gera, Itamar Rabinovich. anc Shimon Shamir from Tel Aviv University, and John Waterbury from Princeton University); the papers which dealt directly with views, images, and their depiction were presented by Bernard Lewis from Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study, and Haim Shaked from Tel Aviv University. "Contents and Contributors: "Introduction / Background and Evolution "Elie Kedourie, "The Transition from a British to an American Era in the Middle East; "Wilfrid Knapp. "The U.S. and the Middle East: How Many Special Relationships? /Formulation of American Policies "Richard Rosecrance, "Objectives of U.S.-Middle East Policy; "Bernard Reich, "U.S. Interests in the Middle East; "Steven L. Spiegel, "The Carter Approach to the Arab-Israeli Dispute / The International Context "Udo Steinbach, "The European Community and the U.S. in the Arab World: "Yaacov Ro'i, "The U.S. Role in the Middle East / The Regional Development "Bernard Lewis, "The U.S., Turkey, and Iran; "Itamar Rabinovich, "The Challenge of Diversity; "Gideon Gera, "Libya and the U.S. / Oil and Economics "Gad G. Gilbar, "The Economics of Interdependence; "Uzi Arad, "The Short Term Effectiveness of an Arab Oil Embargo / Cairo and Washington "Shimon Shamir, "Egypt's Reorientation Towards the U.S.; "Haim Shaked, "A Stereotype Illustrated: An Egyptian Cartoonist's Preception of the "U.S.', John Water-hurry, "The Implications of Infitah for U.S.Egyptian Relations / Strategic and legal Aspects "Yair Evron, "Some Political and Strategic Implications of an American-Israeli Defense Treaty; "Yoram Dinstein, "International Guarantees and the Middle East Conflict