Relationship Between Community College Presidents' Leadership Styles and Faculty Job Satisfaction

Download Relationship Between Community College Presidents' Leadership Styles and Faculty Job Satisfaction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (224 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Relationship Between Community College Presidents' Leadership Styles and Faculty Job Satisfaction by : Jane Gallimore McKee

Download or read book Relationship Between Community College Presidents' Leadership Styles and Faculty Job Satisfaction written by Jane Gallimore McKee and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Faculty Job Satisfaction at Illinois Community Colleges and the Relationship with Perceived Presidential Leadership Styles

Download Faculty Job Satisfaction at Illinois Community Colleges and the Relationship with Perceived Presidential Leadership Styles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (95 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Faculty Job Satisfaction at Illinois Community Colleges and the Relationship with Perceived Presidential Leadership Styles by : Pamela Barnes

Download or read book Faculty Job Satisfaction at Illinois Community Colleges and the Relationship with Perceived Presidential Leadership Styles written by Pamela Barnes and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research examined the relationship between perceived presidential leadership styles and faculty job satisfaction in Illinois Community Colleges. Based on previous research studies in leadership and job satisfaction, two widely accepted and validated survey questionnaires were selected as main instruments for the study. An additional four demographic questions were added in the areas of tenure status, gender, length of service at the institution and level of degree attained to stratify the sample results. The Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ) was used to measure presidential leadership styles as perceived by the faculty. The Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) was used to measure faculty job satisfaction. The LBDQ and MSQ questionnaires, and demographic questions were uploaded into Survey Monkey and the link was sent to participants. Data on presidential leadership style and faculty job satisfaction were collected from a sample of 62 full time faculty members from 5 Illinois Community Colleges. The rate of survey return was 15%. Statistical analyses, including ANOVAs, t-tests and Pearson Correlations were performed and descriptive statistics were ran to answer the study's research questions. ANOVAs were conducted to determine whether differences and/or interactions existed in faculty job satisfaction based on perceived presidential leadership style and the faculty demographic variables of length of service and level of degree attained. T-Tests were conducted on the remaining two demographic questions of gender and tenure status. Lastly, Pearson correlations were conducted to determine the relationship between the survey results. The following conclusions were drawn from the statistical analyses. Overall job satisfaction of faculty at Illinois community colleges who responded to the study can be considered "ambivalent". There was a statistically moderate association between the two survey results, overall. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficients proved there is a relationship between six of the eleven LBDQ subscales and overall JSS results. They are: Initiation of Structure, Integration, Role of Assumption, Tolerance of Freedom, Persuasion and Representation. None of the demographic responses statistically impacted job satisfaction or perceptions of presidential leadership styles.

Leadership Style of Community College Department Chairs and the Effects of Faculty Job Satisfaction

Download Leadership Style of Community College Department Chairs and the Effects of Faculty Job Satisfaction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 117 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (616 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Leadership Style of Community College Department Chairs and the Effects of Faculty Job Satisfaction by : Martha Kirkman

Download or read book Leadership Style of Community College Department Chairs and the Effects of Faculty Job Satisfaction written by Martha Kirkman and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this investigation was to explore the leadership of community college department chairs and the job satisfaction of the faculty in community colleges. There appears to be a leadership crisis in higher education that has resulted from the complexity of the leaders' roles. The goal of this study was to investigate the leadership style of the department chairs in one community college and to research the satisfaction levels of the faculty at the community college to determine if indeed the leaders who demonstrate the characteristics of transformational leadership have followers who are more satisfied with their job. Leadership style surveys were distributed to each department chair and each faculty member on the campus and job satisfaction surveys will be distributed to each faculty member. Eight two-tailed, null hypotheses were tested at the .05 level of significance, addressing the eight research questions of the study. The Pearson correlation, two-sample t test, and ANOVA tests were used. There were non-significant correlations and outcomes that suggested directional propensities or tendencies among the variables. Although the literature indicated that higher order leadership skills such as transformational leadership should have been associated with greater job satisfaction among leaders and workers, the findings of this study did not confirm and even implied a possible reversal of the notion that transformational leadership led to greater job satisfaction. The relationship determined between leadership style and effectiveness of department chairs in a community college setting and faculty job satisfaction were an anomaly in this situation when contrasted to previous studies for other types of institutions. Faculty job satisfaction in this instance was not enhanced by department chairs practicing transformational leadership styles in the community college setting.

The Relationship of Community College Staff's Job Satisfaction to Administration's Leadership Style

Download The Relationship of Community College Staff's Job Satisfaction to Administration's Leadership Style PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 133 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Relationship of Community College Staff's Job Satisfaction to Administration's Leadership Style by : Darla Sue Harwell

Download or read book The Relationship of Community College Staff's Job Satisfaction to Administration's Leadership Style written by Darla Sue Harwell and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today, higher education faces more social, cultural, accreditation, and funding opportunities than they have faced in the past and it is important for staff to have job satisfaction to assist the colleges to meet these opportunities. Higher education leaders are increasingly recognizing that to keep the institutions doors open financially, they must have staff that are satisfied with their jobs and thus are placing a greater emphasis on meeting the staffs’ expectations and needs. This will allow for the staff to assist with the opportunities that those in higher education are facing today. The purpose of this study was to examine quantitatively the correlation between the leadership styles of community college leaders and the satisfaction level of staff. Ultimately, this research study extended the literature that pertained to the relationship between leadership the predictive variable has on staff satisfaction the criterion variable and examined whether specific types of leadership supports staff satisfaction quantitatively at the community college level. This study was a correlation research design, using 130 participants that are employed as staff for a community college in Texas. Data was collected from two questionnaires, the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire 5X (MLQ 5X) assessment tool developed by Avolio and Bass (2000) and a Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) developed by Spector (1985) delivered through an employee email survey portal. The study explored the relationship between the three leadership styles transformational, transactional, and passive avoidance as related to staffs’ job satisfaction and allowed the researcher to investigate relational trends to determine if there are any positive and negative associations. A one-way ANOVA was used to analyze the means and test the hypothesis. The significance level for all three leadership styles was

The Perceived Leadership Styles of Academic Team Leaders and the Self-reported Job Satisfaction of Community College Adjunct Faculty

Download The Perceived Leadership Styles of Academic Team Leaders and the Self-reported Job Satisfaction of Community College Adjunct Faculty PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (135 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Perceived Leadership Styles of Academic Team Leaders and the Self-reported Job Satisfaction of Community College Adjunct Faculty by : Carlotta S. Walker

Download or read book The Perceived Leadership Styles of Academic Team Leaders and the Self-reported Job Satisfaction of Community College Adjunct Faculty written by Carlotta S. Walker and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Community colleges have become increasingly reliant on adjunct faculty members to deliver content to their students. The impact adjunct faculty members have on the success of community college students is profound. Researchers found students taught by part-time faculty had less favorable outcomes in terms of persistence, completion, and transfer. Improvement of working conditions for community college adjunct faculty is imperative, as student success may be contingent on these improvements. Researchers have found job satisfaction to be related to performance, effectiveness, and other outcomes. Presumably, adjunct faculty members who are more satisfied with their jobs will have higher performance outcomes. Thus, understanding the level of job satisfaction and the role of leadership styles thereof can have a lasting impact on the success of students. There is a gap in the literature on job satisfaction and the role of leadership styles on job satisfaction of community adjunct faculty. The purpose of this explanatory sequential mixed methods study was to examine the relationship between the leadership style employed by the academic team leader and the job satisfaction of community college adjunct faculty members.

An Analysis of the Relationship Between the Perceived Leadership Styles of Educational Leaders and the Job Satisfaction of Faculty Members who Serve Under Them Within Community Colleges

Download An Analysis of the Relationship Between the Perceived Leadership Styles of Educational Leaders and the Job Satisfaction of Faculty Members who Serve Under Them Within Community Colleges PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (696 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Analysis of the Relationship Between the Perceived Leadership Styles of Educational Leaders and the Job Satisfaction of Faculty Members who Serve Under Them Within Community Colleges by : Haifa Abou Harash

Download or read book An Analysis of the Relationship Between the Perceived Leadership Styles of Educational Leaders and the Job Satisfaction of Faculty Members who Serve Under Them Within Community Colleges written by Haifa Abou Harash and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Productivity in Higher Education

Download Productivity in Higher Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022657458X
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (265 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Productivity in Higher Education by : Caroline M. Hoxby

Download or read book Productivity in Higher Education written by Caroline M. Hoxby and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2019-11-22 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do the benefits of higher education compare with its costs, and how does this comparison vary across individuals and institutions? These questions are fundamental to quantifying the productivity of the education sector. The studies in Productivity in Higher Education use rich and novel administrative data, modern econometric methods, and careful institutional analysis to explore productivity issues. The authors examine the returns to undergraduate education, differences in costs by major, the productivity of for-profit schools, the productivity of various types of faculty and of outcomes, the effects of online education on the higher education market, and the ways in which the productivity of different institutions responds to market forces. The analyses recognize five key challenges to assessing productivity in higher education: the potential for multiple student outcomes in terms of skills, earnings, invention, and employment; the fact that colleges and universities are “multiproduct” firms that conduct varied activities across many domains; the fact that students select which school to attend based in part on their aptitude; the difficulty of attributing outcomes to individual institutions when students attend more than one; and the possibility that some of the benefits of higher education may arise from the system as a whole rather than from a single institution. The findings and the approaches illustrated can facilitate decision-making processes in higher education.

Relationship Between Presidential Leadership Styles in Small Public Four-year Colleges and Job Satisfaction, Job Anxiety, and Job Performance Among Deans of Academic Affairs

Download Relationship Between Presidential Leadership Styles in Small Public Four-year Colleges and Job Satisfaction, Job Anxiety, and Job Performance Among Deans of Academic Affairs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (244 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Relationship Between Presidential Leadership Styles in Small Public Four-year Colleges and Job Satisfaction, Job Anxiety, and Job Performance Among Deans of Academic Affairs by : Larry A. Reichard

Download or read book Relationship Between Presidential Leadership Styles in Small Public Four-year Colleges and Job Satisfaction, Job Anxiety, and Job Performance Among Deans of Academic Affairs written by Larry A. Reichard and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Leadership Practices of Academic Deans and Job Satisfaction of Faculty in Community Colleges

Download Leadership Practices of Academic Deans and Job Satisfaction of Faculty in Community Colleges PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Leadership Practices of Academic Deans and Job Satisfaction of Faculty in Community Colleges by : Andre E. Perez

Download or read book Leadership Practices of Academic Deans and Job Satisfaction of Faculty in Community Colleges written by Andre E. Perez and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research study investigated the efficacy of academic dean leadership practices on faculty member job satisfaction in Louisiana community colleges. Leadership practices and job satisfaction were studied at multiple levels, and intrinsic and extrinsic variables were considered. The general design of this study was to interpret, develop, test, and present research that explained relationships, correlations, significances, and indicators about the leadership practices of deans and the effects of these practices on faculty job satisfaction. The goal of this research was to examine the relationship of variables that may lead to the future and enhanced development of academic dean leadership practices, how these practices may impact faculty job satisfaction, and how higher levels of job satisfaction may result in increased levels of positive job performance and lower faculty turnover at community colleges. The research indicated that there is a perception by faculty that dean leadership practices have a profound impact on faculty job satisfaction at community colleges-all the collected evidence from this research points to a strong and significant correlation between the variables. The findings of this study leave no doubt that the relationship between academic dean leadership practices and faculty job satisfaction is an integral one, and the results of this study may aid community college decision-makers while attempting to transform organizational culture and climate for the better.

Leadership Theory and the Community College

Download Leadership Theory and the Community College PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000978907
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Leadership Theory and the Community College by : Carlos Nevarez

Download or read book Leadership Theory and the Community College written by Carlos Nevarez and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-07-03 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents leaders and aspiring leaders in community colleges with a theoretical and practical framework for analyzing their leadership styles, and determining the dimensions of leadership they need to improve in order to strengthen their capacity to resolve complex issues and effectively guide their institutions. It does so through presenting theories about leadership that are congruent with the notions of equity, access, diversity, ethics, critical inquiry, transformational change, and social justice that drive the missions of community colleges, and at the same time provides the reader with the strategic skills to prepare for and navigate the profound changes ahead.Readers will gain an understanding of how to use theory as a tool to guide their practice, better understand the intricacies of the issues confronting them, the power dynamics and organizational context in which they operate, predict potential outcomes, and develop processes to achieve desired outcomes. Utilizing theory in conjunction with case study analysis provides community college leaders with the tools needed to comprehensively interrogate and inform decision-making processes. The authors provide a number of rich and realistically complex case studies, all of which are situated in a community college environment, to which readers can apply the various theories and perspectives, develop their view about the principles and actions most likely to lead to satisfactory outcomes, and hone the approaches to leadership that are authentic to them, and effective. The authors aim to help readers develop the multi-faceted approach to leadership that is essential to running complex organizations. They aim to promote development of the “whole” leader through a three-fold framework of theory, practice, and introspection in context of institutional change. In doing so, leaders will be better equipped to lead community colleges in challenging times.The authors tie AACC’s competencies to the leadership theories they cover, as well as to the analysis of the case studies, and leadership inventories, as an essential framework for developing the skill sets to enact the community college mission.The book is suitable for personal reading and reflection, institutional leadership retreats and training, and as a text for higher education courses.

Perceptions of Presidential Leadership by Chief Academic Officers and Their Relationships to Job Satisfaction, Motivation Toward Extra Effort, and Perceived Effectiveness in American Community Colleges

Download Perceptions of Presidential Leadership by Chief Academic Officers and Their Relationships to Job Satisfaction, Motivation Toward Extra Effort, and Perceived Effectiveness in American Community Colleges PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (396 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Perceptions of Presidential Leadership by Chief Academic Officers and Their Relationships to Job Satisfaction, Motivation Toward Extra Effort, and Perceived Effectiveness in American Community Colleges by : Angela Marie Mason

Download or read book Perceptions of Presidential Leadership by Chief Academic Officers and Their Relationships to Job Satisfaction, Motivation Toward Extra Effort, and Perceived Effectiveness in American Community Colleges written by Angela Marie Mason and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Perceived Presidential Leadership Styles and Faculty Job Satisfaction at Mongolian Public Universities

Download Perceived Presidential Leadership Styles and Faculty Job Satisfaction at Mongolian Public Universities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (871 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Perceived Presidential Leadership Styles and Faculty Job Satisfaction at Mongolian Public Universities by : Bayasgalan Seseer

Download or read book Perceived Presidential Leadership Styles and Faculty Job Satisfaction at Mongolian Public Universities written by Bayasgalan Seseer and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Practical Guide to Becoming a Community College President

Download A Practical Guide to Becoming a Community College President PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000388123
Total Pages : 183 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Practical Guide to Becoming a Community College President by : Edward J. Valeau

Download or read book A Practical Guide to Becoming a Community College President written by Edward J. Valeau and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-05-26 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical resource helps aspiring leaders demystify the challenges associated with becoming a community college president. Building on existing scholarship and research related to historical origins of the community college, this book explores the role and function of the presidency, discusses existing demographics and the importance of meeting the needs of a diverse student population, and unpacks the required competencies and leadership challenges related to becoming a community college president. Including real voices from award-winning and current presidents as well as a step-by-step approach to attaining the position, this is an important resource that speaks to the needs of today and tomorrows’ community college leaders.

Community College Presidential Leadership Styles and Ranking of Financial Challenges

Download Community College Presidential Leadership Styles and Ranking of Financial Challenges PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 103 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Community College Presidential Leadership Styles and Ranking of Financial Challenges by : Phillip D. Price

Download or read book Community College Presidential Leadership Styles and Ranking of Financial Challenges written by Phillip D. Price and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A number of new community college presidents will need to be hired in the next five years due to the large percentage of current presidents who plan to retire within that timeframe. As current presidents leave, it is essential that these new presidents be prepared to lead community colleges through financial challenges. Leadership development programs must be designed to ensure that future presidents have the necessary leadership skills to lead these institutions through these challenges. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between community college presidents' leadership styles and their ranking of financial challenges. Due to findings in the literature it was hypothesized that presidents who had a leadership style that focused both on accomplishing tasks and involving staff in the accomplishment of tasks were best suited for leading community colleges during times of financial crisis. Presidents who have such a leadership style use active participation of subordinates to ensure there is a "buy-in" by everyone on the team. There is an open communication system in which all information and ideas are placed on the table. In this study, leadership style was determined through the use of a survey designed to classify a president's leadership style according to the Blake and Mouton Managerial Grid. The survey also contained six financial challenges identified in the literature as pressing concerns for community colleges. Each of the challenges was classified as either being a production-related concern (i.e. the accomplishment of a task) or as a concern that was people related (i.e. intentional effort to involve staff in the accomplishment of a task). The surveys were sent to presidents of the 58 community colleges in North Carolina. Forty-one surveys were returned representing a 70.7% response rate. The findings revealed that all the presidents' scores fell in the team management orientation of the Blake and Mouton Managerial Grid. This finding is meaningful as it indicates that the majority of the currently serving community college presidents in North Carolina use leadership skills that are best suited for leading their institutions during financially difficult times. Analysis of the data revealed that the mean scores on concern for production (i.e. accomplishment of tasks) and concern for people were slightly higher for presidents from a curriculum instruction background and also for presidents whose highest degree was Higher Education/Adult Education. Each of the six financial challenges was ranked as the most challenging by at least one president and as the least challenging by at least one president. Further, the presidents did not rank challenges labeled as having a production focus higher than those labeled as having a people focus and vice versa. This is congruent with the finding that most of the presidents have a team management orientation and believe that the accomplishment of a task is equally as important as working with staff to accomplish the task. The value of many of the professional development programs for community college presidents already in place could be enhanced by adding a component that explains the benefit of using team management oriented practices.

Leadership in Higher Education

Download Leadership in Higher Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Berrett-Koehler Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1523087013
Total Pages : 205 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (23 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Leadership in Higher Education by : Jim Kouzes

Download or read book Leadership in Higher Education written by Jim Kouzes and published by Berrett-Koehler Publishers. This book was released on 2019-09-17 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors of the classic bestseller The Leadership Challenge bring their expertise to higher education, offering five practices that can make any college or university leader into an exemplary leader. Drawing on the same pioneering research that formed the foundation of their classic bestseller The Leadership Challenge (over 2.7 million copies sold), James Kouzes and Barry Posner offer a set of leadership skills and practices that will make a significant difference in every area of higher education—faculty, administration, library services, career counseling, auxiliary services, campus safety, and more. It's about the behaviors that leaders, regardless of their position, use to transform values into actions, visions into realities, obstacles into innovations, segments into solidarity, and risks into rewards. Kouzes and Posner tell the leadership story from the inside and move outward, describing it first as a personal journey and then as mobilizing others to want to do things they have never done before. The Five Practices of Exemplary Leadership is the operating system for this adventure. Leadership in Higher Education explains the fundamental principles that support these practices and provides case examples of people in higher education who demonstrate each one. A core theme that weaves its way through all the chapters is that, whether it's one to one or one to many, leadership is a relationship between those who aspire to lead and those who choose to follow. We need leaders who can unite us and ignite us. This book lights the way.

Cultural Leadership

Download Cultural Leadership PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cultural Leadership by : George A. Baker

Download or read book Cultural Leadership written by George A. Baker and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Community College Press publication.

A Study of the Relationship of the Job Satisfaction of Chief Academic Officers of Institutions of Higher Education and the Perceived Leadership Style of the Institution's President

Download A Study of the Relationship of the Job Satisfaction of Chief Academic Officers of Institutions of Higher Education and the Perceived Leadership Style of the Institution's President PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (424 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Study of the Relationship of the Job Satisfaction of Chief Academic Officers of Institutions of Higher Education and the Perceived Leadership Style of the Institution's President by :

Download or read book A Study of the Relationship of the Job Satisfaction of Chief Academic Officers of Institutions of Higher Education and the Perceived Leadership Style of the Institution's President written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: