Regulation Of The Eu Financial Markets

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Regulation of the EU Financial Markets

Author : Danny Busch
Publisher : Oxford Eu Financial Regulation
ISBN 13 : 9780198767671
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (676 download)

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Book Synopsis Regulation of the EU Financial Markets by : Danny Busch

Download or read book Regulation of the EU Financial Markets written by Danny Busch and published by Oxford Eu Financial Regulation. This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PART I: GENERAL ASPECTS 1: Introduction, Danny Busch and Guido Ferrarini PART II: INVESTMENT FIRMS AND INVESTMENT SERVICES 2: The Scope of MiFID II, Kitty Lieverse 3: Governance of Investment Firms under MiFID II, Jens-Hinrich Binder 4: The Overarching Duty to Act in the Best Interest of the Client in MiFID II, Luca Enriques and Matteo Gargantini 5: Product Governance and Product Intervention, Danny Busch 6: Independent Financial Advice, Paolo Giudici 7: Conflicts of Interest, Stefan Grundmann and Philipp Hacker 8: Inducements, Larissa Silverentand, Jasha Sprecher, and Lisette Simons 9: Agency and Principal Dealing Under MiFID, Danny Busch 10: MiFID II/MiFIR's Regime for Third-Country Firms, Danny Busch & Marije Louisse PART III: TRADING 11: TGovernance and Organization of Trading Venues: The Role of Financial Market Infrastructures Groups, Guido Ferrarini & Paolo Saguato 12: EU Financial Governance and Transparency Regulation: A Test for the Effectiveness of Post-Crisis Administrative Governance, Niamh Moloney 13: SME Growth Markets, Carmine di Noia & Rudiger Veil 14: Dark Trading Under MiFID II, Peter Gomber & Ilya Gvozdevskiy 15: Derivatives: Trading, Clearing, STP, Indirect Clearing, and Portfolio Compression, Rezah Stegeman & Aron Berket 16: Commodity Derivatives, Antonella Sciarrone Alibrandi & Edoardo Grossule 17: Algorithmic Trading and High Frequency Trading, Pierre-Henri Conac 18: An American perspective, Merritt Fox PART IV: SUPERVISION AND ENFORCEMENT 19: Public Enforcement of MiFID II, Christos Gortsos 20: The Private Law Effect of MiFID: the Genil Case and Beyond, Danny Busch PART V: THE BROADER VIEW AND THE FUTURE OF MIFID 21: MiFID II: Picking up the Crumbs of a Piecemeal Approach, Veerle Colaert 22: Shadow Banking and the Functioning of Financial Markets, Eddy Wymeersch 23: Investment-based Crowdfunding: Is MiFID II enough?, Guido Ferrarini & Eugenia Macchiavello.

EU Securities and Financial Markets Regulation

Author : Niamh Moloney
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192583425
Total Pages : 993 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis EU Securities and Financial Markets Regulation by : Niamh Moloney

Download or read book EU Securities and Financial Markets Regulation written by Niamh Moloney and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-03-25 with total page 993 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the decade or so since the global financial crisis rocked EU financial markets and led to wide-ranging reforms, EU securities and financial markets regulation has continued to evolve. The legislative framework has been refined and administrative rulemaking has expanded. Alongside, the Capital Markets Union agenda has developed, the UK has left the EU, and ESMA has emerged as a decisive influence on EU financial markets governance. All these developments, as well as the Covid-19 pandemic, have shaped the regulatory landscape and how supervision is organized. EU Securities and Financial Markets Regulation provides a comprehensive, critical, and contextual account of the intricate rulebook that governs EU financial markets and its supporting institutional arrangements. It is framed by an assessment of how the regime has evolved over the decade or so since the global financial crisis and considers, among other matters, the post-crisis reforms to key legislative measures, the massive expansion of administrative rulemaking and of soft law, the Capital Markets Union agenda, the development of supervisory convergence as the means for organizing pan-EU supervision, and ESMA's role in EU financial markets governance. Its coverage extends from capital-raising and the Prospectus Regulation to financial market intermediation and the MiFID II/MiFIR and IFD/IFR regimes, to the new regulatory regimes adopted since the global financial crisis (including for benchmarks and their administrators), to retail market regulation and the PRIIPs Regulation, and on to the EU's third country regime and the implications of the UK's departure from the EU. This is the fourth edition of the highly successful and authoritative monograph first published as EC Securities Regulation. Heavily revised from the third edition to reflect developments since the global financial crisis, it adopts the in-depth contextual and analytical approach of earlier editions and so considers the market, political, institutional, and international context of the regulatory and supervisory regime.

EU Securities and Financial Markets Regulation

Author : Niamh Moloney
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191641227
Total Pages : 1743 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis EU Securities and Financial Markets Regulation by : Niamh Moloney

Download or read book EU Securities and Financial Markets Regulation written by Niamh Moloney and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2014-10-23 with total page 1743 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Global Financial Crisis has re-ordered how the EU intervenes in the EU financial market, both with respect to regulation and with respect to supervision. After 5 years of a behemoth reform agenda, the new landscape is now clear. Rule-making power has decisively moved to the EU and radical reforms have been made to the organization of supervision. EU Securities and Financial Markets Regulation provides the first comprehensive, critical, and contextual account of the vast new rule-book which now applies to the EU financial market in the aftermath of the seismic reforms which have followed the financial crisis. Topics covered in-depth include the AIFMD, EMIR, the Short Selling Regulation, the new market abuse and transparency regimes, the rating agency regime, the UCITS IV-VI reforms, and MiFID II/MiFIR; the analysis is wide-reaching, extending to secondary legislation and relevant soft law. The book also examines the far-reaching institutional changes which have followed and considers in detail the role and impact of the European Securities and Markets Authority and the potential impact of the Single Supervisory Mechanism for euro area banks on the supervision of the EU financial market. EU Securities and Financial Markets Regulation is the third edition of the highly successful and authoritative monograph first published as EC Securities Regulation. Almost entirely recast and re-written from the 2008 second edition to reflect the changes wrought by the Global Financial Crisis, it adopts the in-depth contextual and analytical approach of earlier editions and so considers the market, political, international, institutional, and constitutional context of the new regulatory and supervisory regime, and the underlying forces which have (and will continue to) shape it.

Regulating and Supervising European Financial Markets

Author : Mads Andenas
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319321749
Total Pages : 437 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (193 download)

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Book Synopsis Regulating and Supervising European Financial Markets by : Mads Andenas

Download or read book Regulating and Supervising European Financial Markets written by Mads Andenas and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-16 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book analyses the institutions of the European financial market supervision and the challenges of financial markets. The current European supervisory structure for financial markets represents a major development in European supervisory history. Its operation however has to be explored and analysed critically. Has it gone far enough to provide a sufficiently comprehensive and resilient system to reduce or mitigate systemic risks and handle financial crises? Some claim it has gone too far already. Fresh and rigorous critical legal and economic analysis from an independent scholarly perspective are needed to assess whether the institutional design of the European supervisory architecture has proved itself to be an efficient and effective model. This book discusses many dimensions of the structure and workings of the European system from various angles providing different dimensions. The book makes an important contribution to the limited literature on financial market supervision.

Financial Regulation in the EU

Author : Raphaël Douady
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319442872
Total Pages : 486 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Regulation in the EU by : Raphaël Douady

Download or read book Financial Regulation in the EU written by Raphaël Douady and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-29 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Financial regulation has dramatically evolved and strengthened since the crisis on both sides of the Atlantic, with enhanced international coordination through the G-20 and the Financial Stability Board and, at the regional level, a definite contribution from the European Union. However the new regulatory environment has its critics, with many divergent voices arguing that over-regulation has become a root cause of our current economic stagnation. This book provides a bigger picture view of the impact and future of financial regulation in the EU, exploring the relationship between microeconomic incentives and macroeconomic growth, regulation and financial integration, and the changes required in economic policy to further European integration. Bringing together contributions from law, economics and management science, it offers readers an accessible but rigorous understanding of the current state of play of the regulatory environment, and on the future challenges. Coverage will include: • A review of the recent regulatory changes from a legal and economic perspective • Analysis of how the economic model of financial institutions and entities is impacted by the new frameworks • How to improve securitization and new instruments under MIFID II • Issues in the enhanced supervision under delegated acts for AIFMD, CRR-CRD IV and Solvency II • How long term funding can be supplied in lieu of the non-conventional monetary policies • A new architecture for a safer and more efficient European financial system Financial Regulation in the EU provides much needed clarity on the impact of new financial regulation and the future of the economy, and will prove a must have reference for all those working in, researching and affected by these changes.

Securities market regulation in the EU

Author : Karel Lannoo
Publisher : CEPS
ISBN 13 : 9290794763
Total Pages : 35 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (97 download)

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Book Synopsis Securities market regulation in the EU by : Karel Lannoo

Download or read book Securities market regulation in the EU written by Karel Lannoo and published by CEPS. This book was released on 2004 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Age of ESMA

Author : Niamh Moloney
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1509921796
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis The Age of ESMA by : Niamh Moloney

Download or read book The Age of ESMA written by Niamh Moloney and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2018-11-29 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its establishment in 2011, the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) has become a pivotal actor in EU financial market regulation and supervision. Its burgeoning influence extends from the rule-making process to supervisory convergence/coordination to direct supervision. Reflecting the now critical importance of ESMA to how the EU regulates and supervises financial markets, and with ESMA at an inflection point in its evolution, particularly in light of the Commission's 2017 proposals to reform ESMA and the UK's withdrawal from the EU, The Age of ESMA maps, contextualises, and examines ESMA's role and the implications for EU financial market governance.

EU Market Abuse Regulation

Author : Kalss, Susanne
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1800882246
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis EU Market Abuse Regulation by : Kalss, Susanne

Download or read book EU Market Abuse Regulation written by Kalss, Susanne and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2021-12-07 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive Commentary examines the implications of the EU’s Market Abuse Regulation, introduced following the 2008 financial crisis after gaps were identified in the existing regulatory framework. It explores whether and how the Regulation achieves its aims of preserving the integrity of financial markets by preventing insider dealing and market manipulation, providing a harmonised legal framework, and increasing legal certainty for all market participants.

Hedge Fund Regulation in the European Union

Author : Phoebus Athanassiou
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 904114465X
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (411 download)

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Book Synopsis Hedge Fund Regulation in the European Union by : Phoebus Athanassiou

Download or read book Hedge Fund Regulation in the European Union written by Phoebus Athanassiou and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2009-04-14 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While hedge funds have been part and parcel of the global asset management landscape for well over fifty years, it is only relatively recently that they came to prominence as one of the fastest growing and most vigorous sub-sectors of the financial services industry. Despite their growing significance for global and European financial markets, hedge funds continue enjoying a sui generis regulatory status. The ongoing credit crisis and its lessons for the wisdom of unregulated or loosely regulated pockets of financial activity raise, with renewed urgency, the issue of deciding how long for the relative regulatory immunity of hedge funds is to be tolerated in the name of financial innovation. This well-thought-out book, the first of its kind in this particular field, examines the case for the European onshore hedge fund industry’s regulation, making concrete proposals for its normative future. Following a detailed account of the ‘established’ regulatory systems in Ireland and Luxembourg, as well as of the ‘emerging’ hedge fund jurisdictions in Italy, France, Spain and Germany, and of the regulatory treatment of hedge funds in the UK, this book examines to what extent the continuing exclusion of hedge funds from harmonized European regulation is defensible, whether their differences to traditional asset management products justify their distinct regulatory treatment and, ultimately, if their EU-wide regulation is possible and, if so, what form this should take. This book offers enormously valuable insights into all facets of the subject of the regulation of hedge funds, including: the legitimacy of the public policy interest in their activities; the conceptual underpinnings and systemic stability emphasis of a realistic hedge fund regulatory scheme; the main parameters of a workable onshore hedge fund regulatory framework; the role of investor protection and market integrity as part of a holistic hedge fund regulatory scheme; the possible use of the UCITS framework as a foundation for the EU-wide regulation of hedge funds; the MiFID’s impact on the regulatory future of the European hedge fund industry; existing cross-jurisdictional differences and similarities in the normative treatment of hedge funds within the EU; hitherto initiatives and recommendations of the Community institutions and bodies; and the need for more efficient co-operation and information-sharing arrangements amongst national supervisors for the monitoring of the cross-border risks inherent in the activities of hedge funds. As the first ever comprehensive account of the profile, main features and normative future of the contemporary global and European hedge fund markets – including a systematic inquiry into the conceptual underpinnings of hedge fund regulation and a detailed examination of the European hedge fund industry’s treatment under Community and domestic law – this book represents a major contribution to the literature on hedge funds and their regulation which, through its concrete proposals for the onshore industry’s regulation and its clear analysis of the conditions necessary for their implementation, should be of extraordinary value to policymakers, supervisors and academics alike.

Regulating Finance in Europe

Author : HŽritier, Adrienne
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1800379595
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Regulating Finance in Europe by : HŽritier, Adrienne

Download or read book Regulating Finance in Europe written by HŽritier, Adrienne and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2021-11-05 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely book presents an in-depth investigation of who benefits from European financial market regulatory measures and how decision-makers and stakeholders are held politically and administratively accountable. The extensive study illustrates the full range of the actors involved in key regulatory processes such as the regulation of high-frequency trading and the activities of central-clearing counterparties.

European Capital Markets Law

Author : Rüdiger Veil
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1509942130
Total Pages : 787 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis European Capital Markets Law by : Rüdiger Veil

Download or read book European Capital Markets Law written by Rüdiger Veil and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2022-03-24 with total page 787 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “The richness, clarity and nuances of the structure and methodology followed by the contributors make the book a very valuable tool for students... seeking to obtain a general understanding of the market and how it is regulated.” – Ligia Catherine Arias Barrera, Banking & Finance Law Review The fully updated edition of this user-friendly textbook continues to systematise the European law governing capital markets and examines the underlying concepts from a broadly interdisciplinary perspective. The 3rd edition deals with 3 central developments: the project of the capital markets union; sustainable finance; and the further digitalisation of financial instruments and securities markets. The 1st chapter deals with the foundations of capital markets law in Europe, the 2nd explains the basics, and the 3rd examines the regime on market abuse. Chapter 4 explores the disclosure system and chapter 5 short-selling and high-frequency trading. The role of intermediaries, such as financial analysts, rating agencies, and proxy advisers, is described in chapter 6. Chapter 7 explains compliance and corporate governance in investment firms and chapter 8 illustrates the regulation of benchmarks. Finally, chapter 9 deals with public takeovers. Throughout the book emphasis is placed on legal practice, and frequent reference is made to the key decisions of supervisory authorities and courts. This is essential reading for students involved in the study of capital markets law and financial law.

Integrating Europe's Financial Markets

Author : Mr.Jörg Decressin
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1589066235
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Integrating Europe's Financial Markets by : Mr.Jörg Decressin

Download or read book Integrating Europe's Financial Markets written by Mr.Jörg Decressin and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2007-09-12 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By and large, EU financial integration has been a success story. Still, the reform agenda is far from finished. What are the remaining challenges? What are the gains of closer financial market integration? This IMF book tracks the European Union's journey along the path to a single financial market and identifies the challenges and priorities that remain ahead. It pays particular attention to the most recent integration efforts in the European Union following the introduction of the euro. The study looks at the importance of financial integration, in particular for economic growth, the interplay between banks and markets, and equity market integration. It closely examines the relationship between financial integration and financial stability. This interaction presents the European Union with a challenge, but also with the opportunity to play a pioneering role in developing a regional approach to financial stability that could provide lessons for the rest of the world.

The Role of Law and Regulation in Sustaining Financial Markets

Author : Niels Philipsen
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317750403
Total Pages : 389 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (177 download)

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Book Synopsis The Role of Law and Regulation in Sustaining Financial Markets by : Niels Philipsen

Download or read book The Role of Law and Regulation in Sustaining Financial Markets written by Niels Philipsen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-11-13 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the role of law and regulation in sustaining financial markets in both developed and developing countries, particularly the European Union, United States and China. The central argument of this book is that law matters for the operation of financial markets, which, in turn, significantly influences the performance of firms, industries, and economies. The Role of Law and Regulation in Sustaining Financial Markets is divided into four parts. Part one addresses the connection between law, financial development, and economic growth. Part two deals with the role of financial regulation, which can be used to correct market failures, such as negative externalities, information asymmetries, and monopolies. Part three focuses on the design, functioning, and performance of different financial instruments. Part four examines the topic of Corporate Social Responsibility. This book contributes to the ‘law and finance’ literature by studying certain conventional issues, such as the relationship between finance and economic growth, and the effects of regulatory quality on financial development, from new perspectives and/or with new evidence, data, and cases. It also explores novel topics, such as project finance contracts, insurance and climate change, the shadow banking system, that have been overlooked in current literature. This book is meaningful not only for the EU and the US, which have suffered considerably from the financial crisis of 2008, but also for China, which is struggling to build a sound institutional infrastructure to govern its increasingly complicated financial system. By comparing the regulatory philosophies and practices of the EU, the US and China, this book will help the reader to understand the diverse nature of the global ‘law and finance’ nexus and avoid succumbing to the myth of "one size fits all".

Financial Regulation in the European Union After the Crisis

Author : Domenica Tropeano
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131721143X
Total Pages : 179 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Regulation in the European Union After the Crisis by : Domenica Tropeano

Download or read book Financial Regulation in the European Union After the Crisis written by Domenica Tropeano and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-01-12 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the wake of the financial crisis, new regulatory measures were introduced which, along with changes in monetary and macroeconomic policy, have transformed the global financial structure. However, this new financial structure displays various fragilities. A new shadow banking system has grown both inside and outside the traditional banks and the divergence between core and periphery countries’ banks has increased further due to both the new regulations and the European Central Bank’s very peculiar interventions. Following Minsky’s approach, this volume explores the interplay between monetary policy, regulation and institutions in the aftermath of the great financial crisis. Minsky’s insights are used to interpret the recent regulatory changes and consider how they have affected the evolution of banks and financial markets. The unfortunate conclusion is that the changes in financial regulation introduced in various jurisdictions and inspired by the work of the Basel Committee, have not succeeded in thwarting the instability of the economic system. Instead, the mix of policies implemented so far has brought about increased fragility in the financial system. Minksy’s work on financial stability offers alternative solutions which policy-makers need to consider to resolve these issues. Financial Regulation in the European Union After the Crisis is an important volume for those who study political economy, banking and monetary economics.

EU Financial Regulation and Supervision Beyond 2005

Author : Karel Lannoo
Publisher : CEPS
ISBN 13 : 9290795441
Total Pages : 67 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (97 download)

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Book Synopsis EU Financial Regulation and Supervision Beyond 2005 by : Karel Lannoo

Download or read book EU Financial Regulation and Supervision Beyond 2005 written by Karel Lannoo and published by CEPS. This book was released on 2005 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

European Financial Regulation

Author : Veerle Colaert
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 150992647X
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis European Financial Regulation by : Veerle Colaert

Download or read book European Financial Regulation written by Veerle Colaert and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2019-12-26 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mirroring the long-established structure of the financial industry, EU financial regulation as we know it today approaches banking, insurance and investment services separately and often divergently. In recent decades however, the clear separation between financial sectors has gradually evaporated, as business lines have converged across sectors and FinTech solutions have emerged which do not fit traditional sector boundaries. As the contours of the traditional tripartition in the financial industry have faded, the diverging regulatory and supervisory treatment of these sectors has become increasingly at odds with economic reality. This book brings together insights developed by distinguished researchers and industry professionals in a series of articles analysing the main areas of EU financial regulation from a cross-sectoral perspective. For each specific research theme – including prudential regulation, corporate governance and conduct of business rules – the similarities, as well as gaps, overlaps and unjustifiable differences between banking, securities and insurance regulation, are clearly presented and discussed. This innovative research approach is aimed at informing lawmakers and policymakers on potential improvements to EU financial regulation whilst also supporting legal and compliance professionals applying the current framework or looking to streamline compliance processes.

The Brussels Effect

Author : Anu Bradford
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190088605
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis The Brussels Effect by : Anu Bradford

Download or read book The Brussels Effect written by Anu Bradford and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-01-27 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many observers, the European Union is mired in a deep crisis. Between sluggish growth; political turmoil following a decade of austerity politics; Brexit; and the rise of Asian influence, the EU is seen as a declining power on the world stage. Columbia Law professor Anu Bradford argues the opposite in her important new book The Brussels Effect: the EU remains an influential superpower that shapes the world in its image. By promulgating regulations that shape the international business environment, elevating standards worldwide, and leading to a notable Europeanization of many important aspects of global commerce, the EU has managed to shape policy in areas such as data privacy, consumer health and safety, environmental protection, antitrust, and online hate speech. And in contrast to how superpowers wield their global influence, the Brussels Effect - a phrase first coined by Bradford in 2012- absolves the EU from playing a direct role in imposing standards, as market forces alone are often sufficient as multinational companies voluntarily extend the EU rule to govern their global operations. The Brussels Effect shows how the EU has acquired such power, why multinational companies use EU standards as global standards, and why the EU's role as the world's regulator is likely to outlive its gradual economic decline, extending the EU's influence long into the future.