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Regulation Of Interleukin 2 Gene Expression By The Cellular Protein Interleukin Enhancer Binding Factor
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Book Synopsis Regulation of Interleukin-2 Gene Expression by the Cellular Protein, Interleukin Enhancer Binding Factor by : Ajay Nirula
Download or read book Regulation of Interleukin-2 Gene Expression by the Cellular Protein, Interleukin Enhancer Binding Factor written by Ajay Nirula and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Interleukin 2 written by Kendall A Smith and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interleukin 2 focuses on interleukin 2 (IL-2) and its impact on immunology. Topics covered include IL-2's mechanism of action, the structure of the IL-2 receptor, the characteristics of natural and recombinant human IL-2, regulation of IL-2 production by the T cell antigen receptor, how IL-2 binding induces the transcription of a novel set of genes, and the pathological roles of IL-2 receptor inducers in adult T cell leukemia. This book is comprised of 12 chapters and begins with a historical overview of IL-2, from the discovery of soluble mitogenic factors in culture media of stimulated lymphocytes to the discovery of IL-2 as the molecule responsible for stimulating T cell proliferation. The physicochemical and biological properties of purified recombinant IL-2 are then described, paying particular attention to natural IL-2 derived from human peripheral blood leukocytes. The chapters that follow discuss the different techniques used to gain insight into the functionally important regions of IL-2, the role of the T cell antigen receptor in regulating the production of IL-2, and the structure of the human high-affinity IL-2 receptor. The book also describes transmembrane signaling by IL-2, IL-2-inducible gene expression in T lymphocytes, abnormal IL-2 receptor expression in adult T cell leukemia, the use of IL-2 receptors in immunosuppressive therapy, and the use of IL-2 as a pharmacologic reagent. This book will be of interest to students and researchers in immunology and biochemistry.
Book Synopsis The Regulation of the Expression of Human Interleukin-2 Gene by : Liqian Zhang
Download or read book The Regulation of the Expression of Human Interleukin-2 Gene written by Liqian Zhang and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Interleukin-2 Activation of Intracellular Signaling Pathways by : Forest Rohwer
Download or read book Interleukin-2 Activation of Intracellular Signaling Pathways written by Forest Rohwer and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During an immune reaction, T cell clones must be expanded by mitogenic cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2). IL-2 is able to induce proliferation, protection from apoptosis, and differentiation of T cells. These cellular phenomena are mediated through signaling events initiated at the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and are associated with changes in the mRNA levels that encode necessary proteins. The following work examined the molecular signals initiated at the IL-2R and sought to understand their linkage to increases in mRNA levels and subsequent cellular responses, such as proliferation and protection from apoptosis. Understanding these links is vital to understanding the molecular events that control the immune response, as well as providing insight into the cell cycle and activated transcription. To study this problem, an IL-2 responsive system based on thymic blast cells (TBCs) was developed and characterized. This system has the advantage of yielding a large number of IL-2 responsive cells from primary human tissue. Using the TBCs it was shown that transcription of important cell cycle genes is linked to the IL-2R via the c-Ras/MAPK pathway. Additionally, this pathway is responsible for IL-2 mediated proliferation. A second pathway, mediated through PKC, is responsible for upregulation of anti-apoptosis genes and protection from apoptosis. TBCs were also used to show that IL-2 can increase mRNA levels of specific genes by releasing transcriptional attenuation. Together these results show that specific signaling pathways can be linked to increases in specific mRNAs and suggest at least one mechanism of this upregulation. These results also show that increased expression of certain mRNAs may explain specific cellular responses. Finally, this work provides direction for future research that should yield more interesting insights into IL-2 mediated control of transcription.
Book Synopsis Stochastic Regulation of the Interleukin-4 Gene by : Luca Mariani
Download or read book Stochastic Regulation of the Interleukin-4 Gene written by Luca Mariani and published by Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. This book was released on 2012-07-25 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the expression variability of highly regulated genes in multi-cellular organisms through a multidisciplinary approach combining quantitative measurements and mathematical modeling. For this purpose, the cytokine gene Interleukin-4 (IL-4) in murine type-2 (Th2) lymphocytes was chosen as prototypical model system of an inducible gene regulated at the epigenetic and transductional level. As many cytokines, IL-4 is expressed in a probabilistic manner, but the underlying molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon are still unresolved. Through an iterative process of quantitative measurements and mathematical analysis, the author develops a computational model able to predict several system properties. The model indicates that the heterogeneity in IL-4 expression results from a rate-limiting chromatin opening during antigenic stimulation. The rate of inactivation of the promoter is slow (on the order of a cell cycle), which increases the probability of subsequent IL-4 stimulation in the same cells. As a consequence, a previously unknown short-term memory for IL-4 induction is tested and verified experimentally. The multidisciplinary approach presented here will be hopefully useful for investigating other genes highly regulated at the epigenetic level and shows the potential of system biology in revealing new properties of complex processes.
Book Synopsis Transcriptional Regulation of the Human IL-2 Gene by : Milena Iacobelli Martinez
Download or read book Transcriptional Regulation of the Human IL-2 Gene written by Milena Iacobelli Martinez and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is produced by optimally stimulated T cells and is the major growth factor for T cells. Quiescent T cells do not synthesize IL-2, but upon stimulation, IL-2 is quickly expressed due to the coordinate binding of transcription factors within a 300 base pair promoter. Activation of the transcription factors involved in IL-2 transcription is highly dependent on proper stimulation through the T cell receptor (TCR) as well as a co-stimulatory molecule such as the CD28 receptor. TCR-induced signals are necessary to induce the binding of most, but not all, factors to the IL-2 promoter. CD28 stimulation synergizes with the TCR to activate many of these factors, but is also responsible for the induced binding of a novel complex to a region of the IL-2 promoter known as the CD28 responsive element (CD28RE). Determination of the proteins which function at this site was investigated. Functional studies led to the discovery that the CD28RE forms a composite element with a proximal AP-1 site. Together, the CD28RE/AP-1 sequences bind a complex that contains c-Rel, c-Fos, c-Jun, and the novel protein p21 SNFT in Jurkat T cells. Further analysis of p21SNFT indicates that it inhibits IL-2 promoter activity due to its ability to repress AP-1-associated enhancers required for transcription. Functional and binding studies using nuclear extracts and purified proteins suggest that p21 SNFT competes with Fos proteins for Jun binding, thereby effectively decreasing the numbers of transcriptionally active AP-1 heterodimers that form. While much is known about transactivation requirements for IL-2 expression, less is known about the inhibitory processes that shut down or prevent IL-2 transcription. Therefore, the identity of a novel protein that represses IL-2 promoter activity may help in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the silencing of the IL-2 gene in situations such as in sub-optimally stimulated T cells, anergic T cells, or during T cell differentiation.
Book Synopsis Regulation of Interleukin-2 Gene Transcription in CD8 Positive Cells by : Rosalynde J. Finch
Download or read book Regulation of Interleukin-2 Gene Transcription in CD8 Positive Cells written by Rosalynde J. Finch and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Regulation of Interleukin-8 Gene Expression in Airway Epithelium by : Mary Mann-Jong Chang
Download or read book Regulation of Interleukin-8 Gene Expression in Airway Epithelium written by Mary Mann-Jong Chang and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Transcriptional Regulation of Interleukin-2 Gene Expression Through NF-kB and RW-Bf by : Beatrice Hoyos
Download or read book Transcriptional Regulation of Interleukin-2 Gene Expression Through NF-kB and RW-Bf written by Beatrice Hoyos and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Protein Regulation of Interleukin-5 Gene Expression in Mast Cells by : Lyndee Louise Scurr
Download or read book Protein Regulation of Interleukin-5 Gene Expression in Mast Cells written by Lyndee Louise Scurr and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Regulation of Interleukin-2 Gene Expression in T Lymphocytes by Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha by :
Download or read book Regulation of Interleukin-2 Gene Expression in T Lymphocytes by Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Calcium Entry Channels in Non-Excitable Cells by : Juliusz Ashot Kozak
Download or read book Calcium Entry Channels in Non-Excitable Cells written by Juliusz Ashot Kozak and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-07-14 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Calcium Entry Channels in Non-Excitable Cells focuses on methods of investigating the structure and function of non-voltage gated calcium channels. Each chapter presents important discoveries in calcium entry pathways, specifically dealing with the molecular identification of store-operated calcium channels which were reviewed by earlier volumes in the Methods in Signal Transduction series. Crystallographic and pharmacological approaches to the study of calcium channels of epithelial cells are also discussed. Calcium ion is a messenger in most cell types. Whereas voltage gated calcium channels have been studied extensively, the non-voltage gated calcium entry channel genes have only been identified relatively recently. The book will fill this important niche.
Book Synopsis Interleukin-10 in Health and Disease by : Simon Fillatreau
Download or read book Interleukin-10 in Health and Disease written by Simon Fillatreau and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides a set of reviews dedicated to the biology of Interleukin (IL)-10. It includes chapters on its importance for maintaining immune homeostasis in humans, its role in intestinal immunity and its functions during viral and bacterial infections. In addition, it presents reviews on the mechanisms linking innate microbial recognition to the production of IL-10 and on how IL-10 recognition by its receptor functions. The roles of T and B cells as relevant sources of IL-10 are also discussed, with an emphasis on the clinical opportunities offered by IL-10-producing Tr1 cells for the suppression of unwanted immunity. Finally, the functions of other cytokines of the IL-10 family are presented. Collectively, these articles provide a comprehensive overview of our current knowledge on one of the most important anti-inflammatory cytokines known to date.
Book Synopsis Polyfunctional Cytokines by : Gregory R. Bock
Download or read book Polyfunctional Cytokines written by Gregory R. Bock and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-30 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experts from a variety of areas compare and discuss IL-6 and LIF in order to provide a new understanding of their modes of action, the significance of their polyfunctionalization--why the body chooses to use one molecule to regulate various cell types--and their functional overlap. Covers such topics as actions of IL-6 and LIF on lymphoid populations, on megakaryocyte and platelet production, on bone metabolism, their effects on leukemic cells and much more. Includes contributions from researchers working on a variety of cell types and organ systems along with potential clinical applications regarding these two factors.
Book Synopsis Regulation of Cytokine Gene Expression in Immunity and Diseases by : Xiaojing Ma
Download or read book Regulation of Cytokine Gene Expression in Immunity and Diseases written by Xiaojing Ma and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-12 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the major cytokines, such as IL-1 and IFN-γ, with respect to the regulation of their gene expression and protein production in specific immune cell types. It discusses both healthy physiological settings and in pathological situations in which the expression of some cytokines could be dysregulated, resulting in either immunodeficiency or exacerbated inflammatory sequelae in animal models as well as in human patients. Cytokines are important regulators of immune responses that require the highly coordinated participation and communication of multiple cell types. The expression of cytokines by various producer cell types is therefore carefully regulated in response to environmental cues at multiple levels: transcription, translation and posttranslational modification. Presenting cutting-edge advances in our understanding of the regulation of cytokine expression, this book is a valuable resource for anyone involved or interested in immune regulation.
Download or read book Human Herpesviruses written by Ann Arvin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-08-16 with total page 1325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive account of the human herpesviruses provides an encyclopedic overview of their basic virology and clinical manifestations. This group of viruses includes human simplex type 1 and 2, Epstein–Barr virus, Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, HHV6A, 6B and 7, and varicella-zoster virus. The viral diseases and cancers they cause are significant and often recurrent. Their prevalence in the developed world accounts for a major burden of disease, and as a result there is a great deal of research into the pathophysiology of infection and immunobiology. Another important area covered within this volume concerns antiviral therapy and the development of vaccines. All these aspects are covered in depth, both scientifically and in terms of clinical guidelines for patient care. The text is illustrated generously throughout and is fully referenced to the latest research and developments.
Book Synopsis Regulation of Interleukin Six Gene Expression by Parathyroid Hormone in Bone by : Yu-Feng Winston Huang
Download or read book Regulation of Interleukin Six Gene Expression by Parathyroid Hormone in Bone written by Yu-Feng Winston Huang and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
