Reasoning Backwards

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Author :
Publisher : Young Associates Incorporated
ISBN 13 : 9780983011354
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Reasoning Backwards by : Gregg Young

Download or read book Reasoning Backwards written by Gregg Young and published by Young Associates Incorporated. This book was released on 2011-03 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: American schools don't teach students how to solve problems, but ever since 2008, Japanese schools do.Fortunately for America, there are two strategies for solving problems, and the Japanese strategy reasons forwards from cause to effect. They brainstorm root causes by asking, "What COULD BE the root causes?" Then, they start guessing, which is slow and ineffective. This approach rarely finds every root cause, so it rarely develops complete solutions.The better approach reasons backwards from effect to cause, using Sherlock Holmes' strategy of Observation and Deduction. Problem solvers ask, "What IS different when problems occur?" They observe the situation to discover clues that quickly identify every root cause, which leads to complete solutions. Reasoning backwards is 4 times more effective than reasoning forwards.One set of problem solving tools based on Holmes' strategy delivers superior results, but it has never been taught in school. Now, this book introduces Holmes' strategy and these tools to students. For the first time, students can leave school prepared to be world-class problem solvers.

An Introduction To Artificial Intelligence

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000154033
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis An Introduction To Artificial Intelligence by : Janet Finlay

Download or read book An Introduction To Artificial Intelligence written by Janet Finlay and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-10-29 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An authoritative and accessible one-stop resource, An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence presents the first full examination of AI. Designed to provide an understanding of the foundations of artificial intelligence, it examines the central computational techniques employed by AI, including knowledge representation, search, reasoning, and learning, as well as the principal application domains of expert systems, natural language, vision, robotics, software agents and cognitive modeling. Many of the major philosophical and ethical issues of AI are also introduced. Throughout the volume, the authors provide detailed, well-illustrated treatments of each topic with abundant examples and exercises. The authors bring this exciting field to life by presenting a substantial and robust introduction to artificial intelligence in a clear and concise coursebook form. This book stands as a core text for all computer scientists approaching AI for the first time.

Reasoning Backward

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Author :
Publisher : Young Associates, Incorporated
ISBN 13 : 9780983011309
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Reasoning Backward by : Gregg Young

Download or read book Reasoning Backward written by Gregg Young and published by Young Associates, Incorporated. This book was released on 2013-04 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In solving a problem of this sort, the grand thing is to be able to reason backward" Holmes explained. "That is a very useful accomplishment, and a very easy one, but people do not practice it much..." Most problem solvers reason forward from cause to effect. They brainstorm root causes by asking, "What could be the root causes?" Then they start guessing, which is slow and ineffective. This approach rarely finds every root cause, so it rarely develops complete solutions. The best strategy reasons backward from effect to cause, using Sherlock Holmes' strategy of observation and deduction. Problem solvers ask, "What is different when problems occur?" Reasoning backward is four times more effective than reasoning forward. One set of problem-solving tools based on Holmes' strategy delivers superior results, but it is not well known. This book introduces Holmes' strategy and these tools for the first time. Now, anyone can become an exceptional problem solver.

The Sherlock Effect

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351113828
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (511 download)

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Book Synopsis The Sherlock Effect by : Thomas W. Young

Download or read book The Sherlock Effect written by Thomas W. Young and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-04-20 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forensic science is in crisis and at a cross-roads. Movies and television dramas depict forensic heroes with high-tech tools and dazzling intellects who—inside an hour, notwithstanding commercials—piece together past-event puzzles from crime scenes and autopsies. Likewise, Sherlock Holmes—the iconic fictional detective, and the invention of forensic doctor Sir Arthur Conan Doyle—is held up as a paragon of forensic and scientific inspiration—does not "reason forward" as most people do, but "reasons backwards." Put more plainly, rather than learning the train of events and seeing whether the resultant clues match those events, Holmes determines what happened in the past by looking at the clues. Impressive and infallible as this technique appears to be—it must be recognized that infallibility lies only in works of fiction. Reasoning backward does not work in real life: reality is far less tidy. In courtrooms everywhere, innocent people pay the price of life imitating art, of science following detective fiction. In particular, this book looks at the long and disastrous shadow cast by that icon of deductive reasoning, Sherlock Holmes. In The Sherlock Effect, author Dr. Thomas W. Young shows why this Sherlock-Holmes-style reasoning does not work and, furthermore, how it can—and has led—to wrongful convictions. Dr. Alan Moritz, one of the early pioneers of forensic pathology in the United States, warned his colleagues in the 1950’s about making the Sherlock Holmes error. Little did Moritz realize how widespread the problem would eventually become, involving physicians in all other specialties of medicine and not just forensic pathologists. Dr. Young traces back how this situation evolved, looking back over the history of forensic medicine, revealing the chilling degree to which forensic experts fail us every day. While Dr. Young did not want to be the one to write this book, he has felt compelled in the interest of science and truth. This book is measured, well-reasoned, accessible, insightful, and—above all—compelling. As such, it is a must-read treatise for forensic doctors, forensic practitioners and students, judges, lawyers adjudicating cases in court, and anyone with an interest in forensic science.

Foundations of Rational Agency

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401592047
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Foundations of Rational Agency by : Michael Wooldridge

Download or read book Foundations of Rational Agency written by Michael Wooldridge and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume represents an advanced, comprehensive state-of-the-art survey of the field of rational agency as it stands today. It covers the philosophical foundations of rational agency, logical and decision-theoretic approaches to rational agency, multi-agent aspects of rational agency and a number of approaches to programming rational agents. It will be of interest to researchers in logic, mainstream computer science, the philosophy of rational action and agency, and economics.

Program Development in Computational Logic

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540221522
Total Pages : 546 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Program Development in Computational Logic by : Maurice Bruynooghe

Download or read book Program Development in Computational Logic written by Maurice Bruynooghe and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2004-06-17 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1 The tenth anniversary of the LOPSTR symposium provided the incentive for this volume. LOPSTR started in 1991 as a workshop on logic program synthesis and transformation, but later it broadened its scope to logic-based program development in general, that is, program development in computational logic, and hence the title of this volume. The motivating force behind LOPSTR has been the belief that declarative paradigms such as logic programming are better suited to program development tasks than traditional non-declarative ones such as the imperative paradigm. Speci?cation, synthesis, transformation or specialization, analysis, debugging and veri?cation can all be given logical foundations, thus providing a unifying framework for the whole development process. In the past 10 years or so, such a theoretical framework has indeed begun to emerge. Even tools have been implemented for analysis, veri?cation and speci- ization. However,itisfairtosaythatsofarthefocushaslargelybeenonprogrammi- in-the-small. So the future challenge is to apply or extend these techniques to programming-in-the-large, in order to tackle software engineering in the real world. Returning to this volume, our aim is to present a collection of papers that re?ect signi?cant research e?orts over the past 10 years. These papers cover the wholedevelopmentprocess:speci?cation,synthesis,analysis,transformationand specialization, as well as semantics and systems.

Systematic Introduction to Expert Systems

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642779719
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (427 download)

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Book Synopsis Systematic Introduction to Expert Systems by : Frank Puppe

Download or read book Systematic Introduction to Expert Systems written by Frank Puppe and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At present one of the main obstacles to a broader application of expert systems is the lack of a theory to tell us which problem-solving methods areavailable for a given problem class. Such a theory could lead to significant progress in the following central aims of the expert system technique: - Evaluating the technical feasibility of expert system projects: This depends on whether there is a suitable problem-solving method, and if possible a corresponding tool, for the given problem class. - Simplifying knowledge acquisition and maintenance: The problem-solving methods provide direct assistance as interpretation models in knowledge acquisition. Also, they make possible the development of problem-specific expert system tools with graphical knowledge acquisition components, which can be used even by experts without programming experience. - Making use of expert systems as a knowledge medium: The structured knowledge in expert systems can be used not only for problem solving but also for knowledge communication and tutorial purposes. With such a theory in mind, this book provides a systematic introduction to expert systems. It describes the basic knowledge representations and the present situation with regard tothe identification, realization, and integration of problem-solving methods for the main problem classes of expert systems: classification (diagnostics), construction, and simulation.

Explainable and Transparent AI and Multi-Agent Systems

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030820173
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Explainable and Transparent AI and Multi-Agent Systems by : Davide Calvaresi

Download or read book Explainable and Transparent AI and Multi-Agent Systems written by Davide Calvaresi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-07-16 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Explainable, Transparent AI and Multi-Agent Systems, EXTRAAMAS 2021, which was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 19 long revised papers and 1 short contribution were carefully selected from 32 submissions. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: XAI & machine learning; XAI vision, understanding, deployment and evaluation; XAI applications; XAI logic and argumentation; decentralized and heterogeneous XAI.

Cognitive Carpentry

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Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262161527
Total Pages : 744 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Cognitive Carpentry by : John L. Pollock

Download or read book Cognitive Carpentry written by John L. Pollock and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1995 with total page 744 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A sequel to the author's How to Build a Person, this work builds upon that theoretical groundwork for the implementation of rationality through artificial intelligence. It argues that progress in AI has stalled because of its creators' reliance upon unformulated intuitions about rationality. Instead, the author bases the OSCAR architecture upon an explicit philosophical theory of rationality, encompassing principles of practical cognition, epistemic cognition and defeasible reasoning. One of the results is the first automated defeasible reasoner capable of reasoning in a rich, logical environment.

Symbolic Logic and Logic Processing

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Publisher : Laxmi Publications
ISBN 13 : 9381159378
Total Pages : 371 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (811 download)

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Book Synopsis Symbolic Logic and Logic Processing by : Bindu Bansal

Download or read book Symbolic Logic and Logic Processing written by Bindu Bansal and published by Laxmi Publications. This book was released on 2012-05 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Computational Intelligence in Archaeology

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Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1599044919
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Intelligence in Archaeology by : Barcelo, Juan A.

Download or read book Computational Intelligence in Archaeology written by Barcelo, Juan A. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2008-07-31 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides analytical theories offered by innovative artificial intelligence computing methods in the archaeological domain.

Logic-Based Program Synthesis and Transformation

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3642005152
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Logic-Based Program Synthesis and Transformation by : Michael Hanus

Download or read book Logic-Based Program Synthesis and Transformation written by Michael Hanus and published by Springer. This book was released on 2009-03-04 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Logic-Based Program Synthesis and Transformation, LOPSTR 2008, held in Valencia, Spain, during July 17-18, 2008. The 11 revised full papers presented together with one invited talk were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the book. LOPSTR traditionally solicits papers in the areas of specification, synthesis, verification, transformation, analysis, optimization, composition, security, reuse, applications and tools, component-based software development, software architectures, agent-based software development, and program refinement.

Johan van Benthem on Logic and Information Dynamics

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319060252
Total Pages : 1072 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Johan van Benthem on Logic and Information Dynamics by : Alexandru Baltag

Download or read book Johan van Benthem on Logic and Information Dynamics written by Alexandru Baltag and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-08-27 with total page 1072 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book illustrates the program of Logical-Informational Dynamics. Rational agents exploit the information available in the world in delicate ways, adopt a wide range of epistemic attitudes, and in that process, constantly change the world itself. Logical-Informational Dynamics is about logical systems putting such activities at center stage, focusing on the events by which we acquire information and change attitudes. Its contributions show many current logics of information and change at work, often in multi-agent settings where social behavior is essential, and often stressing Johan van Benthem's pioneering work in establishing this program. However, this is not a Festschrift, but a rich tapestry for a field with a wealth of strands of its own. The reader will see the state of the art in such topics as information update, belief change, preference, learning over time, and strategic interaction in games. Moreover, no tight boundary has been enforced, and some chapters add more general mathematical or philosophical foundations or links to current trends in computer science. The theme of this book lies at the interface of many disciplines. Logic is the main methodology, but the various chapters cross easily between mathematics, computer science, philosophy, linguistics, cognitive and social sciences, while also ranging from pure theory to empirical work. Accordingly, the authors of this book represent a wide variety of original thinkers from different research communities. And their interconnected themes challenge at the same time how we think of logic, philosophy and computation. Thus, very much in line with van Benthem's work over many decades, the volume shows how all these disciplines form a natural unity in the perspective of dynamic logicians (broadly conceived) exploring their new themes today. And at the same time, in doing so, it offers a broader conception of logic with a certain grandeur, moving its horizons beyond the traditional study of consequence relations.

Cognition and Conditionals

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Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0199233292
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (992 download)

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Book Synopsis Cognition and Conditionals by : Mike Oaksford

Download or read book Cognition and Conditionals written by Mike Oaksford and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2010 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The conditional, if...then, is probably the most important term in natural language and forms the core of systems of logic and mental representation. Cognition and Conditionals is the first volume for over 20 years that brings together recent developments in the cognitive science and psychology of conditional reasoning.

Critical Thinking 5th edition

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Publisher : Advanced Reasoning Forum
ISBN 13 : 1938421337
Total Pages : 523 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (384 download)

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Book Synopsis Critical Thinking 5th edition by : Richard L Epstein

Download or read book Critical Thinking 5th edition written by Richard L Epstein and published by Advanced Reasoning Forum. This book was released on 2018-11-01 with total page 523 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fifth edition of Critical Thinking by the noted logician Richard L. Epstein is practical, engaging, and easy to teach. Students enjoy and understand it because it is clear and has hundreds of examples using a cast of characters who reason as we do every day. More than 1,000 exercises lead students to be able to reason well in their courses and their lives. Essay writing lessons and visual writing lessons, using the cast of characters, teach students that first comes clear thinking and then comes clear writing. A complete and comprehensive Instructor's Manual makes the text easy to teach and grade. New to this edition: chapters on explanations and reasoning in the sciences. • Over 1,000 examples and exercises from daily life. • A dozen original writing lessons fully integrated with the text. • Unique cartoon writing lessons help students apply critical thinking to non-verbal situations.

Empire Under the Microscope

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030847179
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Empire Under the Microscope by : Emilie Taylor-Pirie

Download or read book Empire Under the Microscope written by Emilie Taylor-Pirie and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-26 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book considers science and empire, and the stories we tell ourselves about them. Using British Nobel laureate Ronald Ross (1857-1932) and his colleagues as access points to a wider professional culture, Empire Under the Microscope explores the cultural history of parasitology and its relationships with the literary and historical imagination between 1885 and 1935. Emilie Taylor-Pirie examines a wealth of archival material including medical lectures, scientific publications, popular biography, and personal and professional correspondence, alongside novels, poems, newspaper articles, and political speeches, to excavate the shared vocabularies of literature and medicine. She demonstrates how forms such as poetry and biography; genres such as imperial romance and detective fiction; and modes such as adventure and the Gothic, together informed how tropical diseases, their parasites, and their vectors, were understood in relation to race, gender, and nation. From Ancient Greece, to King Arthur’s Knights, to the detective work of Sherlock Holmes, parasitologists manipulated literary and historical forms of knowledge in their professional self-fashioning to create a modern mythology that has a visible legacy in relationships between science and society today.

The Animate and the Inanimate

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 138 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Animate and the Inanimate by : William James Sidis

Download or read book The Animate and the Inanimate written by William James Sidis and published by . This book was released on 1925 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: