Reason Bias And Inquiry

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Reason, Bias, and Inquiry

Author : Nathan Ballantyne
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197636918
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (976 download)

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Book Synopsis Reason, Bias, and Inquiry by : Nathan Ballantyne

Download or read book Reason, Bias, and Inquiry written by Nathan Ballantyne and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Philosophers and psychologists routinely explore questions surrounding reasoning, inquiry, and bias, though typically in disciplinary isolation. What is the source of our intellectual errors? When can we trust information others tell us? This volume brings together researchers from across the two disciplines to present ideas and insights for addressing the challenges of knowing well in a complicated world in four parts: how to best describe the conceptual and empirical terrain of reason and bias; how reasoning and bias influence basic perception of the physical world; how to assess knowledge and expertise in ourselves and others; and how people approach reasoning and knowledge among and about groups. Together, the chapters show what philosophers and psychologists can do together when they shine light on the challenges of reaching the truth and avoiding errors. Reason, Bias, and Inquiry is a multidisciplinary meditation for readers who are awash in information but are uncertain how to manage it to make informed decisions.

Knowing Our Limits

Author : Nathan Ballantyne
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 019084728X
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis Knowing Our Limits by : Nathan Ballantyne

Download or read book Knowing Our Limits written by Nathan Ballantyne and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epistemology and inquiry -- Regulative epistemology in the seventeenth century -- How do epistemic principles guide? -- How to know our limits -- Disagreement and debunking -- Counterfactual interlocutors -- Unpossessed evidence -- Epistemic trespassing -- Novices and expert disagreement -- Self-defeat? -- The end of inquiry.

Reason, Bias, and Inquiry

Author : Nathan Ballantyne
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780197636930
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis Reason, Bias, and Inquiry by : Nathan Ballantyne

Download or read book Reason, Bias, and Inquiry written by Nathan Ballantyne and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Questions surrounding reasoning, inquiry, and bias are among the most enduring in human history. Ideas and theories about human reasoning and knowledge can be found in ancient philosophical writings, from Greece to China. Yet, to a great extent, these questions have never been more pressing-and unsettled-as they are today in our information-drenched contemporary society"--

Reason, Bias, and Inquiry

Author : Nathan Ballantyne
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780197636923
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis Reason, Bias, and Inquiry by : Nathan Ballantyne

Download or read book Reason, Bias, and Inquiry written by Nathan Ballantyne and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Questions surrounding reasoning, inquiry, and bias are among the most enduring in human history. Ideas and theories about human reasoning and knowledge can be found in ancient philosophical writings, from Greece to China. Yet, to a great extent, these questions have never been more pressing-and unsettled-as they are today in our information-drenched contemporary society"--

Assessing Information Processing and Online Reasoning as a Prerequisite for Learning in Higher Education

Author : Olga Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832501648
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessing Information Processing and Online Reasoning as a Prerequisite for Learning in Higher Education by : Olga Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia

Download or read book Assessing Information Processing and Online Reasoning as a Prerequisite for Learning in Higher Education written by Olga Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-10-06 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Epistemology of Democracy

Author : Hana Samaržija
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000861694
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis The Epistemology of Democracy by : Hana Samaržija

Download or read book The Epistemology of Democracy written by Hana Samaržija and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-04-03 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first edited scholarly collection devoted solely to the epistemology of democracy. Its fifteen chapters, published here for the first time and written by an international team of leading researchers, will interest scholars and advanced students working in democratic theory, the harrowing crisis of democracy, political philosophy, social epistemology, and political epistemology. The volume is structured into three parts, each offering five chapters. The first part, Democratic Pessimism, covers the crisis of democracy, the rise of authoritarianism, public epistemic vices, misinformation and disinformation, civic ignorance, and the lacking quantitative case for democratic decision-making. The second part, Democratic Optimism, discusses the role of hope and positive emotions in rebuilding democracy, proposes solutions to myside bias, and criticizes dominant epistocratic approaches to forming political administrations. The third and final part, Democratic Realism, assesses whether we genuinely require emotional empathy to understand the perspectives of our political adversaries, discusses the democratic tension between mutual respect for others and a quest for social justice, and evaluates manifold top-down and bottom-up approaches to policy making.

Appearance and Explanation

Author : Kevin McCain
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192650777
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (926 download)

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Book Synopsis Appearance and Explanation by : Kevin McCain

Download or read book Appearance and Explanation written by Kevin McCain and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-11-25 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Phenomenal Conservatism (the view that an appearance that things are a particular way gives one prima facie justification for believing that they are that way) is a promising, and popular, internalist theory of epistemic justification. Despite its popularity, it faces numerous objections and challenges. For instance, epistemologists have argued that Phenomenal Conservatism is incompatible with Bayesianism, is afflicted by bootstrapping and cognitive penetration problems, does not guarantee that epistemic justification is a stable property, does not provide an account of defeat, and is not a complete theory of epistemic justification. This book shows that Phenomenal Conservatism is immune to some of these problems, but not all. Accordingly, it explores the prospects of integrating Phenomenal Conservatism with Explanationism (the view that epistemic justification is a matter of explanatory relations between one's evidence and propositions supported by that evidence). The resulting theory, Phenomenal Explanationism, has advantages over Phenomenal Conservatism and Explanationism taken on their own. Phenomenal Explanationism is a highly unified, comprehensive internalist theory of epistemic justification that delivers on the promises of Phenomenal Conservatism while avoiding its pitfalls.

Medical Nihilism

Author : Jacob Stegenga
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198747047
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Medical Nihilism by : Jacob Stegenga

Download or read book Medical Nihilism written by Jacob Stegenga and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medical nihilism is the view that we should have little confidence in the effectiveness of medical interventions. Jacob Stegenga argues persuasively that this is how we should see modern medicine, and suggests that medical research must be modified, clinical practice should be less aggressive, and regulatory standards should be enhanced.

Skeptical Invariantism Reconsidered

Author : Christos Kyriacou
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000405176
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Skeptical Invariantism Reconsidered by : Christos Kyriacou

Download or read book Skeptical Invariantism Reconsidered written by Christos Kyriacou and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-06-27 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of original essays explores the topic of skeptical invariantism in theory of knowledge. It eschews historical perspectives and focuses on this traditionally underexplored, semantic characterization of skepticism. The book provides a carefully structured, state-of-the-art overview of skeptical invariantism and offers up new questions and avenues for future research. It treats this semantic form of skepticism as a serious position rather than assuming that skepticism is false and attempting to diagnose where arguments for skepticism go wrong. The essays take up a wide range of different philosophical perspectives on three key questions in the debate about skeptical invariantism: (1) whether the standards for knowledge vary, (2) how demanding the standards for knowledge are, and (3) whether the kind of evidence, reasons, methods, processes, etc. that we can bring to bear are sufficient to meet those standards. Skeptical Invariantism Reconsidered will be of interest to scholars and advanced students in epistemology and the philosophy of language.

Why It's OK Not to Think for Yourself

Author : Jonathan Matheson
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000924319
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Why It's OK Not to Think for Yourself by : Jonathan Matheson

Download or read book Why It's OK Not to Think for Yourself written by Jonathan Matheson and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-09-29 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We tend to applaud those who think for themselves: the ever-curious student, for example, or the grownup who does their own research. Even as we’re applauding, however, we ourselves often don’t think for ourselves. This book argues that’s completely OK. In fact, it’s often best just to take other folks’ word for it, allowing them to do the hard work of gathering and evaluating the relevant evidence. In making this argument, philosopher Jonathan Matheson shows how 'expert testimony' and 'the wisdom of crowds' are tested and provides convincing ideas that make it rational to believe something simply because other people believe it. Matheson then takes on philosophy’s best arguments against his thesis, including the idea that non-self-thinkers are free-riding on the work of others, Socrates’ claim that 'the unexamined life isn’t worth living,' and that outsourcing your intellectual labor makes you vulnerable to errors and manipulation. Matheson shows how these claims and others ultimately fail -- and that when it comes to thinking, we often need not be sheepish about being sheep. Key Features Discusses the idea of not thinking for yourself in the context of contemporary issues like climate change and vaccinations Engages in numerous contemporary debates in social epistemology Examines what can be valuable about thinking for yourself and argues that these are insufficient to require you to do so Outlines the key, practical takeaways from the argument in an epilogue

The Bias That Divides Us

Author : Keith E. Stanovich
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262045753
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis The Bias That Divides Us by : Keith E. Stanovich

Download or read book The Bias That Divides Us written by Keith E. Stanovich and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2021-08-31 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why we don't live in a post-truth society but rather a myside society: what science tells us about the bias that poisons our politics. In The Bias That Divides Us, psychologist Keith Stanovich argues provocatively that we don't live in a post-truth society, as has been claimed, but rather a myside society. Our problem is not that we are unable to value and respect truth and facts, but that we are unable to agree on commonly accepted truth and facts. We believe that our side knows the truth. Post-truth? That describes the other side. The inevitable result is political polarization. Stanovich shows what science can tell us about myside bias: how common it is, how to avoid it, and what purposes it serves. Stanovich explains that although myside bias is ubiquitous, it is an outlier among cognitive biases. It is unpredictable. Intelligence does not inoculate against it, and myside bias in one domain is not a good indicator of bias shown in any other domain. Stanovich argues that because of its outlier status, myside bias creates a true blind spot among the cognitive elite--those who are high in intelligence, executive functioning, or other valued psychological dispositions. They may consider themselves unbiased and purely rational in their thinking, but in fact they are just as biased as everyone else. Stanovich investigates how this bias blind spot contributes to our current ideologically polarized politics, connecting it to another recent trend: the decline of trust in university research as a disinterested arbiter.

Blindspot

Author : Mahzarin R. Banaji
Publisher : Bantam
ISBN 13 : 0345528433
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (455 download)

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Book Synopsis Blindspot by : Mahzarin R. Banaji

Download or read book Blindspot written by Mahzarin R. Banaji and published by Bantam. This book was released on 2016-08-16 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Accessible and authoritative . . . While we may not have much power to eradicate our own prejudices, we can counteract them. The first step is to turn a hidden bias into a visible one. . . . What if we’re not the magnanimous people we think we are?”—The Washington Post I know my own mind. I am able to assess others in a fair and accurate way. These self-perceptions are challenged by leading psychologists Mahzarin R. Banaji and Anthony G. Greenwald as they explore the hidden biases we all carry from a lifetime of exposure to cultural attitudes about age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, social class, sexuality, disability status, and nationality. “Blindspot” is the authors’ metaphor for the portion of the mind that houses hidden biases. Writing with simplicity and verve, Banaji and Greenwald question the extent to which our perceptions of social groups—without our awareness or conscious control—shape our likes and dislikes and our judgments about people’s character, abilities, and potential. In Blindspot, the authors reveal hidden biases based on their experience with the Implicit Association Test, a method that has revolutionized the way scientists learn about the human mind and that gives us a glimpse into what lies within the metaphoric blindspot. The title’s “good people” are those of us who strive to align our behavior with our intentions. The aim of Blindspot is to explain the science in plain enough language to help well-intentioned people achieve that alignment. By gaining awareness, we can adapt beliefs and behavior and “outsmart the machine” in our heads so we can be fairer to those around us. Venturing into this book is an invitation to understand our own minds. Brilliant, authoritative, and utterly accessible, Blindspot is a book that will challenge and change readers for years to come. Praise for Blindspot “Conversational . . . easy to read, and best of all, it has the potential, at least, to change the way you think about yourself.”—Leonard Mlodinow, The New York Review of Books “Banaji and Greenwald deserve a major award for writing such a lively and engaging book that conveys an important message: Mental processes that we are not aware of can affect what we think and what we do. Blindspot is one of the most illuminating books ever written on this topic.”—Elizabeth F. Loftus, Ph.D., distinguished professor, University of California, Irvine; past president, Association for Psychological Science; author of Eyewitness Testimony

Arguments and Reason-Giving

Author : Matthew W McKeon
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197751636
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (977 download)

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Book Synopsis Arguments and Reason-Giving by : Matthew W McKeon

Download or read book Arguments and Reason-Giving written by Matthew W McKeon and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024-05-21 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arguments figure in our everyday practices of giving reasons. For example, we use arguments to advance reasons to explain why we believe or did something, to justify our beliefs or actions, to persuade others to do or to believe something, and to advance reasons to worry or to fear that something is true. This book is about our uses of arguments to advance their premises as reasons for believing their conclusions, i.e., as reasons for believing that their conclusions are true. What, exactly, is involved when you successfully use an argument to advance the premises as reasons for believing the conclusion? Philosopher Matthew W. McKeon suggests there is more involved than one might think.

International Law Reports

Author : E. Lauterpacht
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521463881
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (638 download)

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Book Synopsis International Law Reports by : E. Lauterpacht

Download or read book International Law Reports written by E. Lauterpacht and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1971-01-04 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International Law Reports is the only publication in the world wholly devoted to the regular and systematic reporting in English of courts and arbitrators, as well as judgements of national courts.

Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics Volume 12

Author : Mark Timmons
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192868888
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (928 download)

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Book Synopsis Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics Volume 12 by : Mark Timmons

Download or read book Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics Volume 12 written by Mark Timmons and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022-07-14 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics is an annual forum for new work in normative ethical theory. Leading philosophers present original contributions to our understanding of a wide range of moral issues and positions, from analysis of competing approaches to normative ethics (including moral realism, constructivism, and expressivism) to questions of how we should act and live well. OSNE is an essential resource for scholars and students working in moral philosophy.

Bias

Author : Thomas Kelly
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192842951
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (928 download)

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Book Synopsis Bias by : Thomas Kelly

Download or read book Bias written by Thomas Kelly and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022-11-06 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bias seems to be everywhere. Biased media outlets decisively influence the political opinions and votes of millions of people. Discriminatory policies favor some racial groups over others. We tend to judge ourselves more favorably than our peers, and more favorably than the evidence warrants.But what is it, exactly, for a person or thing to be biased?In Bias: A Philosophical Study, Thomas Kelly explores a number of foundational questions about the nature of bias and our practices of attributing it. He develops a general framework for thinking about bias, the norm theoretic account, and shows how that framework illuminates much that we say andthink about bias in both everyday life and the sciences. He argues provocatively that both morality and rationality sometimes require us to be biased; that groups of people can be biased even if none of their members are; that we are often rationally required to believe that those who disagree withus are biased, even if we know absolutely nothing about why they believe as they do or about their psychologies; and that whether someone counts as biased is often a relative matter. He defends the possibility of what he calls 'biased knowing' and argues that the phenomenon has significantimplications for both philosophical methodology and scepticism.A central aim of the book is to expand the range of issues that have thus far been considered under the heading 'the philosophy of bias' by putting new theoretical questions on the table and proposing bold answers that can serve as starting points for future inquiry.

Self, Reason, and Freedom

Author : Andrea Christofidou
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136183914
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (361 download)

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Book Synopsis Self, Reason, and Freedom by : Andrea Christofidou

Download or read book Self, Reason, and Freedom written by Andrea Christofidou and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-01-03 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Freedom and its internal relation to reason is fundamental to Descartes’ philosophy in general, and to his Meditations on First Philosophy in particular. Without freedom his entire enquiry would not get off the ground, and without understanding the rôle of freedom in his work, we could not understand what motivates key parts of his metaphysics. Yet, not only is freedom a relatively overlooked element, but its internal relation to reason has gone unnoticed by most studies of his philosophy. Self, Reason, and Freedom: A New Light on Descartes’ Metaphysics, by defending freedom’s internal relation to reason, sheds new light on Descartes’ metaphysics and restores the often dismissed Fourth Meditation to the core of his metaphysics as he conceived it. Implicit in that relation is a rejection of any authority external to reason. Andrea Christofidou shows how this lends strength and explanatory force to Descartes’ enquiry, and reveals his conception of the unity of the self and of its place in the world. Self, Reason, and Freedom: A New Light on Descartes’ Metaphysics is essential reading for students and scholars of Descartes and anyone studying seventeenth-century philosophy.