Food Hygiene and Toxicology in Ready-to-Eat Foods

Download Food Hygiene and Toxicology in Ready-to-Eat Foods PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128020083
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Food Hygiene and Toxicology in Ready-to-Eat Foods by : Parthena Kotzekidou

Download or read book Food Hygiene and Toxicology in Ready-to-Eat Foods written by Parthena Kotzekidou and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-04-27 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Food Hygiene and Toxicology in Ready-to-Eat Foods is a solid reference for anyone in the food industry needing to understand the complex issues and mechanisms of biological control and chemical hazards to ensure food safety. infectious and non-infectious contaminants in raw, minimally processed, and prepared foods are covered in detail, as well as effective measures to avoid foodborne infections and intoxications. The book is written by an international team of experts presenting the most up-to-date research in the field, and provides current applications and guidance to enhance food safety in the food industry. Strategies and recommendations for each food category include, among others, how to avoid cross-contamination of pathogens, the proper uses of antimicrobial coatings and spray cleanings of fresh produce, and acrylamide reduction during processing. leafy vegetables, fruit juices, nuts, meat and dairy products are some of the ready-to-eat foods covered. Provides the latest on research and development in the field of food safety incorporating practical real life examples for microbiological risk assessment and reduction in the food industry Includes specific aspects of potential contamination and the importance of various risks associated with ready-to-eat foods Describes potential harmful agents that may arise in foods during processing and packaging Presents information on psychrotropic pathogens and food poisoning strains, effect of temperature, Salmonella, Listeria, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Norovirus, parasites, fungal microbiota, enterotoxins, and more

Ready-to-Eat Foods

Download Ready-to-Eat Foods PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420068636
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ready-to-Eat Foods by : Andy Hwang

Download or read book Ready-to-Eat Foods written by Andy Hwang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-03-03 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With growing consumer demand for ready-to-eat (RTE) foods that are wholesome and require less handling and preparation, the production of RTE foods has increased and their variety has expanded considerably, spanning from bagged spinach to pre-packaged school lunches. But since RTE foods are normally consumed directly without cooking- a step that ki

Recent Advances in Ready-to-Eat Food Technology

Download Recent Advances in Ready-to-Eat Food Technology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1040184979
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Ready-to-Eat Food Technology by : Hari Niwas Mishra

Download or read book Recent Advances in Ready-to-Eat Food Technology written by Hari Niwas Mishra and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-11-28 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ready-to-Eat (RTE) describes foods that need not be cooked, reheated, or otherwise prepared before consuming them. Recent Advances in Ready-to-Eat Food Technology covers all the aspects of RTE from statistics, method of production, mechanization, thermal and non-thermal processing, gluten-free, consumer behavior, control of foodborne illness and hygiene, packaging requirements, and improved functionalization to application of nanotechnology. Key Features: Covers the development of ready-to-eat products from meat, cereal, fruits, vegetables, dairy, and pulses Provides a global review of labeling and packaging for ready-to-eat products Discusses hygienic design and safety in the production and consumption, with an emphasis on pathogenicity issues Written by a team of well-recognized researchers who present the latest advances in RTE food product development, this book is of interest to industry professionals and academicians as well as to undergraduate students and postgraduate researchers.

Combat-Ready Kitchen

Download Combat-Ready Kitchen PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1591845971
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (918 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Combat-Ready Kitchen by : Anastacia Marx de Salcedo

Download or read book Combat-Ready Kitchen written by Anastacia Marx de Salcedo and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2015-08-04 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Americans eat more processed foods than anyone else in the world. We also spend more on military research. These two seemingly unrelated facts are inextricably linked. If you ever wondered how ready-to-eat foods infiltrated your kitchen, you’ll love this entertaining romp through the secret military history of practically everything you buy at the supermarket. In a nondescript Boston suburb, in a handful of low buildings buffered by trees and a lake, a group of men and women spend their days researching, testing, tasting, and producing the foods that form the bedrock of the American diet. If you stumbled into the facility, you might think the technicians dressed in lab coats and the shiny kitchen equipment belonged to one of the giant food conglomerates responsible for your favorite brand of frozen pizza or microwavable breakfast burritos. So you’d be surprised to learn that you’ve just entered the U.S. Army Natick Soldier Systems Center, ground zero for the processed food industry. Ever since Napoleon, armies have sought better ways to preserve, store, and transport food for battle. As part of this quest, although most people don’t realize it, the U.S. military spearheaded the invention of energy bars, restructured meat, extended-life bread, instant coffee, and much more. But there’s been an insidious mission creep: because the military enlisted industry—huge corporations such as ADM, ConAgra, General Mills, Hershey, Hormel, Mars, Nabisco, Reynolds, Smithfield, Swift, Tyson, and Unilever—to help develop and manufacture food for soldiers on the front line, over the years combat rations, or the key technologies used in engineering them, have ended up dominating grocery store shelves and refrigerator cases. TV dinners, the cheese powder in snack foods, cling wrap . . . The list is almost endless. Now food writer Anastacia Marx de Salcedo scrutinizes the world of processed food and its long relationship with the military—unveiling the twists, turns, successes, failures, and products that have found their way from the armed forces’ and contractors’ laboratories into our kitchens. In developing these rations, the army was looking for some of the very same qualities as we do in our hectic, fast-paced twenty-first-century lives: portability, ease of preparation, extended shelf life at room temperature, affordability, and appeal to even the least adventurous eaters. In other words, the military has us chowing down like special ops. What is the effect of such a diet, eaten—as it is by soldiers and most consumers—day in and day out, year after year? We don’t really know. We’re the guinea pigs in a giant public health experiment, one in which science and technology, at the beck and call of the military, have taken over our kitchens.

Food Safety in the 21st Century

Download Food Safety in the 21st Century PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128018461
Total Pages : 628 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Food Safety in the 21st Century by : Puja Dudeja

Download or read book Food Safety in the 21st Century written by Puja Dudeja and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-09-28 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Food Safety in the 21st Century: Public Health Perspective is an important reference for anyone currently working in the food industry or those entering the industry. It provides realistic, practical, and very usable information about key aspects of food safety, while also systematically approaching the matter of foodborne illness by addressing the intricacies of both prevention and control. This book discusses ways to assess risk and to employ epidemiological methods to improve food safety. In addition, it also describes the regulatory context that shapes food safety activities at the local, national, and international levels and looks forward to the future of food safety. Provides the latest research and developments in the field of food safety Incorporates practical, real-life examples for risk reduction Includes specific aspects of food safety and the risks associated with each sector of the food chain, from food production, to food processing and serving Describes various ways in which epidemiologic principles are applied to meet the challenges of maintaining a safe food supply in India and how to reduce disease outbreaks Presents practical examples of foodborne disease incidents and their root causes to highlight pitfalls in food safety management

I Am Ready to Eat

Download I Am Ready to Eat PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 24 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (58 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis I Am Ready to Eat by : Warda Atroun

Download or read book I Am Ready to Eat written by Warda Atroun and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2020-06 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I Am Ready To Eat, is a bilingual (English and Arabic) illustrated book that teaches children the importance of healthy nutrition to achieve their goals while enjoying family time and a healthy meal.

Words to Eat By

Download Words to Eat By PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 1429987391
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Words to Eat By by : Ina Lipkowitz

Download or read book Words to Eat By written by Ina Lipkowitz and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2011-07-05 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: You may be what you eat, but you're also what you speak, and English food words tell a remarkable story about the evolution of our language and culinary history, revealing a vital collision of cultures alive and well from the time Caesar first arrived on British shores to the present day. Words to Eat By explores the remarkable stories behind five of our most basic food words, words which reveal fascinating aspects of the evolution of the English language and our powerful associations with certain foods. Using sources that vary from Roman histories and early translations of the Bible to Julia Child's recipes and Frank Bruni's restaurant reviews, Ina Lipkowitz shows how saturated with French and Italian names the English culinary vocabulary is, "from a la carte to zabaglione." But the words for our most basic foodstuffs -- bread, meat, milk, leek, and apple -- are still rooted in Old English and Words to Eat By reveals how exceptional these words and our associations with the foods are. As Lipkowitz says, "the resulting stories will make readers reconsider their appetites, the foods they eat, and the words they use to describe what they want for dinner, whether that dinner is cooked at home or ordered from the pages of a menu." Contagious with information, this remarkable book pulls profound insights out of simple phenomena, offering an analysis of our culinary and linguistic heritage that is as accessible as it is enlightening.

Risk Assessment of Listeria Monocytogenes in Ready-to-eat Foods

Download Risk Assessment of Listeria Monocytogenes in Ready-to-eat Foods PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789241562614
Total Pages : 80 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (626 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Risk Assessment of Listeria Monocytogenes in Ready-to-eat Foods by : World Health Organization

Download or read book Risk Assessment of Listeria Monocytogenes in Ready-to-eat Foods written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cases of listeriosis appear to be predominantly associated with ready-to-eat products. FAO and WHO have undertaken a risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods, prepared and reviewed by an international team of scientists. Input was received from several international fora including expert consultations and Codex Alimentarius committee meetings as well as via public and peer review. This interpretative summary provides an overview of how the risk assessment was undertaken and the results. In particular, it provides information relevant to risk managers addressing problems posed by this pathogen in ready-to-eat foods. It includes answers to the specific risk management questions posed by the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene and outlines the issues to be considered when implementing control measures, including the establishment of microbiological criteria.

Risk Assessment of Listeria Monocytogenes in Ready-to-eat Foods

Download Risk Assessment of Listeria Monocytogenes in Ready-to-eat Foods PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9789251051276
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (512 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Risk Assessment of Listeria Monocytogenes in Ready-to-eat Foods by :

Download or read book Risk Assessment of Listeria Monocytogenes in Ready-to-eat Foods written by and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2004 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cases of listeriosis appear to be predominantly associated with ready-to-eat products. FAO and WHO have undertaken a risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods, prepared and reviewed by an international team of scientists. Input was received from several international fora including expert consultations and Codex Alimentarius committee meetings as well as via public and peer review. This technical report provides complete documentation of the risk assessment, the approaches taken, the data and methodology used, and the results. It also contains four example assessments addressing the risk of listeriosis associated with fresh milk, ice cream, fermented meats and cold-smoked fish. These products were selected to represent typical classes of ready-to-eat products.

Emerging Methods in Family Research

Download Emerging Methods in Family Research PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3319015621
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Emerging Methods in Family Research by : Susan M. McHale

Download or read book Emerging Methods in Family Research written by Susan M. McHale and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-10-15 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The family can be a model of loving support, a crucible of pathology, or some blend of the two. Across disciplines, it is also the basic unit for studying human relationships, patterns of behavior, and influence on individuals and society. As family structures evolve and challenge previous societal norms, new means are required for understanding their dynamics, and for improving family interventions and policies. Emerging Methods in Family Research details innovative approaches designed to keep researchers apace with the diversity and complexities of today's families. This versatile idea-book offers meaningful new ways to represent multiple forms of diversity in family structure and process, cutting-edge updates to family systems models and measurement methods, and guidance on the research process, from designing projects to analyzing findings. These chapters provide not only new frameworks for basic research on families, but also prime examples of their practical use in intervention and policy studies. Contributors also consider the similarities and differences between the study of individuals and the study of family relationships and systems. Included in the coverage: Use of nonlinear dynamic models to study families as coordinated symbiotic systems. Use of network models for understanding change and diversity in the formal structure of American families. Representing trends and moment-to-moment variability in dyadic and family processes using state-space modeling techniques. Why qualitative and ethnographic methods are essential for understanding family life. Methods in multi-site trials of family-based interventions. Implementing the Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST) to analyze the effects of family interventions. Researchers in human development, family studies, clinical and developmental psychology, social psychology, sociology, anthropology, and social welfare as well as public policy researchers will welcome Emerging Methods in Family Research as a resource to inspire novel approaches to studying families.

Eat Like a Human

Download Eat Like a Human PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Little, Brown Spark
ISBN 13 : 0316249505
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (162 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Eat Like a Human by : Dr. Bill Schindler

Download or read book Eat Like a Human written by Dr. Bill Schindler and published by Little, Brown Spark. This book was released on 2021-11-16 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An archaeologist and chef explains how to follow our ancestors' lead when it comes to dietary choices and cooking techniques for optimum health and vitality. "Read this book!" (Mark Hyman, MD, author of Food) Our relationship with food is filled with confusion and insecurity. Vegan or carnivore? Vegetarian or gluten-free? Keto or Mediterranean? Fasting or Paleo? Every day we hear about a new ingredient that is good or bad, a new diet that promises everything. But the secret to becoming healthier, losing weight, living an energetic life, and healing the planet has nothing to do with counting calories or feeling deprived—the key is re‑learning how to eat like a human. This means finding food that is as nutrient-dense as possible, and preparing that food using methods that release those nutrients and make them bioavailable to our bodies, which is exactly what allowed our ancestors to not only live but thrive. In Eat Like a Human, archaeologist and chef Dr. Bill Schindler draws on cutting-edge science and a lifetime of research to explain how nutrient density and bioavailability are the cornerstones of a healthy diet. He shows readers how to live like modern “hunter-gatherers” by using the same strategies our ancestors used—as well as techniques still practiced by many cultures around the world—to make food as safe, nutritious, bioavailable, and delicious as possible. With each chapter dedicated to a specific food group, in‑depth explanations of different foods and cooking techniques, and concrete takeaways, as well as 75+ recipes, Eat Like a Human will permanently change the way you think about food, and help you live a happier, healthier, and more connected life.

1,000 Foods To Eat Before You Die

Download 1,000 Foods To Eat Before You Die PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Workman Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 076118306X
Total Pages : 1009 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (611 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 1,000 Foods To Eat Before You Die by : Mimi Sheraton

Download or read book 1,000 Foods To Eat Before You Die written by Mimi Sheraton and published by Workman Publishing Company. This book was released on 2015-01-13 with total page 1009 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ultimate gift for the food lover. In the same way that 1,000 Places to See Before You Die reinvented the travel book, 1,000 Foods to Eat Before You Die is a joyous, informative, dazzling, mouthwatering life list of the world’s best food. The long-awaited new book in the phenomenal 1,000 . . . Before You Die series, it’s the marriage of an irresistible subject with the perfect writer, Mimi Sheraton—award-winning cookbook author, grande dame of food journalism, and former restaurant critic for The New York Times. 1,000 Foods fully delivers on the promise of its title, selecting from the best cuisines around the world (French, Italian, Chinese, of course, but also Senegalese, Lebanese, Mongolian, Peruvian, and many more)—the tastes, ingredients, dishes, and restaurants that every reader should experience and dream about, whether it’s dinner at Chicago’s Alinea or the perfect empanada. In more than 1,000 pages and over 550 full-color photographs, it celebrates haute and snack, comforting and exotic, hyper-local and the universally enjoyed: a Tuscan plate of Fritto Misto. Saffron Buns for breakfast in downtown Stockholm. Bird’s Nest Soup. A frozen Milky Way. Black truffles from Le Périgord. Mimi Sheraton is highly opinionated, and has a gift for supporting her recommendations with smart, sensuous descriptions—you can almost taste what she’s tasted. You’ll want to eat your way through the book (after searching first for what you have already tried, and comparing notes). Then, following the romance, the practical: where to taste the dish or find the ingredient, and where to go for the best recipes, websites included.

Food Safety Practices in the Restaurant Industry

Download Food Safety Practices in the Restaurant Industry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799874168
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Food Safety Practices in the Restaurant Industry by : Nurhayati Khairatun, Siti

Download or read book Food Safety Practices in the Restaurant Industry written by Nurhayati Khairatun, Siti and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-11-26 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, cases of food-borne illness have been on the rise and are creating a significant public health challenge worldwide. This situation poses a health risk to consumers and can cause economic loss to the food service industry. Identifying the current issues in food safety practices among the industry players is critical to bridge the gap between knowledge, practices, and regulation compliance. Food Safety Practices in the Restaurant Industry presents advanced research on food safety practices investigated within food service establishments as an effort to help the industry pinpoint risks and non-compliance relating to food safety practices and improve the practices in preventing food-borne illnesses from occurring. Covering a range of topics such as food packaging, safety audits, consumer awareness, and standard safety practices, it is ideal for food safety and service professionals, food scientists and technologists, policymakers, restaurant owners, academicians, researchers, teachers, and students.

Modern Food Microbiology

Download Modern Food Microbiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387234136
Total Pages : 789 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (872 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Modern Food Microbiology by : James M. Jay

Download or read book Modern Food Microbiology written by James M. Jay and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-05 with total page 789 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With thirty revised and updated chapters the new edition of this classic text brings benefits to professors and students alike who will find new sections on many topics concerning modern food microbiology. This authoritative book builds on the trusted and established sections on food preservation by modified atmosphere, high pressure and pulsed electric field processing. It further covers food-borne pathogens, food regulations, fresh-cut produce, new food products, and risk assessment and analysis. In-depth references, appendixes, illustrations, index and thorough updating of taxonomies make this an essential for every food scientist.

Ensuring Safe Food

Download Ensuring Safe Food PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309593409
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (95 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ensuring Safe Food by : Committee to Ensure Safe Food from Production to Consumption

Download or read book Ensuring Safe Food written by Committee to Ensure Safe Food from Production to Consumption and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-09-02 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How safe is our food supply? Each year the media report what appears to be growing concern related to illness caused by the food consumed by Americans. These food borne illnesses are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, pesticide residues, and food additives. Recent actions taken at the federal, state, and local levels in response to the increase in reported incidences of food borne illnesses point to the need to evaluate the food safety system in the United States. This book assesses the effectiveness of the current food safety system and provides recommendations on changes needed to ensure an effective science-based food safety system. Ensuring Safe Food discusses such important issues as: What are the primary hazards associated with the food supply? What gaps exist in the current system for ensuring a safe food supply? What effects do trends in food consumption have on food safety? What is the impact of food preparation and handling practices in the home, in food services, or in production operations on the risk of food borne illnesses? What organizational changes in responsibility or oversight could be made to increase the effectiveness of the food safety system in the United States? Current concerns associated with microbiological, chemical, and physical hazards in the food supply are discussed. The book also considers how changes in technology and food processing might introduce new risks. Recommendations are made on steps for developing a coordinated, unified system for food safety. The book also highlights areas that need additional study. Ensuring Safe Food will be important for policymakers, food trade professionals, food producers, food processors, food researchers, public health professionals, and consumers.

Chilled Foods

Download Chilled Foods PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781855734999
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (349 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chilled Foods by : Michael Stringer

Download or read book Chilled Foods written by Michael Stringer and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2000 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines aspects of the chilled food industry including the market, applicable legislation, variety selection, refrigeration, temperature control, quality and safety, microbiology, and shelf-life.

Scientific Criteria to Ensure Safe Food

Download Scientific Criteria to Ensure Safe Food PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030908928X
Total Pages : 425 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Scientific Criteria to Ensure Safe Food by : National Research Council

Download or read book Scientific Criteria to Ensure Safe Food written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-09-29 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Food safety regulators face a daunting task: crafting food safety performance standards and systems that continue in the tradition of using the best available science to protect the health of the American public, while working within an increasingly antiquated and fragmented regulatory framework. Current food safety standards have been set over a period of years and under diverse circumstances, based on a host of scientific, legal, and practical constraints. Scientific Criteria to Ensure Safe Food lays the groundwork for creating new regulations that are consistent, reliable, and ensure the best protection for the health of American consumers. This book addresses the biggest concerns in food safetyâ€"including microbial disease surveillance plans, tools for establishing food safety criteria, and issues specific to meat, dairy, poultry, seafood, and produce. It provides a candid analysis of the problems with the current system, and outlines the major components of the task at hand: creating workable, streamlined food safety standards and practices.