Radioluminescence

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Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN 13 : 917929684X
Total Pages : 61 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (792 download)

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Book Synopsis Radioluminescence by : Jan Lindström

Download or read book Radioluminescence written by Jan Lindström and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2021-03-24 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A phosphor or scintillator is a material that will emit visible light when struck by ionising radiation. In the early days of diagnostic radiology, it was discovered that the radiation dose needed to get an image on a film, could be greatly reduced by inserting a fluorescent layer of a phosphor in direct contact with the film. Thus, introducing the step of converting the ionising radiation to light in a first step. Going forward in time, film has been replaced with photodetectors and there is now a variety of imaging x-ray systems, still based on phosphors and scintillators. There is continuous research going on to optimise between the radiation dose needed and a sufficient image quality. These factors tend to be in opposition to each other. It is a complicated task to optimise these imaging system and new phosphor materials emerges regularly. One of the key factors is the efficiency of the conversion from xrays to light. In this work this is denoted “extrinsic efficiency”. It is important since it largely determines the final dose to the patient needed for the imaging task. Most imaging x-ray detectors are based on phosphor or scintillator types where their imaging performance has been improved through tweaking of various parameters (light guide structure, higher density, light emission spectrum matching to photodetectors, delayed fluorescence quenching etc) One key factor that largely determines the extrinsic efficiency of a specific phosphor is the particle size. Larger particles result in a higher luminance of the phosphor for the same radiation dose as does as a thicker phosphor layer (to a limit). There exists already a battery of models describing various phosphor qualities. However, particle size and thickness have not been treated as a fully independent variables in previous model works. Indirectly, the influence of these parameters is accounted for, but the existing models were either considered too general, containing several complex parameters and factors to cover all kind of cases or too highly specialised to be easily applicable to fluorescent detectors in diagnostic radiology. The aim of this thesis is therefore to describe and assess a simple model denoted the “LAC-model” (after the original authors Lindström and Alm Carlsson), developed for a fluorescent layer using individual sub-layers defined by the particle size diameter. The model is thought to be a tool for quickly evaluating various particle size and fluorescent layer thickness combinations for a chosen phosphor and design. It may also serve as a more intuitive description of the underlying parameters influencing the final extrinsic efficiency. Further tests affirmed the validity of the model through measurements. The LACmodel produced results deviating a maximum of +5 % from luminescence measurements. During the development of the model various assumptions and simplifications were made. One assumption was the absence of a so called “dead layer”. This is a layer supposedly surrounding each particle decreasing the efficiency of converting x-rays to light. It is not completely “dead” as in inactive but is thought to have a reduced efficiency. This phenomenon was struggled with, when historically designing electron beam stimulated phosphors for various applications (i.e. displays, TV tubes etc). There are also articles reporting dead layer influence for x-ray detectors (usually spectrometers i.e. not for imaging). By introducing a dead layer in the LAC-model the effect of the layer was investigated and was found to result in a change of less than 8% for the extrinsic efficiency. It was also noted that sometimes a dead layer effect may emerge at surfaces of a scintillator slab but not necessarily connected to the phosphor particles themselves. Due to differences between phosphor material and the surroundings, an interface effect arose to compete with the process of inherent dead layers of the individual particles. It was found to be mostly negligible for x-rays in the studied energy and material range. However, an effect was shown for electrons as incident ionising radiation which could shed some light on the strangely neglected apparent dead layer created this way. Finally, applications, one involving developing a prototype for checking the light field radiation field coincidence, were evaluated for overall performance and the optimisation level of the applied fluorescent layer. Interesting findings were made during the development process: for the first time to the knowledge of the author, focus shift wandering was quantified in the corresponding movement of the x-ray field edge and a non-trivial discussion on the concept of an apparent light field edge resulted in a modified definition of the same. En fosfor eller scintillator är ett material som avger synligt ljus när det träffas av joniserande strålning. Inom diagnostisk radiologi upptäckte man i ett tidigt skede att stråldosen som behövdes för att få en bild på en röntgenfilm, reducerades kraftigt om man placerade ett fluorescerande skikt, en fosfor, i direkt kontakt med filmen. I nutid har film ersatts med fotodetektorer och det finns nu en mängd olika röntgenbildsystem men som fortfarande är baserade på fosforer och scintillatorer. Det pågår en kontinuerlig forskning för att optimera mellan erforderlig stråldos och en tillräcklig god diagnostisk bildkvalitet. Dessa faktorer tenderar att motverka varandra. Det är en komplicerad uppgift att optimera röntgenbildsystemen och nya fosformaterial dyker ständigt upp. En av de viktiga egenskaperna är fosforns omvandlingseffektivitet från röntgen till ljus. I detta arbete används benämningen ”extrinsisk (yttre) effektivitet". Denna egenskap är viktig eftersom den i stor utsträckning bestämmer den slutliga dosen till patienten som krävs för bilddiagnostiken. De flesta röntgendetektorer är baserade på fosfor- eller scintillatortyper där bildprestanda har förbättrats genom att utveckla olika parametrar (ljusledarstruktur, högre densitet, ljusemissionsspektrum som matchar fotodetektorer, minskad efterlysning etc.). En viktig faktor som i stor utsträckning bestämmer omvandlingseffektiviteten hos en specifik fosfor är partikelstorleken. Större partiklar resulterar i en högre luminescens (mer ljus) från fosforen för samma stråldos. Vilket också gäller för ett tjockare fosforlager (till en viss gräns!). Det finns redan fysikaliska modeller som beskriver olika fosforparametrar men partikelstorlek och fosfortjocklek har dock inte hanterats som fristående variabler i dessa modellarbeten. Istället har deras inverkan modellerats indirekt men det har gjort att de befintliga modellerna kan anses komplexa. De är antingen för generella som medför flera komplexa parametrar och faktorer för att täcka alla tänkbara varianter eller för specialiserade för att kunna tillämpas enkelt på fluorescerande detektorer i diagnostisk radiologi. Syftet med denna avhandling är därför att beskriva och analysera en praktisk modell betecknad ”LAC-modellen” (efter de ursprungliga författarna Lindström och Alm Carlsson). Den är utvecklad för ett fluorescerande block som består av flera underliggande skikt vars tjocklek bestäms av partiklarnas diameter. Avsikten med modellen är att den ska vara ett verktyg för att snabbt utvärdera olika varianter av partikelstorlek och tjockleks-kombinationer för en vald fosfor med i grunden samma design. Experiment har bekräftat modellens giltighet och mätresultat visar att modellresultaten avvek maximalt +5% från luminiscensmätningar. Utvecklingen av modellen krävde olika antaganden och förenklingar. Ett antagande var frånvaron av ett så kallat ”dött lager”. Det är ett skikt som antas omge varje partikel och som därför minskar omvandlingseffektiviteten från röntgen till ljus. Det är dock inte helt "dött" i meningen helt inaktivt men har en mindre förmåga att omvandla röntgen till ljus jämfört med fosforns huvudmaterial. Historisk sett har man försökt åtgärda detta fenomen under lång tid och speciellt för applikationer där man använt sig av elektronstrålar (dvs olika typer av displayer, TV-rör etc.). Just för elektroner har man sett att döda skiktet tenderar att växa med tiden. Det finns också artiklar som rapporterar en påverkan av röntgendetektorers funktion (vanligtvis dock för spektrometrar, dvs inte för avbildning). Genom att införa ett dött skikt i LAC-modellen undersöktes skiktets effekt och visade sig resultera i en förändring på mindre än 8% för effektiviteten. Det noterades också att ibland kan en dödskiktsliknande effekt uppstå vid ytor av ett scintillatorblock men inte nödvändigtvis pga. av själva fosforpartiklarnas ljusomvandlingsegenskaper. Då det uppstår skillnader mellan fosformaterialet och omgivningen får man en s.k. gränsskiktseffekt som s.a.s. konkurrerar med kemiskt döda skiktet på de enskilda partiklarna. De döda skiktens inverkan visade sig i princip försumbara för röntgenbild-detektorer - åtminstone inom det studerade energi- och materialområdet. En tydlig effekt kunde dock noteras för joniserande strålning i form av elektroner. Simuleringarna kunde ge en bättre bild av egenskaperna hos det döda skiktet som skapats på detta sätt. Slutligen utvärderades två applikationer med hjälp av LAC-modellen: en prototyp för kontroll av ljusfältets och strålfältets överenstämmelse i läge och position. Samt en etablerad produkt med samma användningsområde. I båda fallen undersöktes det fluorescerande skiktets optimeringsgrad. Intressanta resultat noterades under utvecklingsprocessen av prototypen: för första gången, så vitt författaren vet, kunde man kvantifiera röntgenrörs s.k. fokusvandring.

Yield of Radioluminescence of Organic Matters

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 78 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Yield of Radioluminescence of Organic Matters by : Z. A. Chizhikova

Download or read book Yield of Radioluminescence of Organic Matters written by Z. A. Chizhikova and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Ceramics in Nuclear and Alternative Energy Applications, Volume 27, Issue 5

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470291753
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis Ceramics in Nuclear and Alternative Energy Applications, Volume 27, Issue 5 by : Sharon Marra

Download or read book Ceramics in Nuclear and Alternative Energy Applications, Volume 27, Issue 5 written by Sharon Marra and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-09-29 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume focuses on recent developments and advances of ceramics and ceramic matrix composites for use in fission and fusion reactors, nuclear fuels and alternative energy applications. With the continued increasing demands for energy, nuclear energy has experienced a renewed interest. Recent developments associated with advanced fuel cycles have resulted in new research efforts on nuclear fuel materials. The effects of radiation on the properties of ceramics and ceramic matrix composites are also addressed.

Modern Applications of Lanthanide Luminescence

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031128591
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (311 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Applications of Lanthanide Luminescence by : Ana de Bettencourt-Dias

Download or read book Modern Applications of Lanthanide Luminescence written by Ana de Bettencourt-Dias and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-08-08 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume builds upon the successful book Lanthanide Luminescence published in the Springer Series on Fluorescence in 2011. Since its publication, the field of lanthanide spectroscopy and the areas in which the light emission properties of the f-elements are used have experienced substantial advances. The luminescence properties of lanthanide ions make them unique candidates for a myriad of optical applications. This book highlights and reviews the latest research in areas ranging from luminescence thermometry to imaging, sensing and photonic applications of these fascinating elements. Each chapter provides a comprehensive introduction to a specific area of application of lanthanide luminescence and extensively reviews seminal papers and current research literature. Given its interdisciplinary scope, the book appeals to scientists and advanced students in physics, chemistry and materials science interested in compounds and materials with optical properties.

Laser Interaction and Related Plasma Phenomena

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461538041
Total Pages : 647 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Laser Interaction and Related Plasma Phenomena by : H. Hora

Download or read book Laser Interaction and Related Plasma Phenomena written by H. Hora and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 647 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 9th International Workshop on "Laser Interaction and Related Plasma Phenomena" was held November 6-10, 1989, at the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Cal ifornia. Starting in 1969, thi s represents a continuation of the longest series of meetings in this field in the United States. It is, in fact, the longest series anywhere with published Proceedings that document the advances and the growth of this dynamic field of physics and technology. Following the discovery of the laser in 1960, the study of processes involved in laser beam interactions with materials opened a basically new dimension of physics. The energy densities and intensities generated are many orders of magnitude beyond those previously observed in laboratories. Simultaneously, the temporal dynamics of this interaction covers a broad range, only recently reaching ultra short times, of the order of a few femtoseconds. Applications of this technology are of interest for many types of material treatments. Further, from the very beginning, a key ambitious goal has been to produce fusion energy by intense laser irradiation of a target containi ng appropriate fusion fuels. The vari ous phenomena discovered during the ensuing research on laser-fusion are, indeed, much more complex than originally expected. However, in view of recent advances in physics understanding, a route to successful laser fusion can be seen. The development of fusion energy received a very strong stimulation since the last workshop due to the now partially publicized results of underground nuclear explosions.

Frontal Semiconductor Research

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Publisher : Nova Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781600212109
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis Frontal Semiconductor Research by : Oliver T. Chang

Download or read book Frontal Semiconductor Research written by Oliver T. Chang and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2006 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book includes within its scope studies of the structural, electrical, optical and acoustical properties of bulk, low-dimensional and amorphous semiconductors; computational semiconductor physics; interface properties, including the physics and chemistry of heterojunctions, metal-semiconductor and insulator-semiconductor junctions; all multi-layered structures involving semiconductor components. Dopant incorporation. Growth and preparation of materials, including both epitaxial (e.g. molecular beam and chemical vapour methods) and bulk techniques; in situ monitoring of epitaxial growth processes, also included are appropriate aspects of surface science such as the influence of growth kinetics and chemical processing on layer and device properties. The physics of semiconductor electronic and optoelectronic devices are examined , including theoretical modelling and experimental demonstration; all aspects of the technology of semiconductor device and circuit fabrication. Relevant areas of 'molecular electronics' and semiconductor structures incorporating Langmuir- Blodgett films; resists, lithography and metallisation where they are concerned with the definition of small geometry structure. The structural, electrical and optical characterisation of materials and device structures are also included. The scope encompasses materials and device reliability: reliability evaluation of technologies; failure analysis and advanced analysis techniques such as SEM, E-beam, optical emission microscopy, acoustic microscopy techniques; liquid crystal techniques; noise measurement, reliability prediction and simulation; reliability indicators; failure mechanisms, including charge migration, trapping, oxide breakdown, hot carrier effects, electro-migration, stress migration; package- related failure mechanisms; effects of operational and environmental stresses on reliability.

Luminescence of Biopolymers and Cells

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 148996441X
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (899 download)

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Book Synopsis Luminescence of Biopolymers and Cells by : Grigory M. Barenboǐm

Download or read book Luminescence of Biopolymers and Cells written by Grigory M. Barenboǐm and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-11-21 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 676 pages
Book Rating : 4.P/5 (24 download)

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Book Synopsis Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials by :

Download or read book Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials, 1989

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 686 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (321 download)

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Book Synopsis Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials, 1989 by : Harold Earl Bennett

Download or read book Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials, 1989 written by Harold Earl Bennett and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Recent Advances in Technology Research and Education

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031544501
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Technology Research and Education by : Yukinori Ono

Download or read book Recent Advances in Technology Research and Education written by Yukinori Ono and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 1989

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Publisher : ASTM International
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 674 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 1989 by : Alexander J. Glass

Download or read book Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 1989 written by Alexander J. Glass and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1978 with total page 674 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials:

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Publisher : ASTM International
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 672 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials: by : Arthur H. Guenther

Download or read book Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials: written by Arthur H. Guenther and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1977 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Energy Research Abstracts

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Research Abstracts by :

Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1992-04 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Public Health Implications of Radioluminous Materials

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Public Health Implications of Radioluminous Materials by : A. Alan Moghissi

Download or read book Public Health Implications of Radioluminous Materials written by A. Alan Moghissi and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Plastic Scintillators

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030734889
Total Pages : 647 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis Plastic Scintillators by : Matthieu Hamel

Download or read book Plastic Scintillators written by Matthieu Hamel and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-07-10 with total page 647 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces the physics and chemistry of plastic scintillators (fluorescent polymers) that are able to emit light when exposed to ionizing radiation, discussing their chemical modification in the early 1950s and 1960s, as well as the renewed upsurge in interest in the 21st century. The book presents contributions from various researchers on broad aspects of plastic scintillators, from physics, chemistry, materials science and applications, covering topics such as the chemical nature of the polymer and/or the fluorophores, modification of the photophysical properties (decay time, emission wavelength) and loading of additives to make the material more sensitive to, e.g., fast neutrons, thermal neutrons or gamma rays. It also describes the benefits of recent technological advances for plastic scintillators, such as nanomaterials and quantum dots, which allow features that were previously not achievable with regular organic molecules or organometallics.

Nuclear Science Abstracts

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 744 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Nuclear Science Abstracts by :

Download or read book Nuclear Science Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 744 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Radiophysics, 1965-1966

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Radiophysics, 1965-1966 by : Arkadiĭ Dmitrievich Kuzʹmin

Download or read book Radiophysics, 1965-1966 written by Arkadiĭ Dmitrievich Kuzʹmin and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: