Quantitative Portfolio Optimisation Asset Allocation And Risk Management

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Quantitative Portfolio Optimisation, Asset Allocation and Risk Management

Author : M. Rasmussen
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230512852
Total Pages : 453 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Quantitative Portfolio Optimisation, Asset Allocation and Risk Management by : M. Rasmussen

Download or read book Quantitative Portfolio Optimisation, Asset Allocation and Risk Management written by M. Rasmussen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2002-12-13 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Targeted towards institutional asset managers in general and chief investment officers, portfolio managers and risk managers in particular, this practical book serves as a comprehensive guide to quantitative portfolio optimization, asset allocation and risk management. Providing an accessible yet rigorous approach to investment management, it gradually introduces ever more advanced quantitative tools for these areas. Using extensive examples, this book guides the reader from basic return and risk analysis, all the way through to portfolio optimization and risk characterization, and finally on to fully fledged quantitative asset allocation and risk management. It employs such tools as enhanced modern portfolio theory using Monte Carlo simulation and advanced return distribution analysis, analysis of marginal contributions to absolute and active portfolio risk, Value-at-Risk and Extreme Value Theory. All this is performed within the same conceptual, theoretical and empirical framework, providing a self-contained, comprehensive reading experience with a strongly practical aim.

Quantitative Portfolio Optimisation, Asset Allocation and Risk Management

Author : M. Rasmussen
Publisher : Palgrave Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 9781349509447
Total Pages : 443 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Quantitative Portfolio Optimisation, Asset Allocation and Risk Management by : M. Rasmussen

Download or read book Quantitative Portfolio Optimisation, Asset Allocation and Risk Management written by M. Rasmussen and published by Palgrave Macmillan. This book was released on 2003-01-01 with total page 443 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Targeted towards institutional asset managers in general and chief investment officers, portfolio managers and risk managers in particular, this practical book serves as a comprehensive guide to quantitative portfolio optimization, asset allocation and risk management. Providing an accessible yet rigorous approach to investment management, it gradually introduces ever more advanced quantitative tools for these areas. Using extensive examples, this book guides the reader from basic return and risk analysis, all the way through to portfolio optimization and risk characterization, and finally on to fully fledged quantitative asset allocation and risk management. It employs such tools as enhanced modern portfolio theory using Monte Carlo simulation and advanced return distribution analysis, analysis of marginal contributions to absolute and active portfolio risk, Value-at-Risk and Extreme Value Theory. All this is performed within the same conceptual, theoretical and empirical framework, providing a self-contained, comprehensive reading experience with a strongly practical aim.

Quantitative Portfolio Optimisation, Asset Allocation and Risk Management

Author : Mikkel Rasmussen
Publisher : Palgrave Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 9781403904584
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis Quantitative Portfolio Optimisation, Asset Allocation and Risk Management by : Mikkel Rasmussen

Download or read book Quantitative Portfolio Optimisation, Asset Allocation and Risk Management written by Mikkel Rasmussen and published by Palgrave Macmillan. This book was released on 2003-03-19 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical book serves as a comprehensive guide to quantitative portfolio optimization, asset allocation, and risk management. Providing an accessible yet rigorous approach to investment management, it gradually introduces ever more advanced quantitative tools for these areas. Using extensive examples, this book guides the reader from basic return and risk analysis, all the way through to portfolio optimization and risk characterization, and finally on to fully fledged quantitative asset allocation and risk management. It employs such tools as enhanced modern portfolio theory using Monte Carlo simulation and advanced return distribution analysis, analysis of marginal contributions to absolute and active portfolio risk, Value-at-Risk and Extreme Value Theory.

The Oxford Handbook of Quantitative Asset Management

Author : Bernd Scherer
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199553432
Total Pages : 530 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (995 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Quantitative Asset Management by : Bernd Scherer

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Quantitative Asset Management written by Bernd Scherer and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the current state of the art in quantitative investment management across seven key areas. Chapters by academics and practitioners working in leading investment management organizations bring together major theoretical and practical aspects of the field.

Quantitative Fund Management

Author : M.A.H. Dempster
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9781420081923
Total Pages : 486 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (819 download)

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Book Synopsis Quantitative Fund Management by : M.A.H. Dempster

Download or read book Quantitative Fund Management written by M.A.H. Dempster and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2008-12-22 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The First Collection That Covers This Field at the Dynamic Strategic and One-Period Tactical Levels Addressing the imbalance between research and practice, Quantitative Fund Management presents leading-edge theory and methods, along with their application in practical problems encountered in the fund management industry. A Current Snapshot of State-of-the-Art Applications of Dynamic Stochastic Optimization Techniques to Long-Term Financial Planning The first part of the book initially looks at how the quantitative techniques of the equity industry are shifting from basic Markowitz mean-variance portfolio optimization to risk management and trading applications. This section also explores novel aspects of lifetime individual consumption investment problems, fixed-mix portfolio rebalancing allocation strategies, debt management for funding mortgages and national debt, and guaranteed return fund construction. Up-to-Date Overview of Tactical Financial Planning and Risk Management The second section covers nontrivial computational approaches to tactical fund management. This part focuses on portfolio construction and risk management at the individual security or fund manager level over the period up to the next portfolio rebalance. It discusses non-Gaussian returns, new risk-return tradeoffs, and the robustness of benchmarks and portfolio decisions. The Future Use of Quantitative Techniques in Fund Management With contributions from well-known academics and practitioners, this volume will undoubtedly foster the recognition and wider acceptance of stochastic optimization techniques in financial practice.

Quantitative Portfolio Management

Author : Pierre Brugière
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030377407
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Quantitative Portfolio Management by : Pierre Brugière

Download or read book Quantitative Portfolio Management written by Pierre Brugière and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-28 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This self-contained book presents the main techniques of quantitative portfolio management and associated statistical methods in a very didactic and structured way, in a minimum number of pages. The concepts of investment portfolios, self-financing portfolios and absence of arbitrage opportunities are extensively used and enable the translation of all the mathematical concepts in an easily interpretable way. All the results, tested with Python programs, are demonstrated rigorously, often using geometric approaches for optimization problems and intrinsic approaches for statistical methods, leading to unusually short and elegant proofs. The statistical methods concern both parametric and non-parametric estimators and, to estimate the factors of a model, principal component analysis is explained. The presented Python code and web scraping techniques also make it possible to test the presented concepts on market data. This book will be useful for teaching Masters students and for professionals in asset management, and will be of interest to academics who want to explore a field in which they are not specialists. The ideal pre-requisites consist of undergraduate probability and statistics and a familiarity with linear algebra and matrix manipulation. Those who want to run the code will have to install Python on their pc, or alternatively can use Google Colab on the cloud. Professionals will need to have a quantitative background, being either portfolio managers or risk managers, or potentially quants wanting to double check their understanding of the subject.

Risk and Asset Allocation

Author : Attilio Meucci
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642009646
Total Pages : 547 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Risk and Asset Allocation by : Attilio Meucci

Download or read book Risk and Asset Allocation written by Attilio Meucci and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-05-22 with total page 547 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses in the practical and theoretical aspects of one-period asset allocation, i.e. market Modeling, invariants estimation, portfolia evaluation, and portfolio optimization in the prexence of estimation risk The book is software based, many of the exercises simulate in Matlab the solution to practical problems and can be downloaded from the book's web-site

Modern Asset Allocation for Wealth Management

Author : David M. Berns
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119566940
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Asset Allocation for Wealth Management by : David M. Berns

Download or read book Modern Asset Allocation for Wealth Management written by David M. Berns and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-06-03 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An authoritative resource for the wealth management industry that bridges the gap between modern perspectives on asset allocation and practical implementation An advanced yet practical dive into the world of asset allocation, Modern Asset Allocation for Wealth Management provides the knowledge financial advisors and their robo-advisor counterparts need to reclaim ownership of the asset allocation component of their fiduciary responsibility. Wealth management practitioners are commonly taught the traditional mean-variance approach in CFA and similar curricula, a method with increasingly limited applicability given the evolution of investment products and our understanding of real-world client preferences. Additionally, financial advisors and researchers typically receive little to no training on how to implement a robust asset allocation framework, a conceptually simple yet practically very challenging task. This timely book offers professional wealth managers and researchers an up-to-date and implementable toolset for managing client portfolios. The information presented in this book far exceeds the basic models and heuristics most commonly used today, presenting advances in asset allocation that have been isolated to academic and institutional portfolio management settings until now, while simultaneously providing a clear framework that advisors can immediately deploy. This rigorous manuscript covers all aspects of creating client portfolios: setting client risk preferences, deciding which assets to include in the portfolio mix, forecasting future asset performance, and running an optimization to set a final allocation. An important resource for all wealth management fiduciaries, this book enables readers to: Implement a rigorous yet streamlined asset allocation framework that they can stand behind with conviction Deploy both neo-classical and behavioral elements of client preferences to more accurately establish a client risk profile Incorporate client financial goals into the asset allocation process systematically and precisely with a simple balance sheet model Create a systematic framework for justifying which assets should be included in client portfolios Build capital market assumptions from historical data via a statistically sound and intuitive process Run optimization methods that respect complex client preferences and real-world asset characteristics Modern Asset Allocation for Wealth Management is ideal for practicing financial advisors and researchers in both traditional and robo-advisor settings, as well as advanced undergraduate and graduate courses on asset allocation.

Efficient Asset Management

Author : Richard O. Michaud
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199715793
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

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Book Synopsis Efficient Asset Management by : Richard O. Michaud

Download or read book Efficient Asset Management written by Richard O. Michaud and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-03-03 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In spite of theoretical benefits, Markowitz mean-variance (MV) optimized portfolios often fail to meet practical investment goals of marketability, usability, and performance, prompting many investors to seek simpler alternatives. Financial experts Richard and Robert Michaud demonstrate that the limitations of MV optimization are not the result of conceptual flaws in Markowitz theory but unrealistic representation of investment information. What is missing is a realistic treatment of estimation error in the optimization and rebalancing process. The text provides a non-technical review of classical Markowitz optimization and traditional objections. The authors demonstrate that in practice the single most important limitation of MV optimization is oversensitivity to estimation error. Portfolio optimization requires a modern statistical perspective. Efficient Asset Management, Second Edition uses Monte Carlo resampling to address information uncertainty and define Resampled Efficiency (RE) technology. RE optimized portfolios represent a new definition of portfolio optimality that is more investment intuitive, robust, and provably investment effective. RE rebalancing provides the first rigorous portfolio trading, monitoring, and asset importance rules, avoiding widespread ad hoc methods in current practice. The Second Edition resolves several open issues and misunderstandings that have emerged since the original edition. The new edition includes new proofs of effectiveness, substantial revisions of statistical estimation, extensive discussion of long-short optimization, and new tools for dealing with estimation error in applications and enhancing computational efficiency. RE optimization is shown to be a Bayesian-based generalization and enhancement of Markowitz's solution. RE technology corrects many current practices that may adversely impact the investment value of trillions of dollars under current asset management. RE optimization technology may also be useful in other financial optimizations and more generally in multivariate estimation contexts of information uncertainty with Bayesian linear constraints. Michaud and Michaud's new book includes numerous additional proposals to enhance investment value including Stein and Bayesian methods for improved input estimation, the use of portfolio priors, and an economic perspective for asset-liability optimization. Applications include investment policy, asset allocation, and equity portfolio optimization. A simple global asset allocation problem illustrates portfolio optimization techniques. A final chapter includes practical advice for avoiding simple portfolio design errors. With its important implications for investment practice, Efficient Asset Management 's highly intuitive yet rigorous approach to defining optimal portfolios will appeal to investment management executives, consultants, brokers, and anyone seeking to stay abreast of current investment technology. Through practical examples and illustrations, Michaud and Michaud update the practice of optimization for modern investment management.

Quantitative Management of Bond Portfolios

Author : Lev Dynkin
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691210616
Total Pages : 1000 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

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Book Synopsis Quantitative Management of Bond Portfolios by : Lev Dynkin

Download or read book Quantitative Management of Bond Portfolios written by Lev Dynkin and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-05-26 with total page 1000 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The practice of institutional bond portfolio management has changed markedly since the late 1980s in response to new financial instruments, investment methodologies, and improved analytics. Investors are looking for a more disciplined, quantitative approach to asset management. Here, five top authorities from a leading Wall Street firm provide practical solutions and feasible methodologies based on investor inquiries. While taking a quantitative approach, they avoid complex mathematical derivations, making the book accessible to a wide audience, including portfolio managers, plan sponsors, research analysts, risk managers, academics, students, and anyone interested in bond portfolio management. The book covers a range of subjects of concern to fixed-income portfolio managers--investment style, benchmark replication and customization, managing credit and mortgage portfolios, managing central bank reserves, risk optimization, and performance attribution. The first part contains empirical studies of security selection versus asset allocation, index replication with derivatives and bonds, optimal portfolio diversification, and long-horizon performance of assets. The second part covers portfolio management tools for risk budgeting, bottom-up risk modeling, performance attribution, innovative measures of risk sensitivities, and hedging risk exposures. A first-of-its-kind publication from a team of practitioners at the front lines of financial thinking, this book presents a winning combination of mathematical models, intuitive examples, and clear language.

The New Science of Asset Allocation

Author : Thomas Schneeweis
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470608390
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (76 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Science of Asset Allocation by : Thomas Schneeweis

Download or read book The New Science of Asset Allocation written by Thomas Schneeweis and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-02-12 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A feasible asset allocation framework for the post 2008 financial world Asset allocation has long been a cornerstone of prudent investment management; however, traditional allocation plans failed investors miserably in 2008. Asset allocation still remains an essential part of the investment arena, and through a new approach, you'll discover how to make it work. In The New Science of Asset Allocation, authors Thomas Schneeweis, Garry Crowder, and Hossein Kazemi first explore the myths that plague this field then quickly move on to examine how the practice of asset allocation has failed in recent years. They then propose new allocation models that employ liquidity, transparency, and real risk controls across multiple asset classes. Outlines a new approach to asset allocation in a post-2008 world, where risk seems hidden The "great manager" problem is examined with solutions on how to capture manager alpha while limiting downside risk A complete case study is presented that allocates for beta and alpha Written by an experienced team of industry leaders and academic experts, The New Science of Asset Allocation explains how you can effectively apply this approach to a financial world that continues to change.

Portfolio Construction and Risk Budgeting

Author : Bernd Scherer
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Portfolio Construction and Risk Budgeting by : Bernd Scherer

Download or read book Portfolio Construction and Risk Budgeting written by Bernd Scherer and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It provides the key concepts and methods to implement quantitatively-driven portfolio construction. Areas include satellite investing, estimation error heuristics, scenario optimisation, mean variance investing, Bayesian methods, budgeting active risk, non-normality and multiple manager allocation. The emphasis is on practical applications and problem-solving written in a highly accessible style. The title contains quantitative analysis that is supported by extensive examples, tables and charts to help practitioners adopt the subject matter in their day-to-day work.

Robust Equity Portfolio Management

Author : Woo Chang Kim
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111879737X
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (187 download)

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Book Synopsis Robust Equity Portfolio Management by : Woo Chang Kim

Download or read book Robust Equity Portfolio Management written by Woo Chang Kim and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-11-25 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive portfolio optimization guide, with provided MATLAB code Robust Equity Portfolio Management + Website offers the most comprehensive coverage available in this burgeoning field. Beginning with the fundamentals before moving into advanced techniques, this book provides useful coverage for both beginners and advanced readers. MATLAB code is provided to allow readers of all levels to begin implementing robust models immediately, with detailed explanations and applications in the equity market included to help you grasp the real-world use of each technique. The discussion includes the most up-to-date thinking and cutting-edge methods, including a much-needed alternative to the traditional Markowitz mean-variance model. Unparalleled in depth and breadth, this book is an invaluable reference for all risk managers, portfolio managers, and analysts. Portfolio construction models originating from the standard Markowitz mean-variance model have a high input sensitivity that threatens optimization, spawning a flurry of research into new analytic techniques. This book covers the latest developments along with the basics, to give you a truly comprehensive understanding backed by a robust, practical skill set. Get up to speed on the latest developments in portfolio optimization Implement robust models using provided MATLAB code Learn advanced optimization methods with equity portfolio applications Understand the formulations, performances, and properties of robust portfolios The Markowitz mean-variance model remains the standard framework for portfolio optimization, but the interest in—and need for—an alternative is rapidly increasing. Resolving the sensitivity issue and dramatically reducing portfolio risk is a major focus of today's portfolio manager. Robust Equity Portfolio Management + Website provides a viable alternative framework, and the hard skills to implement any optimization method.

Bond Portfolio Investing and Risk Management

Author : Vineer Bhansali
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 0071713255
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (717 download)

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Book Synopsis Bond Portfolio Investing and Risk Management by : Vineer Bhansali

Download or read book Bond Portfolio Investing and Risk Management written by Vineer Bhansali and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2010-09-17 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn the fine art of risk measurement and control—from a senior member of PIMCO! Bond Portfolio Investing and Risk Management is designed for one purpose—to help you do the most important part of your job. A top player in the upper echelon of PIMCO, Vineer Bhansali understands the nuances and complexities of managing risk in fixed-income investing better than anyone. In this highly practical guide, he puts his years of experience and the latest research to work in order to help you contend with such issues as: Liquidity and stress risks Asset allocation Market anomalies Cross-market relationships Tail-risk measurement Cyclical returns Macroeconomic data Bond Portfolio Investing and Risk Management details the tools used to offset risk, including their advantages and drawbacks, and explains when to use each one. Bhansali provides practical investment techniques to give you a firm handle on the value and risk of a fixed-income instrument.

Quantitative Portfolio Management

Author : Michael Isichenko
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119821215
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (198 download)

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Book Synopsis Quantitative Portfolio Management by : Michael Isichenko

Download or read book Quantitative Portfolio Management written by Michael Isichenko and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-09-10 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover foundational and advanced techniques in quantitative equity trading from a veteran insider In Quantitative Portfolio Management: The Art and Science of Statistical Arbitrage, distinguished physicist-turned-quant Dr. Michael Isichenko delivers a systematic review of the quantitative trading of equities, or statistical arbitrage. The book teaches you how to source financial data, learn patterns of asset returns from historical data, generate and combine multiple forecasts, manage risk, build a stock portfolio optimized for risk and trading costs, and execute trades. In this important book, you’ll discover: Machine learning methods of forecasting stock returns in efficient financial markets How to combine multiple forecasts into a single model by using secondary machine learning, dimensionality reduction, and other methods Ways of avoiding the pitfalls of overfitting and the curse of dimensionality, including topics of active research such as “benign overfitting” in machine learning The theoretical and practical aspects of portfolio construction, including multi-factor risk models, multi-period trading costs, and optimal leverage Perfect for investment professionals, like quantitative traders and portfolio managers, Quantitative Portfolio Management will also earn a place in the libraries of data scientists and students in a variety of statistical and quantitative disciplines. It is an indispensable guide for anyone who hopes to improve their understanding of how to apply data science, machine learning, and optimization to the stock market.

Artificial Intelligence in Asset Management

Author : Söhnke M. Bartram
Publisher : CFA Institute Research Foundation
ISBN 13 : 195292703X
Total Pages : 95 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (529 download)

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Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence in Asset Management by : Söhnke M. Bartram

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence in Asset Management written by Söhnke M. Bartram and published by CFA Institute Research Foundation. This book was released on 2020-08-28 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artificial intelligence (AI) has grown in presence in asset management and has revolutionized the sector in many ways. It has improved portfolio management, trading, and risk management practices by increasing efficiency, accuracy, and compliance. In particular, AI techniques help construct portfolios based on more accurate risk and return forecasts and more complex constraints. Trading algorithms use AI to devise novel trading signals and execute trades with lower transaction costs. AI also improves risk modeling and forecasting by generating insights from new data sources. Finally, robo-advisors owe a large part of their success to AI techniques. Yet the use of AI can also create new risks and challenges, such as those resulting from model opacity, complexity, and reliance on data integrity.

Portfolio Management Using Black-Litterman

Author : Henning Padberg
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3638897834
Total Pages : 21 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (388 download)

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Book Synopsis Portfolio Management Using Black-Litterman by : Henning Padberg

Download or read book Portfolio Management Using Black-Litterman written by Henning Padberg and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2008-01-24 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, grade: 1,3, University of Münster (Finance Center Münster), course: Betriebliche Finanzierung (Finance Seminar), 43 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: The Black-Litterman optimization model is based on the idea of efficient markets and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The BL model enhances standard mean-variance optimization by implementing market views into the optimization process (probability theory). Investors obtain sophisticated and reasonable asset allocations. Portfolio management usually comprises asset allocation decisions with the goal of creating diversified portfolios. Managers can consult quantitative models to support their decision-making process. Fischer Black and Robert Litterman (1992) developed the Black-Litterman (BL) optimization model. It is based on the idea of efficient markets, the capital asset pricing model of Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965), as well as the established mean-variance optimization (MVO) developed by Markowitz (1952), and conditional probability theory dating back to Bayes (1763). Starting point of the BL model is the assumption that equilibrium markets and market cap. weights provide the investor with Implied Returns. The BL model uses a mixed estimation technique to incorporate investors’ Views into return forecasts. It is possible to implement relative and absolute opinions regarding expected returns of assets with different levels of confidence. These Views enable an adjustment of equilibrium Implied Returns, which forms a new expectation of BL Revised Implied Returns. As a result of optimization with BL input data, the investor gets new optimal portfolio weights. The motivation of Black and Litterman (1992) to develop a new portfolio optimization tool was a lack of acceptance of the Markowitz algorithm within professional asset managers. There aim was to shape a model which can overcome the weaknesses of MVO and which combines a quantitative and qualitative approach. Consequently, the BL model tackles the weakest point of MVO, its sensitivity to the return forecasts and allows taking active Views. This paper is structured in the following sections: First, it shows the basic principles on which the BL model is founded. Then, it illustrates the model by means of its assumptions, the general approach, and the math involved. Finally, it evaluates the model in a critical review, provides an overview of applicable extensions, and addresses the issues of practicability and behavioral finance.