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Quantifying Emissions Of Carbon Dioxide And Methane In Central And Eastern Africa Through High Frequency Measurements And Inverse Modeling
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Book Synopsis Quantifying Emissions of Carbon Dioxide and Methane in Central and Eastern Africa Through High Frequency Measurements and Inverse Modeling by : Jimmy Gasore
Download or read book Quantifying Emissions of Carbon Dioxide and Methane in Central and Eastern Africa Through High Frequency Measurements and Inverse Modeling written by Jimmy Gasore and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH 4) are the main greenhouse gases, contributing about 81% of the total human induced radiative forcing. Sufficient observations exist to quantify the global budget of carbon dioxide and methane which is necessary for calculating the resulting radiative forcing. Still, more observations are needed to constrain their time evolution and regional budgets which are needed for climate change mitigation policies. Atmospheric observations are particularly scarce on the African continent, despite Africa's significant CO2 emissions from agriculture, biomass burning and land use changes, as well as methane emissions from wetlands. there are very few low frequency flask measurements due to limited logistics and there is no land based station at all in equatorial Africa. Satellite observations can only provide an incomplete record due to frequent clouds and aerosol in the equatorial belt. We have set up a high-frequency in-situ greenhouse gases monitoring station in North West Rwanda at Mount Mugogo. The station is intended to be a long-term station, hence, filling the gap of current lack of measurements in Equatorial Africa. The station is part of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) and follow its calibration protocols and operational standards, therefore, providing data of internationally recognaized quality standards. We have found that massive regional scale biomass burning largely drives the bi-model seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and black carbon with the burning following the shift of the inter-tropical convergence zone. The seasonal cycle of methane is largely driven by the inter-hemispheric gradient, where methane-rich northern hemisphere air masses are advected to the station during the northern winter. We have used the Reversible Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods to estimated optimized methane and carbon dioxide emissions in the Central and East African region. We have found that the region emitted about 25 Tg of CH4 and 139 Tg of C02 in 2016.
Book Synopsis Quantifying Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from South Asia Through a Targeted Measurement Campaign by : Anita Lakshmi Ganesan
Download or read book Quantifying Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from South Asia Through a Targeted Measurement Campaign written by Anita Lakshmi Ganesan and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N20) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) are powerful greenhouse gases with global budgets that are well-known but regional distributions that are not adequately constrained for the purposes of mitigation and policy initiatives. Quantifying emissions using inverse approaches at the national scale requires measurements that specifically target the region of interest. Primarily due to the lack of atmospheric measurements from the region, emissions estimates of these greenhouse gases from India have largely been missing. New in situ measurements of atmospheric mole fractions from a Himalayan station in Darjeeling, India (27.03'N, 88.26'E, 2200 meters above sea level) have been collected from December 2011 for CH4 and March 2012 for N20 and SF6 to February 2013 using high-precision instrumentation that is linked to the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE). These measurements comprise the first high-frequency dataset of these gases collected in India and are used for measurement-based assessment of emissions. Several features are identified. In SF6 , the signal associated with Northern Hemispheric background is typically present. CH4 and N20 mole fractions are almost always enhanced over the background, suggesting strong regional sources. Additionally, a diurnal signal resulting from thermally driven winds is seasonally present. A particle dispersion model is used to track 'air histories' of measurements, quantifying the sensitivity of concentrations at Darjeeling to surface emissions. The effect of topography on the derived air histories is investigated to test the robustness of the model in simulating transport in this complex environment. The newly acquired data set is used to investigate the ability of the model to reproduce signals that stem from the mesoscale diurnal winds. The sensitivities of meteorological resolution and particle release height are investigated to better quantify some of the uncertainties associated with this chemical transport model. A Quasi-Newton inverse method is used to estimate emissions at monthly resolution. CH4 , N20 and SF6 emissions from India are found to be 44.3% Tg yr- 1, 825 1045/707 GgN yr- 1 and 221 241/205 kton yr-', respectively. Significant uncertainty reduction is seen on emissions from India during the summer when the monsoon results in high sensitivity over the subcontinent.
Book Synopsis Quantification and Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Production Systems by : Mizeck Chagunda
Download or read book Quantification and Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Production Systems written by Mizeck Chagunda and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-06-17 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ruminants contribute significantly to human food security. However, the production of ruminants contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are responsible for climate change. GHGs such as methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide are produced from different processes of ruminant production. Ruminant enteric methane is a substantial component of methane produced by agriculture. This book presents novel and established methods in quantifying and reducing enteric methane emission from ruminants in different production systems. The book covers different types of ruminants including cattle, sheep, and goats. The chapters are contributed by scientists and authors from different parts of the world, demonstrating the importance of this problem and the universal drive for immediate and sustainable solutions. Although, biologically speaking, the production of enteric methane cannot be reduced to zero, high emissions are an indicator of inefficient digestion of feed in the rumen and low utilisation of feed energy. By presenting research that could lead to robust and yet practical quantification methods and mitigation strategies, this book not only contributes to the discourse and new knowledge on the magnitude of the problem but also brings forward potential solutions in different livestock production systems.
Book Synopsis Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Atmospheric Measurements by : Ray F. Weiss
Download or read book Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Atmospheric Measurements written by Ray F. Weiss and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emissions reduction legislation relies upon 'bottom-up' accounting of industrial and biogenic greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions at their sources. Yet, even for relatively well constrained industrial GHGs, global emissions based on 'top-down' methods that use atmospheric measurements often agree poorly with the reported bottom-up emissions. For emissions reduction legislation to be effective, it is essential that these discrepancies be resolved. Because emissions are regulated nationally or regionally, not globally, top-down estimates must also be determined at these scales. High-frequency atmospheric GHG measurements at well-chosen station locations record 'pollution events' above the background values that result from regional emissions. By combining such measurements with inverse methods and atmospheric transport and chemistry models, it is possible to map and quantify regional emissions. Even with the sparse current network of measurement stations and current inverse-modelling techniques, it is possible to rival the accuracies of regional 'bottom-up' emission estimates for some GHGs. But meeting the verification goals of emissions reduction legislation will require major increases in the density and types of atmospheric observations, as well as expanded inverse-modelling capabilities. The cost of this effort would be minor when compared with current investments in carbon-equivalent trading, and would reduce the volatility of that market and increase investment in emissions reduction.
Book Synopsis Methane and Climate Change by : Dave Reay
Download or read book Methane and Climate Change written by Dave Reay and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-08-12 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas and is estimated to be responsible for approximately one-fifth of man-made global warming. Per kilogram, it is 25 times more powerful than carbon dioxide over a 100-year time horizon -- and global warming is likely to enhance methane release from a number of sources. Current natural and man-made sources include many where methane-producing micro-organisms can thrive in anaerobic conditions, particularly ruminant livestock, rice cultivation, landfill, wastewater, wetlands and marine sediments. This timely and authoritative book provides the only comprehensive and balanced overview of our current knowledge of sources of methane and how these might be controlled to limit future climate change. It describes how methane is derived from the anaerobic metabolism of micro-organisms, whether in wetlands or rice fields, manure, landfill or wastewater, or the digestive systems of cattle and other ruminant animals. It highlights how sources of methane might themselves be affected by climate change. It is shown how numerous point sources of methane have the potential to be more easily addressed than sources of carbon dioxide and therefore contribute significantly to climate change mitigation in the 21st century.
Download or read book Lamto written by Luc Abbadie and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-11-22 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthesizing 40 years of ongoing ecological research, this book examines the structure, function, and dynamics of the Lamto humid savanna. From the history of the Lamto ecology station, to an overview of enivronmental conditions of the site, and examining the integrative view of energy and nutrient fluxes relative to the dynamics of the region's vegetation, this exacting work is as unique and treasured as Lamto itself.
Book Synopsis Estimating Methane Emissions in Canada Using Atmospheric Observations from Earth to Space by : Sabour Ahmad Baray
Download or read book Estimating Methane Emissions in Canada Using Atmospheric Observations from Earth to Space written by Sabour Ahmad Baray and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methane is a significant greenhouse gas with 25-32 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide. Global sources and sinks of methane are understood to be 550 ± 60 Tg a-1. The possible causes of changing decadal trends in atmospheric methane concentrations since the 1990's is not well understood, since this requires a precision in global emissions quantification better than 20 Tg a-1. Atmospheric observations at the local, regional, or national scale can provide "top-down" constraints on emissions to verify "bottom-up" emissions that may not be well characterized. Cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) instruments deliver highly precise in-situ measurements of methane, with 1 Hz precision better than 2 ppb. A comprehensive aircraft campaign in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region of Alberta (AOSR) in summer 2013, led by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), deployed a CRDS alongside a suite of instrumentation to measure atmospheric pollutants and meteorological parameters. These observations allowed for the comprehensive identification and quantification of methane emissions from unconventional oil extraction. Emissions estimates were 48% higher than those reported in the national greenhouse gas inventory. A series of lower cost follow up campaigns in 2014 and 2017 using a CRDS instrument mobilized with a vehicle allowed for cold season monitoring of emissions and select quantification where atmospheric parameters were favorable, showing continued discrepancies with inventory reporting. To estimate emissions across Canada at the national scale, methane measurements from ECCC long-term monitoring stations over 2010-2015 were utilized in conjunction with satellite remote sensing observations from the Greenhouse Gas Observing Satellite (GOSAT) operated by the Japanese Aerospace Agency (JAXA). These atmospheric observations were assimilated in the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to constrain emissions using a Bayesian inverse modelling methodology. Results showed 42% higher emissions from anthropogenic sources and 21% lower emissions from natural sources, which are mostly wetlands, when compared to the prior estimate. Through the combinations of all studies presented herein, approximately 2-4 Tg a-1 of methane emissions in Canada were reallocated for the year of 2013, where 1-3 Tg a-1 was added to anthropogenic sources and 2-4 Tg a-1 was deducted from natural sources, which is substantial relative to the anthropogenic inventory in Canada which is 4-5 Tg a-1. This reallocation is 0.4-0.8% of the entire global budget of 550 Tg a-1, where only a ~3% change in the source-sink balance can cause the observed trends in atmospheric methane. These results show that atmospheric observations from surface, aircraft and satellites are critical for constraining the methane budget in Canada, and improvements are necessary to these types of atmospheric observations over the world to constrain the methane cycle within the precision needed to understand decadal trends.
Book Synopsis Quantification and Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Production Systems by : Mizeck Chagunda
Download or read book Quantification and Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Production Systems written by Mizeck Chagunda and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ruminants contribute significantly to human food security. However, the production of ruminants contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are responsible for climate change. GHGs such as methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide are produced from different processes of ruminant production. Ruminant enteric methane is a substantial component of methane produced by agriculture. This book presents novel and established methods in quantifying and reducing enteric methane emission from ruminants in different production systems. The book covers different types of ruminants including cattle, sheep, and goats. The chapters are contributed by scientists and authors from different parts of the world, demonstrating the importance of this problem and the universal drive for immediate and sustainable solutions. Although, biologically speaking, the production of enteric methane cannot be reduced to zero, high emissions are an indicator of inefficient digestion of feed in the rumen and low utilisation of feed energy. By presenting research that could lead to robust and yet practical quantification methods and mitigation strategies, this book not only contributes to the discourse and new knowledge on the magnitude of the problem but also brings forward potential solutions in different livestock production systems.
Book Synopsis Measuring and Modeling of Methane Emissions from Ponds in High Latitudes by : Zoé Rehder
Download or read book Measuring and Modeling of Methane Emissions from Ponds in High Latitudes written by Zoé Rehder and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Quantifying Climate Feedbacks from Abrupt Changes in High-Latitude Trace-Gas Emissions by :
Download or read book Quantifying Climate Feedbacks from Abrupt Changes in High-Latitude Trace-Gas Emissions written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our overall goal was to quantify the potential for threshold changes in natural emission rates of trace gases, particularly methane and carbon dioxide, from pan-arctic terrestrial systems under the spectrum of anthropogenically forced climate warming, and the extent to which these emissions provide a strong feedback mechanism to global climate warming. This goal is motivated under the premise that polar amplification of global climate warming will induce widespread thaw and degradation of the permafrost, and would thus cause substantial changes in the extent of wetlands and lakes, especially thermokarst (thaw) lakes, over the Arctic. Through a coordinated effort of field measurements, model development, and numerical experimentation with an integrated assessment model framework, we have investigated the following hypothesis: There exists a climate-warming threshold beyond which permafrost degradation becomes widespread and thus instigates strong and/or sharp increases in methane emissions (via thermokarst lakes and wetland expansion). These would outweigh any increased uptake of carbon (e.g. from peatlands) and would result in a strong, positive feedback to global climate warming.
Book Synopsis Climate Change Policy and the Adoption of Methane Digesters on Livestock Operations by :
Download or read book Climate Change Policy and the Adoption of Methane Digesters on Livestock Operations written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Verifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions by : National Research Council
Download or read book Verifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-07-28 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world's nations are moving toward agreements that will bind us together in an effort to limit future greenhouse gas emissions. With such agreements will come the need for all nations to make accurate estimates of greenhouse gas emissions and to monitor changes over time. In this context, the present book focuses on the greenhouse gases that result from human activities, have long lifetimes in the atmosphere and thus will change global climate for decades to millennia or more, and are currently included in international agreements. The book devotes considerably more space to CO2 than to the other gases because CO2 is the largest single contributor to global climate change and is thus the focus of many mitigation efforts. Only data in the public domain were considered because public access and transparency are necessary to build trust in a climate treaty. The book concludes that each country could estimate fossil-fuel CO2 emissions accurately enough to support monitoring of a climate treaty. However, current methods are not sufficiently accurate to check these self-reported estimates against independent data or to estimate other greenhouse gas emissions. Strategic investments would, within 5 years, improve reporting of emissions by countries and yield a useful capability for independent verification of greenhouse gas emissions reported by countries.
Book Synopsis Emissions Inventory of India by : Amit Garg
Download or read book Emissions Inventory of India written by Amit Garg and published by TATA McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. This book was released on 2002 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Inverse Modeling of Atmospheric CH4 and Delta C Thirteen-CH4 Measurements From Surface Observation Sites to Understand Trends in Global Methane Emissions Over More Than Three Decades by :
Download or read book Inverse Modeling of Atmospheric CH4 and Delta C Thirteen-CH4 Measurements From Surface Observation Sites to Understand Trends in Global Methane Emissions Over More Than Three Decades written by and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methane (CH4) is the second most important greenhouse gas. Unlike CO2 whose rate of growth in the atmosphere has remained positive and increased in recent decades, the behavior of atmospheric methane is considerably more complex and is much less understood on account of the spatiotemporal variability of its emissions which include biogenic (e.g., wetlands, ruminants, rice agriculture), thermogenic (fossil fuels), and pyrogenic (i.e., biomass burning) sources. After sustained growth during most of the 20th century, the CH4 growth rate declined during the 1980s to the early 2000s. With some surprise, however, the growth rate rebounded in 2007 to 2020. During this same period, the 13CH4/12CH4 ratio of atmospheric CH4 also declined to suggest the post-2006 CH4 growth was caused by an increase in 13CH4-depleted biogenic emissions. This work provides additional insight into the recent behavior of atmospheric methane by performing a global three-dimensional Bayesian inversion of atmospheric CH4 and 13CH4/12CH4 ratios over the period 1983-2015 using NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (GML) CH4 measurements obtained from surface observation sites located worldwide and the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (CTM).
Book Synopsis Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions from an Oil Sands Tailings Pond Using Micrometeorological Flux Measurement Techniques by : Casandra A. Brown
Download or read book Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions from an Oil Sands Tailings Pond Using Micrometeorological Flux Measurement Techniques written by Casandra A. Brown and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The focus of this thesis is the use of micrometeorological techniques to quantify the flux of trace gases from surface area sources to the atmosphere. In particular, it is an investigation into the feasibility of using such techniques, specifically the eddy covariance and inverse dispersion methods, as alternatives to the traditional flux chamber approach to measuring methane emissions from oil sands tailings ponds. Exploring such alternatives is of interest because these techniques effectively sample a larger surface area at higher temporal resolution than the flux chamber approach permits. This thesis shows the capability of the eddy covariance method in making flux measurements from tailings ponds, provided the flow is undisturbed and the flux footprint is over the source area of interest. Furthermore, it demonstrates the loss of accuracy incurred when the inverse dispersion method is applied in cases where site conditions deviate from the ideal assumed by the model.
Book Synopsis Methods for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Balances and Evaluating Mitigation Options in Smallholder Agriculture by : Todd S. Rosenstock
Download or read book Methods for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Balances and Evaluating Mitigation Options in Smallholder Agriculture written by Todd S. Rosenstock and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-23 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides standards and guidelines for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions and removals in smallholder agricultural systems and comparing options for climate change mitigation based on emission reductions and livelihood trade-offs. Globally, agriculture is directly responsible for about 11% of annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and induces an additional 17% through land use change, mostly in developing countries. Farms in the developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia are predominately managed by smallholders, with 80% of land holdings smaller than ten hectares. However, little to no information exists on greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potentials in smallholder agriculture. Greenhouse gas measurements in agriculture are expensive, time consuming, and error prone, challenges only exacerbated by the heterogeneity of smallholder systems and landscapes. Concerns over methodological rigor, measurement costs, and the diversity of approaches, coupled with the demand for robust information suggest it is germane for the scientific community to establish standards of measurements for quantifying GHG emissions from smallholder agriculture. Standard guidelines for use by scientists, development organizations will help generate reliable data on emissions baselines and allow rigorous comparisons of mitigation options. The guidelines described in this book, developed by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security (CCAFS) and partners, are intended to inform anyone conducting field measurements of agricultural greenhouse gas sources and sinks, especially to develop IPCC Tier 2 emission factors or to compare mitigation options in smallholder systems.
Book Synopsis An Analysis of High Frequency Methane Measurements in Central New England by : Mark C. Shipham
Download or read book An Analysis of High Frequency Methane Measurements in Central New England written by Mark C. Shipham and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
