Protein-Metal Interactions

Download Protein-Metal Interactions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1468409433
Total Pages : 686 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (684 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Protein-Metal Interactions by : Mendel Friedman

Download or read book Protein-Metal Interactions written by Mendel Friedman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metal ions and proteins are ubiquitous. Therefore, not surprisingly, new protein-metal interactions continue to be dis covered, and their importance is increasingly recognized in both physical and life sciences. Because the subject matter is so broad and affects so many disciplines, in organizing this Symposium, I sought participation of speakers with the broadest possible range of interests. Twenty-two accepted my invitation. To supplement the verbal presentations, the Proceedings include five closely re lated invited contributions. The ideas expressed are those of the various authors and are not necessarily approved or rejected by any agency of the United States Government. No official recommendation concerning the sub ject matter or products discussed is implied in this book. This book encompasses many aspects of this multifaceted field. Topics covered represent biochemical, immunochemical, bioorganic, biophysical, metabolic, nutritional, medical, physiological, toxi cological, environmental, textile, and analytical interests. The discoveries and developments in any of these areas inevitably illumine others. I feel that a main objective of this Symposium, bringing together scientists with widely varied experiences yet with common interests in protein-metal interactions, so that new understanding and new ideas would result has been realized. I hope that the reader enjoys and benefits from reading about the fascinat ing interactions of metal ions and proteins as much as I did.

Protein-metal Interactions

Download Protein-metal Interactions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 692 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (476 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Protein-metal Interactions by : Mendel Friedman

Download or read book Protein-metal Interactions written by Mendel Friedman and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health

Download Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 311043301X
Total Pages : 633 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health by : Astrid Sigel

Download or read book Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health written by Astrid Sigel and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2017-04-10 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 17, entitled Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health of the series Metal Ions in Life Sciences centers on the interrelations between biosystems and lead. The book provides an up-to-date review of the bioinorganic chemistry of this metal and its ions; it covers the biogeochemistry of lead, its use (not only as gasoline additive) and anthropogenic release into the environment, its cycling and speciation in the atmosphere, in waters, soils, and sediments, and also in mammalian organs. The analytical tools to determine and to quantify this toxic element in blood, saliva, urine, hair, etc. are described. The properties of lead(II) complexes formed with amino acids, peptides, proteins (including metallothioneins), nucleobases, nucleotides, nucleic acids, and other ligands of biological relevance are summarized for the solid state and for aqueous solutions as well. All this is important for obtaining a coherent picture on the properties of lead, its effects on plants and toxic actions on mammalian organs. This and more is treated in an authoritative and timely manner in the 16 stimulating chapters of Volume 17, which are written by 36 internationally recognized experts from 13 nations. The impact of this recently again vibrant research area is manifested in nearly 2000 references, over 50 tables and more than 100 illustrations (half in color). Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health is an essential resource for scientists working in the wide range from material sciences, inorganic biochemistry all the way through to medicine including the clinic ... not forgetting that it also provides excellent information for teaching.

Self-Assembled Molecules – New Kind of Protein Ligands

Download Self-Assembled Molecules – New Kind of Protein Ligands PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783319880716
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (87 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Self-Assembled Molecules – New Kind of Protein Ligands by : Irena Roterman

Download or read book Self-Assembled Molecules – New Kind of Protein Ligands written by Irena Roterman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-09-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The subject of this book relates to protein ligands with particular structural and complexation properties. They are composed of self-assembled molecules, capable of penetrating as a unit into proteins outside the binding site. The ribbon-like supramolecular system only permits the penetration of self-assembled molecules into the protein-body and formation of stable complexes. Supramolecular Congo red and similar compounds fit these requirements. Destabilized protein fragments enable the penetration of such ligands, with susceptibility to supramolecular ligand binding often associated with protein function. As a result, complexation modifies their functional effects. The activity of enzymes is inhibited by arresting them in the complexed state, but “naturally irreversible” complexation as in the case of immune complexation, is enhanced instead. This property offers many attractive possibilities of using supramolecular ligands as described in this book. This book is an open access under a CC BY license.

Metal Transporters

Download Metal Transporters PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0123943906
Total Pages : 478 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Metal Transporters by : Jose M. Arguello

Download or read book Metal Transporters written by Jose M. Arguello and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-10-25 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume of Current Topics in Membranes focuses on metal transmembrane transporters and pumps, a recently discovered family of membrane proteins with many important roles in the physiology of living organisms. The book summarizes the most recent advances in the field of metal ion transport and provides a broad overview of the major classes of transporters involved in homeostasis of heavy metals. Various families of the transporters and metal specificities are discussed with the focus on the structural and mechanistic aspects of their function and regulation. The reader will access information obtained through a variety of approaches ranging from X-ray crystallography to cell biology and bioinformatics, which have been applied to transporters identified in diverse biological systems, such as pathogenic bacteria, plants, humans and others. Field is cutting-edge and a lot of the information is new to research community Wide breadth of topic coverage Contributors of high renown and expertise

Metalloproteomics

Download Metalloproteomics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780470447741
Total Pages : 650 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (477 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Metalloproteomics by : Eugene Permyakov

Download or read book Metalloproteomics written by Eugene Permyakov and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-08-13 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthesizes the current knowledge in the field and provides new insights into medical applications Metalloproteomics is the large-scale study of metal-binding proteins. These proteins, which represent about one quarter of all the proteins in the Protein Data Bank, play important roles in all biological systems and all biological processes. Metalloproteomics provides the latest information on all major families of metal-binding proteins, including their structural, physico-chemical, and functional properties, enabling readers to better understand these proteins. Moreover, the book demonstrates how understanding the structures, properties, and functions of intracellular and extracellular metal-binding proteins may unlock the key to drug development for the treatment of a myriad of diseases. Written by Eugene Permyakov, an international expert and pioneer in the structural analysis of metal-binding proteins, the book offers Theoretical introduction to cation binding Broad range of methods for investigating the binding of different cations to proteins Characteristics of interactions of physiologically important cations of Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, Mo, W, Na, and K with proteins Detailed considerations of structural and physico-chemical properties of the metal-binding proteins Interactions of all other metal cations with proteins Interactions of different types of cations with nucleic acids Throughout the text, the author integrates principles of proteomics. In addition, detailed examples underscore the role metal-binding proteins play in health and medicine. Bringing together and analyzing all the latest findings, Metalloproteomics' scope and level of insight are unparalleled. It is recommended for biophysicists, biochemists, enzymologists, cell and molecular biologists, protein and peptide scientists, organic and bioinorganic chemists, and chemical biologists.

Nucleic Acid-metal Ion Interactions

Download Nucleic Acid-metal Ion Interactions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 0854041958
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (54 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nucleic Acid-metal Ion Interactions by : Nicholas V. Hud

Download or read book Nucleic Acid-metal Ion Interactions written by Nicholas V. Hud and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2009 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a perspective on nucleic acid-metal ion interactions with an emphasis on experimental biophysical studies which will prove indispensable to biophysicists and molecular biologists.

Protein Self-Assembly

Download Protein Self-Assembly PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Humana
ISBN 13 : 9781493996803
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (968 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Protein Self-Assembly by : Jennifer J. McManus

Download or read book Protein Self-Assembly written by Jennifer J. McManus and published by Humana. This book was released on 2020-08-08 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume explores experimental and computational approaches to measuring the most widely studied protein assemblies, including condensed liquid phases, aggregates, and crystals. The chapters in this book are organized into three parts: Part One looks at the techniques used to measure protein-protein interactions and equilibrium protein phases in dilute and concentrated protein solutions; Part Two describes methods to measure kinetics of aggregation and to characterize the assembled state; and Part Three details several different computational approaches that are currently used to help researchers understand protein self-assembly. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Thorough and cutting-edge, Protein Self-Assembly: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for researchers who are interested in learning more about this developing field.

Protein Folding and Metal Ions

Download Protein Folding and Metal Ions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439809658
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Protein Folding and Metal Ions by : Cláudio M. Gomes

Download or read book Protein Folding and Metal Ions written by Cláudio M. Gomes and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of metal ions in protein folding and structure is a critical topic to a range of scientists in numerous fields, particularly those working in structural biology and bioinorganic chemistry, those studying protein folding and disease, and those involved in the molecular and cellular aspects of metals in biological systems. Protein Folding and Metal Ions: Mechanisms, Biology and Disease presents the contributions of a cadre of international experts who offer a comprehensive exploration of this timely subject at the forefront of current research. Divided into four sections, this volume: Provides case study examples of protein folding and stability studies in particular systems or proteins that comprise different metal ions of co-factors Reviews the proteins that shuttle metal ions in the cell to a particular target metalloprotein Illustrates how metal binding can be connected to pathological protein conformations in unrelated diseases, from cancer to protein deposition disorders such as Parkinson’s disease Addresses protein redesign of metal-containing proteins by computational methods, folding simulation studies, and work on model peptides — dissecting the relative energetic contribution of metals sites to protein folding and stability Together, the 13 chapters in this text cogently describe the state of the science today, illuminate current challenges, propose future possibilities, and encourage further study in this area that offers much promise especially with regard to novel approaches to the treatment of some of the most challenging and tragic diseases.

Metal Ions in Biological Systems

Download Metal Ions in Biological Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1482270153
Total Pages : 744 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Metal Ions in Biological Systems by : Astrid Sigel

Download or read book Metal Ions in Biological Systems written by Astrid Sigel and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-01-30 with total page 744 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Focuses on the vibrant area of probing enzymes or proteins by metal ions and small complexes. Offers a summary of the basic characteristics of the amide bond, emphasizing its proton and metal ion interactions, including a quantitative analysis of its hydrolysis and formation."

Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins

Download Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9781461415329
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (153 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins by : Robert H. Kretsinger

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins written by Robert H. Kretsinger and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-05-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In biochemistry, a metalloprotein is a generic term for a protein that contains a metal cofactor. The metal may be an isolated ion or may be coordinated with a nonprotein organic compound, such as the porphyrin found in hemoproteins. In some cases, the metal is co-coordinated with a side chain of the protein and an inorganic nonmetallic ion. This kind of protein-metal-nonmetal structure is seen in iron-sulfur clusters Metalloproteins deals with all aspects related to the intracellular and extracellular metal-binding proteins, including their structures, properties and functions. The biological roles of metal cations and metal-binding proteins are endless. They are involved in all crucial cellular activities. Many pathological conditions are related to the problematic metal metabolism. Research in metalloprotein-related topics is therefore rapidly growing, and different aspects of metal-binding proteins progressively enter curricula at Universities and even at the High School level on occasion. However, no key resource providing basic, but comprehensible knowledge on this rapidly expanding field exists. The Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins aims to bridge this gap, and will attempt to cover various aspects of metalloprotein/metalloproteomics and will deal with the different issues related to the intracellular and extracellular metal-binding proteins, including their structures, properties and functions. The goal is to cover exhaustively all catalytically and biologically crucial metal ions and to find at least one interacting protein for other metal ions. The Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins will provide a key resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, instructors, and professors interested in protein science, biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics.

Trace Metals and Infectious Diseases

Download Trace Metals and Infectious Diseases PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262552485
Total Pages : 501 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Trace Metals and Infectious Diseases by : Jerome O. Nriagu

Download or read book Trace Metals and Infectious Diseases written by Jerome O. Nriagu and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2024-06-11 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experts explore the influence of trace metals on the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Many parts of the world in which common infectious diseases are endemic also have the highest prevalence of trace metal deficiencies or rising rates of trace metal pollution. Infectious diseases can increase human susceptibility to adverse effects of metal exposure (at suboptimal or toxic levels), and metal excess or deficiency can increase the incidence or severity of infectious diseases. The co-clustering of major infectious diseases with trace metal deficiency or toxicity has created a complex web of interactions with serious but poorly understood health repercussions, yet has been largely overlooked in animal and human studies. This book focuses on the distribution, trafficking, fate, and effects of trace metals in biological systems. Its goal is to enhance our understanding of the relationships between homeostatic mechanisms of trace metals and the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Drawing on expertise from a range of fields, the book offers a comprehensive review of current knowledge on vertebrate metal-withholding mechanisms and the strategies employed by different microbes to avoid starvation (or poisoning). Chapters summarize current, state-of-the-art techniques for investigating pathogen-metal interactions and highlight open question to guide future research. The book makes clear that improving knowledge in this area will be instrumental to the development of novel therapeutic measures against infectious diseases. Contributors M. Leigh Ackland, Vahid Fa Andisi, Angele L. Arrieta, Michael A. Bachman, J. Sabine Becker, Robert E. Black, Julia Bornhorst, Sascha Brunke, Joseph A. Caruso, Jennifer S. Cavet, Anson C. K. Chan, Christopher H. Contag, Heran Darwin, George V. Dedoussis, Rodney R. Dietert, Victor J. DiRita, Carol A. Fierke, Tamara Garcia-Barrera, David P. Giedroc, Peter-Leon Hagedoorn, James A. Imlay, Marek J. Kobylarz, Joseph Lemire, Wenwen Liu, Slade A. Loutet, Wolfgang Maret, Andreas Matusch, Trevor F. Moraes, Michael E. P. Murphy, Maribel Navarro, Jerome O. Nriagu, Ana-Maria Oros-Peusquens, Elisabeth G. Pacyna, Jozef M. Pacyna, Robert D. Perry, John M. Pettifor, Stephanie Pfaffen, Dieter Rehder, Lothar Rink, Anthony B. Schryvers, Ellen K. Silbergeld, Eric P. Skaar, Miguel C. P. Soares, Kyrre Sundseth, Dennis J. Thiele, Richard B. Thompson, Meghan M. Verstraete, Gonzalo Visbal, Fudi Wang, Mian Wang, Thomas J. Webster, Jeffrey N. Weiser, Günter Weiss, Inga Wessels, Bin Ye, Judith T. Zelikoff, Lihong Zhang

The Biological Chemistry of the Elements

Download The Biological Chemistry of the Elements PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780198508489
Total Pages : 608 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Biological Chemistry of the Elements by : J. J. R. Frausto da Silva

Download or read book The Biological Chemistry of the Elements written by J. J. R. Frausto da Silva and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2001-08-16 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text describes the functional role of the twenty inorganic elements essential to life in living organisms.

Biological Inorganic Chemistry

Download Biological Inorganic Chemistry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University Science Books
ISBN 13 : 9781891389436
Total Pages : 794 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (894 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biological Inorganic Chemistry by : Ivano Bertini

Download or read book Biological Inorganic Chemistry written by Ivano Bertini and published by University Science Books. This book was released on 2007 with total page 794 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part A.: Overviews of biological inorganic chemistry : 1. Bioinorganic chemistry and the biogeochemical cycles -- 2. Metal ions and proteins: binding, stability, and folding -- 3. Special cofactors and metal clusters -- 4. Transport and storage of metal ions in biology -- 5. Biominerals and biomineralization -- 6. Metals in medicine. -- Part B.: Metal ion containing biological systems : 1. Metal ion transport and storage -- 2. Hydrolytic chemistry -- 3. Electron transfer, respiration, and photosynthesis -- 4. Oxygen metabolism -- 5. Hydrogen, carbon, and sulfur metabolism -- 6. Metalloenzymes with radical intermediates -- 7. Metal ion receptors and signaling. -- Cell biology, biochemistry, and evolution: Tutorial I. -- Fundamentals of coordination chemistry: Tutorial II.

Metal-based Anticancer Agents

Download Metal-based Anticancer Agents PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1788017676
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Metal-based Anticancer Agents by : Angela Casini

Download or read book Metal-based Anticancer Agents written by Angela Casini and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2019-04-05 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metal-based anticancer drugs are among the most successful therapeutic agents, as evidenced by the frequent prescription of selected platinum and arsenic compounds to patients. Metal-based Anticancer Agents covers the interdisciplinary world of inorganic drug discovery and development by introducing the most prominent compound classes based on different transition metals, discussing emerging concepts and enabling methods, as well as presenting key pre-clinical and clinical aspects. Recent progress on the unique features of next-generation targeted metal-based anticancer agents, including supramolecular coordination complexes used for both therapy and drug delivery, promise a bright future beyond the benefits of pure cytotoxic activity. With contributions from global leaders in the field, this book will serve as a useful reference to established researchers as well as a practical guide to those new to metallodrugs, and postgraduate students of medicinal chemistry and metallobiology.

Binding, Transport and Storage of Metal Ions in Biological Cells

Download Binding, Transport and Storage of Metal Ions in Biological Cells PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1782622829
Total Pages : 938 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (826 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Binding, Transport and Storage of Metal Ions in Biological Cells by : Wolfgang Maret

Download or read book Binding, Transport and Storage of Metal Ions in Biological Cells written by Wolfgang Maret and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2014-07-09 with total page 938 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metal ions play key roles in biology. Many are essential for catalysis, for electron transfer and for the fixation, sensing, and metabolism of gases. Others compete with those essential metal ions or have toxic or pharmacological effects. This book is structured around the periodic table and focuses on the control of metal ions in cells. It addresses the molecular aspects of binding, transport and storage that ensure balanced levels of the essential elements. Organisms have also developed mechanisms to deal with the non-essential metal ions. However, through new uses and manufacturing processes, organisms are increasingly exposed to changing levels of both essential and non-essential ions in new chemical forms. They may not have developed defenses against some of these forms (such as nanoparticles). Many diseases such as cancer, diabetes and neurodegeneration are associated with metal ion imbalance. There may be a deficiency of the essential metals, overload of either essential or non-essential metals or perturbation of the overall natural balance. This book is the first to comprehensively survey the molecular nature of the overall natural balance of metal ions in nutrition, toxicology and pharmacology. It is written as an introduction to research for students and researchers in academia and industry and begins with a chapter by Professor R J P Williams FRS.

Protein-Ligand Interactions

Download Protein-Ligand Interactions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Humana
ISBN 13 : 9781493958733
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (587 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Protein-Ligand Interactions by : Mark A. Williams

Download or read book Protein-Ligand Interactions written by Mark A. Williams and published by Humana. This book was released on 2016-11-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proteins are the cell’s workers, their messengers and overseers. In these roles, proteins specifically bind small molecules, nucleic acid and other protein partners. Cellular systems are closely regulated and biologically significant changes in populations of particular protein complexes correspond to very small variations of their thermodynamics or kinetics of reaction. Interfering with the interactions of proteins is the dominant strategy in the development of new pharmaceuticals. Protein Ligand Interactions: Methods and Applications, Second Edition provides a complete introduction to common and emerging procedures for characterizing the interactions of individual proteins. From the initial discovery of natural substrates or potential drug leads, to the detailed quantitative understanding of the mechanism of interaction, all stages of the research process are covered with a focus on those techniques that are, or are anticipated to become, widely accessible and performable with mainstream commercial instrumentation. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters contain introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and accessible, Protein Ligand Interactions: Methods and Applications, Second Edition serves as an ideal guide for researchers new to the field of biophysical characterization of protein interactions – whether they are beginning graduate students or experts in allied areas of molecular cell biology, microbiology, pharmacology, medicinal chemistry or structural biology.