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Protein Complexes That Modify Chromatin
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Book Synopsis Protein Complexes that Modify Chromatin by : Jerry L. Workman
Download or read book Protein Complexes that Modify Chromatin written by Jerry L. Workman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An early view of eukaryotic chromosomes was that of static structures, which stored DNA not in use within a given cell type. It was thought that packaging of DNA into higher levels of chromatin structure would suffice to repress gene expression and that the challenge to the cell would be to rescue specific sequences from these structures. The exten sive packaging of inactive DNA was considered the primary difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes and except for that point both would be similarly regulated by cis-acting sequences and trans acting factors. Our view of eukaryotic chromosomes has evolved dra matically over the last decade. The picture of chromosomes that is emerging is that of dynamic breathing organelles actively regulating the flow of genetic information from the genome. Indeed chromatin is so fluid that even maintaining gene quiescence is an active process and is tightly regulated. Chromatin dynamics is a consequence of protein complexes that modify histones, remove histone modifications, mobi lize nucleosomes or stabilize nucleosomes. Awide variety of such com plexes have now been described. Some are abundant and may play glo bal roles in chromosome fluidity and function. Others are more rare and specialized for specific functions at discreet loci. Moreover, several complexes share biochemical activities and genetic studies suggest overlapping functions in vivo. Many components of these complexes were first revealed in genetic screens, while others were discovered by novel cell biological or biochemical approaches.
Book Synopsis Systems Analysis of Chromatin-Related Protein Complexes in Cancer by : Andrew Emili
Download or read book Systems Analysis of Chromatin-Related Protein Complexes in Cancer written by Andrew Emili and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-08-13 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetic modifications underlie all aspects of human physiology, including stem cell renewal, formation of cell types and tissues. They also underlie environmental impacts on human health, including aging and diseases like cancer. Consequently, cracking the epigenetic "code" is considered a key challenge in biomedical research. Chromatin structure and function are modified by protein complexes, causing genes to be turned “on” or “off” and controlling other aspects of DNA function. Yet while there has been explosive growth in the epigenetics field, human chromatin-modifying machines have only recently started to be characterized. To meet this challenge, our book explores complementary experimental tracks, pursued by expert international research groups, aimed at the physical and functional characterization of the diverse repertoire of chromatin protein machines - namely, the "readers, writers and erasers" of epigenomic marks. These studies include the identification of RNA molecules and drugs that interact selectively with components of the chromatin machinery. What makes this book distinctive is its emphasis on the systematic exploration of chromatin protein complexes in the context of human development and disease networks.
Book Synopsis Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Regulation by : Vincenzo E. A. Russo
Download or read book Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Regulation written by Vincenzo E. A. Russo and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 716 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many inheritable changes in gene function are not explained by changes in the DNA sequence. Such epigenetic mechanisms are known to influence gene function in most complex organisms and include effects such as transposon function, chromosome imprinting, yeast mating type switching and telomeric silencing. In recent years, epigenetic effects have become a major focus of research activity. This monograph, edited by three well-known biologists from different specialties, is the first to review and synthesize what is known about these effects across all species, particularly from a molecular perspective, and will be of interest to everyone in the fields of molecular biology and genetics.
Book Synopsis Introduction to Epigenetics by : Renato Paro
Download or read book Introduction to Epigenetics written by Renato Paro and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-23 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access textbook leads the reader from basic concepts of chromatin structure and function and RNA mechanisms to the understanding of epigenetics, imprinting, regeneration and reprogramming. The textbook treats epigenetic phenomena in animals, as well as plants. Written by four internationally known experts and senior lecturers in this field, it provides a valuable tool for Master- and PhD- students who need to comprehend the principles of epigenetics, or wish to gain a deeper knowledge in this field. After reading this book, the student will: Have an understanding of the basic toolbox of epigenetic regulation Know how genetic and epigenetic information layers are interconnected Be able to explain complex epigenetic phenomena by understanding the structures and principles of the underlying molecular mechanisms Understand how misregulated epigenetic mechanisms can lead to disease
Download or read book Molecular Biology of the Cell written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Epigenetics in Human Disease by : Trygve Tollefsbol
Download or read book Epigenetics in Human Disease written by Trygve Tollefsbol and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-07-26 with total page 617 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetics is one of the fastest growing fields of sciences, illuminating studies of human diseases by looking beyond genetic make-up and acknowledging that outside factors play a role in gene expression. The goal of this volume is to highlight those diseases or conditions for which we have advanced knowledge of epigenetic factors such as cancer, autoimmune disorders and aging as well as those that are yielding exciting breakthroughs in epigenetics such as diabetes, neurobiological disorders and cardiovascular disease. Where applicable, attempts are made to not only detail the role of epigenetics in the etiology, progression, diagnosis and prognosis of these diseases, but also novel epigenetic approaches to the treatment of these diseases. Chapters are also presented on human imprinting disorders, respiratory diseases, infectious diseases and gynecological and reproductive diseases. Since epigenetics plays a major role in the aging process, advances in the epigenetics of aging are highly relevant to many age-related human diseases. Therefore, this volume closes with chapters on aging epigenetics and breakthroughs that have been made to delay the aging process through epigenetic approaches. With its translational focus, this book will serve as valuable reference for both basic scientists and clinicians alike. Comprehensive coverage of fundamental and emergent science and clinical usage Side-by-side coverage of the basis of epigenetic diseases and their treatments Evaluation of recent epigenetic clinical breakthroughs
Book Synopsis Chromatin and Disease by : Tapas K. Kundu
Download or read book Chromatin and Disease written by Tapas K. Kundu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-04 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book includes a collection of articles with the broad theme of disease connection to chromatin structure and function. It elaborates on the molecular pharmacology of the drugs targeting chromatin structure and its components. The book contains up-to-date information about the chromatin structure and chromatin related diseases and drug functions. This work is the first endeavor to present different aspects encompassing the above theme.
Book Synopsis The Structure and Function of Chromatin by : David W. FitzSimons
Download or read book The Structure and Function of Chromatin written by David W. FitzSimons and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-09-16 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Novartis Foundation Series is a popular collection of the proceedings from Novartis Foundation Symposia, in which groups of leading scientists from a range of topics across biology, chemistry and medicine assembled to present papers and discuss results. The Novartis Foundation, originally known as the Ciba Foundation, is well known to scientists and clinicians around the world.
Book Synopsis Epigenetics of Aging by : Trygve O. Tollefsbol
Download or read book Epigenetics of Aging written by Trygve O. Tollefsbol and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-11-11 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent studies have indicated that epigenetic processes may play a major role in both cellular and organismal aging. These epigenetic processes include not only DNA methylation and histone modifications, but also extend to many other epigenetic mediators such as the polycomb group proteins, chromosomal position effects, and noncoding RNA. The topics of this book range from fundamental changes in DNA methylation in aging to the most recent research on intervention into epigenetic modifications to modulate the aging process. The major topics of epigenetics and aging covered in this book are: 1) DNA methylation and histone modifications in aging; 2) Other epigenetic processes and aging; 3) Impact of epigenetics on aging; 4) Epigenetics of age-related diseases; 5) Epigenetic interventions and aging: and 6) Future directions in epigenetic aging research. The most studied of epigenetic processes, DNA methylation, has been associated with cellular aging and aging of organisms for many years. It is now apparent that both global and gene-specific alterations occur not only in DNA methylation during aging, but also in several histone alterations. Many epigenetic alterations can have an impact on aging processes such as stem cell aging, control of telomerase, modifications of telomeres, and epigenetic drift can impact the aging process as evident in the recent studies of aging monozygotic twins. Numerous age-related diseases are affected by epigenetic mechanisms. For example, recent studies have shown that DNA methylation is altered in Alzheimer’s disease and autoimmunity. Other prevalent diseases that have been associated with age-related epigenetic changes include cancer and diabetes. Paternal age and epigenetic changes appear to have an effect on schizophrenia and epigenetic silencing has been associated with several of the progeroid syndromes of premature aging. Moreover, the impact of dietary or drug intervention into epigenetic processes as they affect normal aging or age-related diseases is becoming increasingly feasible.
Book Synopsis Epigenetic Contributions in Autoimmune Disease by : Esteban Ballestar
Download or read book Epigenetic Contributions in Autoimmune Disease written by Esteban Ballestar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2011-08-23 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume focuses on the relevance of epigenetic mechanisms in autoimmune disease. It provides new directions for future research in autoimmune disease.
Book Synopsis Total Chemical Synthesis of Proteins by : Ashraf Brik
Download or read book Total Chemical Synthesis of Proteins written by Ashraf Brik and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-06-08 with total page 626 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How to synthesize native and modified proteins in the test tube With contributions from a panel of experts representing a range of disciplines, Total Chemical Synthesis of Proteins presents a carefully curated collection of synthetic approaches and strategies for the total synthesis of native and modified proteins. Comprehensive in scope, this important reference explores the three main chemoselective ligation methods for assembling unprotected peptide segments, including native chemical ligation (NCL). It includes information on synthetic strategies for the complex polypeptides that constitute glycoproteins, sulfoproteins, and membrane proteins, as well as their characterization. In addition, important areas of application for total protein synthesis are detailed, such as protein crystallography, protein engineering, and biomedical research. The authors also discuss the synthetic challenges that remain to be addressed. This unmatched resource: Contains valuable insights from the pioneers in the field of chemical protein synthesis Presents proven synthetic approaches for a range of protein families Explores key applications of precisely controlled protein synthesis, including novel diagnostics and therapeutics Written for organic chemists, biochemists, biotechnologists, and molecular biologists, Total Chemical Synthesis of Proteins provides key knowledge for everyone venturing into the burgeoning field of protein design and synthetic biology.
Book Synopsis Investigating the Function of the Preinitiation Complex and the Consequences of Chromatin Modifications by : Lynn Wayne Lehmann
Download or read book Investigating the Function of the Preinitiation Complex and the Consequences of Chromatin Modifications written by Lynn Wayne Lehmann and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eukaryotic transcription requires the concerted action of numerous proteins including activators, co-activators, the general transcription factors (GTFs), RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II), chromatin remodelers and modifiers, and chromatin- binding effector proteins. Although many of the components of the preinitiation complex (PIC) have been described, a comprehensive understanding of all preinitiation components and what affects chromatin modifications have on PIC formation remains vague. This doctoral thesis investigates the composition and function of eukaryotic PICs in HeLa and mouse embryonic stem cells. Using Multi Dimensional Protein Identification Technology (MuDPIT), others in the lab showed that most transcription components necessary for initiation were present in in vitro formed PICs in both cell types. Additionally, numerous chromatin remodeling proteins, elongation factors, and chromatin modifying enzymes were also identified proteomically. Intriguingly, two major co-activator complexes SAGA and Mediator, ranked among the highest activator-inducible proteins as detected by MuDPIT analysis. I generated HeLa nuclear extracts immuno-depleted of Mediator and SAGA and performed mechanism-based immobilized template experiments on chromatin to show both complexes interact with GAL4-VP16 directly, and do not compete for promoter access. I also used the immobilized template to show that Mediator, but not SAGA, serves as the main scaffold to recruit the PIC machinery. Genome-wide, enrichment patterns of Mediator, RNA Pol II, TATA-binding protein, and mRNA levels strongly correlate suggesting a prominent role for Mediator in PIC assembly. Lastly, I used in vitro transcription assays to show that SAGA is required for activated transcription on chromatin. Overall, these data support a working model where Mediator serves as the main co-activator complex, contributing to PIC formation, stability, and function, while SAGA acts after PIC formation, conferring activity to PICs on chromatin. Although the role of histone tail modifications and subsequent effector binding proteins is an area of considerable study, the role that histone modifications play in PIC formation and activity is poorly understood. This thesis examines the role of the Chromodomain Helicase DNA-binding protein 1 (CHD1), known to bind histone H3 trimethylated at Lysine 4, in PIC assembly and function. I purified murine CHD1 to near homogeneity using a baculovirus-based insect cell system, and prepared the samples used for identification of CHD1-interacting proteins by MuDPIT of associated proteins from HeLa nuclear extracts. My collaborator on this project, Justin Lin, used purified CHD1 to show that the protein stimulates transcription on chromatin and further activates transcription on H3K4me3 chromatin. Further, mechanistic experiments performed by others in the lab revealed that CHD1 recruitment to immobilized templates is dependent on Mediator and enhanced by H3K4me3. Our in vitro and in vivo experiments suggested that Mediator and CHD1 interact to enhance transcription. The summation of these data support a model where Mediator acts to support both PIC assembly and the binding of CHD1 to PICs, with H3K4me3 providing a second interaction platform responsible for the recruitment of CHD1 to active genes. In an opposing role, chromatin modifications also play a role in establishing and maintaining a silent transcriptional state. In the final chapter of this thesis, I investigate the affects of Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) on PIC formation and activity. I purified PRC1 and investigated the role of the complex in PIC assembly and function on H3K27me3 templates. I show that PRC1 can both block and dissociate the majority of PIC components including Mediator, SAGA, elongation factors and the general transcription factors to silence transcription. Notably, the ability of GAL4-VP16 and TATA-binding protein (TBP) to bind promoters was retained in the presence of PRC1. I again used immobilized template experiments with purified Mediator, TFIID, and PRC1 to show that PRC1 specifically blocks Mediator but not TFIID. Utilizing previously reported genome-wide binding in mouse embryonic stem cells, we showed that Ring1b and TBP displayed enriched binding profiles at developmental genes, and this enrichment significantly correlated with reduced expression as compared to genes enriched for Mediator, TBP, and Ring1b. In summary, the results of this study highlight a possible role for TFIID and PRC1 in co-regulating the expression of developmental genes.
Book Synopsis Glioma Signaling by : Jolanta Barańska
Download or read book Glioma Signaling written by Jolanta Barańska and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-07 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gliomas, developing in the brain from the transformed glial cells, are a very special kind of tumor, extremely refractory to conventional treatments. Therefore, for the development of new antitumor strategies, a better understanding of molecular mechanisms responsible for their biology, growth and invasion is still needed. This book is a reference on cellular signaling processes regulating gliomas physiology and invasiveness. The work is focused on the mechanism of nucleotide receptor activation by exogenous nucleotides and formation of complex signaling cascades induced by growth factors, cytokines and cannabinoids. The second edition of the book enriched in new chapters provides a framework explaining how signal transduction elements may modulate numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations, describes the role of local microenvironment in cellular growth, progression and invasion and, in the light of extensive new results, presents perspectives concerning potential targets for gliomas therapy.
Book Synopsis Chromatin Remodelling by : Danuta Radzioch
Download or read book Chromatin Remodelling written by Danuta Radzioch and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term "chromatin remodelling" is widely used to describe changes in chromatin structure which is controlled by histone-modifying enzymes, chromatin remodelling complexes, non-histone DNA-binding proteins and noncoding RNAs. Many human diseases such as cancer, various genetic syndromes, autism and infectious disease have been linked to the disruption of these control processes by genetic, environmental or microbial factors. Therefore, to unravel the mechanisms by which they operate is one of the most exciting and rapid developing fields of modern biology and will contribute to new ways in treatment of these diseases. The chapters in this book will focus on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that govern the dynamic structural of chromatin, thereby providing important insights into gene regulation, DNA repair, and human diseases.
Book Synopsis Epigenetics Methods by : Trygve Tollefsbol
Download or read book Epigenetics Methods written by Trygve Tollefsbol and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-07-08 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, the field of epigenetics has grown significantly, driving new understanding of human developmental processes and disease expression, as well as advances in diagnostics and therapeutics. As the field of epigenetics continues to grow, methods and technologies have multiplied, resulting in a wide range of approaches and tools researchers might employ. Epigenetics Methods offers comprehensive instruction in methods, protocols, and experimental approaches applied in field of epigenetics. Here, across thirty-five chapters, specialists offer step-by-step overviews of methods used to study various epigenetic mechanisms, as employed in basic and translational research. Leading the reader from fundamental to more advanced methods, the book begins with thorough instruction in DNA methylation techniques and gene or locus-specific methylation analyses, followed by histone modification methods, chromatin evaluation, enzyme analyses of histone methylation, and studies of non-coding RNAs as epigenetic modulators. Recently developed techniques and technologies discussed include single-cell epigenomics, epigenetic editing, computational epigenetics, systems biology epigenetic methods, and forensic epigenetic approaches. Epigenetics methods currently in-development, and their implication for future research, are also considered in-depth. In addition, as with the wider life sciences, reproducibility across experiments, labs, and subdisciplines is a growing issue for epigenetics researchers. This volume provides consensus-driven methods instruction and overviews. Tollefsbol and contributing authors survey the range of existing methods; identify best practices, common themes, and challenges; and bring unity of approach to a diverse and ever-evolving field. Includes contributions by leading international investigators involved in epigenetic research and clinical and therapeutic application Integrates technology and translation with fundamental chapters on epigenetics methods, as well as chapters on more novel and advanced epigenetics methods Written at verbal and technical levels that can be understood by scientists and students alike Includes chapters on state-of-the-art techniques such as single-cell epigenomics, use of CRISPR/Cas9 for epigenetic editing, and epigenetics methods applied to forensics
Book Synopsis SUMOylation and Ubiquitination by : Van G. Wilson
Download or read book SUMOylation and Ubiquitination written by Van G. Wilson and published by . This book was released on 2019-09 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most proteins undergo post-translational modifications altering physical and chemical properties, folding, conformation distribution, stability, activity and function. Ubiquitin and SUMOs are related small proteins that are members of the large ubiquitin superfamily of post-translational modifiers. Written by highly respected leaders in their fields under the expert guidance of the editor, this volume covers the principles of ubiquitination and SUMOylation, presents detailed reviews of current and emerging concepts and highlights new advances in all areas of SUMOylation and ubiquitination. Topics of note include: the ubiquitin superfamily, the ubiquitin toolbox, onco viral exploitation of the SUMO system, small molecule modulators of desumoylation, mass spectrometry, global proteomic profiling of SUMO and ubiquitin, biotin-based approaches, genetic screening, SUMOylation networks in humans, targets for ubiquitin ligases, regulation of p53, protein homeostasis, miRNAs, DNA replication, DNA damage response, telomere biology, intracellular trafficking, regulation of angiogenesis, brain ischemia, autophagy, assembly and activity, antiviral defense, HIV infection, amyloid and amyloid-like proteins, plant immunity. This comprehensive and up-to-date book is the definitive reference volume on all aspects of SUMOylation and ubiquitination and is an essential acquisition for anyone involved in this area of biology.
Download or read book Epigenetics written by C. David Allis and published by CSHL Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The regulation of gene expression in many biological processes involves epigenetic mechanisms. In this new volume, 24 chapters written by experts in the field discuss epigenetic effects from many perspectives. There are chapters on the basic molecular mechanisms underpinning epigenetic regulation, discussion of cellular processes that rely on this kind of regulation, and surveys of organisms in which it has been most studied. Thus, there are chapters on histone and DNA methylation, siRNAs and gene silencing; X-chromosome inactivation, dosage compensation and imprinting; and discussion of epigenetics in microbes, plants, insects, and mammals. The last part of the book looks at how epigenetic mechanisms act in cell division and differentiation, and how errors in these pathways contribute to cancer and other human diseases. Also discussed are consequences of epigenetics in attempts to clone animals. This book is a major resource for those working in the field, as well as being a suitable text for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses on gene regulation.
