Protecting Our Litvak Heritage

Download Protecting Our Litvak Heritage PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jewishgen.Incorporated
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 500 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Protecting Our Litvak Heritage by : Josef Rosin

Download or read book Protecting Our Litvak Heritage written by Josef Rosin and published by Jewishgen.Incorporated. This book was released on 2009 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Noted historian Rosin presents the history of 50 Jewish towns in Lithuania, providing information about the founding of the settlements, their development into vibrant communities, and their ultimate destruction in the Shoah (Holocaust).

Preserving Our Litvak Heritage

Download Preserving Our Litvak Heritage PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jewishgen.Incorporated
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 744 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Preserving Our Litvak Heritage by : Josef Rosin

Download or read book Preserving Our Litvak Heritage written by Josef Rosin and published by Jewishgen.Incorporated. This book was released on 2005 with total page 744 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the treatment of joint ventures (JVs) in EU competition law, and, at the same time, provides a comparison with US law. It starts with an analysis of the rather elusive concept of JVs, encompassing both concentrative JVs (subject to merger control) and non-concentrative JVs. Although focused on possible definitions of JVs in terms of competition law, it also includes a broader perspective (going beyond competition law) on the different legal models of structuring cooperation links between undertakings. At the core of the book is an attempt to build an analytical model for the assessment of JVs in terms of antitrust law, especially as regards Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The analytical model used proposes a set of sequential analytical levels, taking into account structural factors and specific factors related to the main constituent elements of the functional programs of JVs. The model is applied to a substantive assessment of four main types of JVs, identified on the basis of their prevailing economic function: R&D JVs, production JVs, commercialization JVs, and purchasing JVs. Also covered are particular situations of joint ownership of undertakings falling short of joint control. In the concluding part of the book, recent developments in JV antitrust law are put into context, within the wider reform of EU competition law. The book is comprehensive and up-to-date in terms of the reform of the EU framework on horizontal cooperation between undertakings, which was introduced at the end of 2010. (Series: Hart Studies in Competition Law - Vol. 6)

Lithuanian Jewish Culture

Download Lithuanian Jewish Culture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Art Stock Books Limited
ISBN 13 : 9789639776517
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (765 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lithuanian Jewish Culture by : Dovid Katz

Download or read book Lithuanian Jewish Culture written by Dovid Katz and published by Art Stock Books Limited. This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Dovid Katz's monumental Lithuanian Jewish Culture is the most comprehensive work ever to appear in English on the cultural, linguistic and spiritual worlds of the Litvaks. The Litvaks are the Jews hailing from the lands of the medieval Grand Duchy of Lithuania and its successor modern states - Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, and parts of northern Ukraine and northeastern Poland. This huge folio volume provides an introduction to Jewish history and culture starting with antiquity and leading methodically to the rise of Lithuanian Jewry some seven centuries ago." --Book Jacket.

The Travelling Rabbi

Download The Travelling Rabbi PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jacana Media
ISBN 13 : 1431405981
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (314 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Travelling Rabbi by : Moshe Silberhaft

Download or read book The Travelling Rabbi written by Moshe Silberhaft and published by Jacana Media. This book was released on 2012 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation Tracing the journeys of the Travelling Rabbi, this book highlights Rabbi Silberhafts invaluable work in Africa, from caring for the graves of the forgotten and performing wedding ceremonies to providing kosher food and religious insight to various communities. Including numerous storiessome tragic, others humorous, but always fascinatingthis memoir is a celebration of the resilient people he encounters and a permanent record of the Jewish communities and personalities who would otherwise be forgotten.

A Life of Barbara Stanwyck

Download A Life of Barbara Stanwyck PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1439194068
Total Pages : 1056 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (391 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Life of Barbara Stanwyck by : Victoria Wilson

Download or read book A Life of Barbara Stanwyck written by Victoria Wilson and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2015-11-24 with total page 1056 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “860 glittering pages” (Janet Maslin, The New York Times): The first volume of the full-scale astonishing life of one of our greatest screen actresses—her work, her world, her Hollywood through an American century. Frank Capra called her, “The greatest emotional actress the screen has yet known.” Now Victoria Wilson gives us the first volume of the rich, complex life of Barbara Stanwyck, an actress whose career in pictures spanned four decades beginning with the coming of sound (eighty-eight motion pictures) and lasted in television from its infancy in the 1950s through the 1980s. Here is Stanwyck, revealed as the quintessential Brooklyn girl whose family was in fact of old New England stock; her years in New York as a dancer and Broadway star; her fraught marriage to Frank Fay, Broadway genius; the adoption of a son, embattled from the outset; her partnership with Zeppo Marx (the “unfunny Marx brother”) who altered the course of Stanwyck’s movie career and with her created one of the finest horse breeding farms in the west; and her fairytale romance and marriage to the younger Robert Taylor, America’s most sought-after male star. Here is the shaping of her career through 1940 with many of Hollywood's most important directors, among them Frank Capra, “Wild Bill” William Wellman, George Stevens, John Ford, King Vidor, Cecil B. Demille, Preston Sturges, set against the times—the Depression, the New Deal, the rise of the unions, the advent of World War II, and a fast-changing, coming-of-age motion picture industry. And at the heart of the book, Stanwyck herself—her strengths, her fears, her frailties, losses, and desires—how she made use of the darkness in her soul, transforming herself from shunned outsider into one of Hollywood’s most revered screen actresses. Fifteen years in the making—and written with full access to Stanwyck’s family, friends, colleagues and never-before-seen letters, journals, and photographs. Wilson’s one-of-a-kind biography—“large, thrilling, and sensitive” (Michael Lindsay-Hogg, Town & Country)—is an “epic Hollywood narrative” (USA TODAY), “so readable, and as direct as its subject” (The New York Times). With 274 photographs, many published for the first time.

The Nazi's Granddaughter

Download The Nazi's Granddaughter PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Regnery History
ISBN 13 : 1684511089
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (845 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Nazi's Granddaughter by : Silvia Foti

Download or read book The Nazi's Granddaughter written by Silvia Foti and published by Regnery History. This book was released on 2021-03-09 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hero–or Nazi? Silvia Foti was raised on reverent stories about her hero grandfather, a martyr for Lithuanian independence and an unblemished patriot. Jonas Noreika, remembered as “General Storm,” had resisted his country’s German and Soviet occupiers in World War II, surviving two years in a Nazi concentration camp only to be executed in 1947 by the KGB. His granddaughter, growing up in Chicago, was treated like royalty in her tightly knit Lithuanian community. But in 2000, when Silvia traveled to Lithuania for a ceremony honoring her grandfather, she heard a very different story—a “rumor” that her grandfather had been a “Jew-killer.” The Nazi’s Granddaughter is Silvia’s account of her wrenching twenty-year quest for the truth, from a beautiful house confiscated from its Jewish owners, to familial confessions and the Holocaust tour guide who believed that her grandfather had murdered members of his family. A heartbreaking and dramatic story based on exhaustive documentary research and soul-baring interviews, The Nazi’s Granddaughter is an unforgettable journey into World War II history, intensely personal but filled with universal lessons about courage, faith, memory, and justice.

The Litvak Legacy

Download The Litvak Legacy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781436367790
Total Pages : 676 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (677 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Litvak Legacy by : Mark N. Ozer

Download or read book The Litvak Legacy written by Mark N. Ozer and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between the 1880s and the 1920s a million Litvak' Jews migrated throughout the world from Lita,' their home in the western edge of the Russian Empire. This book is the story of the legacy of that migration. The questions answered are: Where did they come from? How did they get to where they are? What are some of the lasting values they(we) share the world over? In what way do we differ depending on the countries in which various members of my family have lived? One common response in a course based on this material was "I now know why my family was the way it was." The book will enable you to better know why you are the way you are and enable your children and grandchildren to understand their background. It is my thesis that there is a distinctive Litvak cultural heritage that can be traced through the maintenance of that culture through the several generations and the significant impact it has had on the countries in which the immigrants settled. The Jewish inhabitants of Lita were called Litvaks' (Litvakes in Yiddish), to distinguish them from non-Jewish Lithuanians as well as from other Jews. In their home, they formed a distinct culture that differed in its variant of their language of Yiddish as well as the character of their religion. As followers of the Vilna Gaon in the late 18th century, in opposition to the spread of Hassidism,' Litvaks' maintained a unique commitment to rabbinical Judaism and intellectual study. They were also unusual in the degree to which arduous and sharp-witted' Talmudic study was widespread. The religious tradition continued to evolve in Lita. In response to the challenges of both Hassidism and the Haskalah (Enlightenment), the ethically oriented musar' movement became widespread within the Lithuanian yeshivot. Orthodox Judaism' evolved out of traditional Judaism. However, relatively few of the traditionally religious chose to emigrate. In the late 19th century, particularly centered in Vilna, Lita was a major source of the Jewish responses to modernity such as socialism and the recognition of the Yiddish language as well as modern Hebrew and Zionism. Lita was the greenhouse' of secularism. The literary and political responses to the breakdown of the Jewish social structure retained the traditional spirit of intensity and sharp-wittedness.' The quest for bringing about a better world via socialism and Zionism partook of the religious impulse while denying it. The language battles between Yiddish and Hebrew were joined to these ideologies. The characteristic Litvak intellectual strand was expressed in the flowering of secular literary and historical studies that partook of the intensity previously devoted to the sacred writings. As the Russian Empire containing Lita was broken up following World War I, its inhabitants found themselves living either in Latvia, Poland, the Russian and Belorussian Republics of the Soviet Union, or in the newly independent Lithuania. The entire area, now divided, had a common cultural entity e that can be called Litvakia.' When the new boundaries were drawn, many of the inhabitants stayed in place and were subject to the Holocaust. The Great Migration from Lita occurred in the period of the latter third of the 19th century and in the 20th century prior to the First World War, but extended through World War II. Even beyond the Holocaust/Shoah, the few survivors continued to bear witness to its memory. Section One deals with the evolution of the core in Lita from 1840 to its destruction during the Shoah. Focus is on the relationship between the developments following 1880 and the ideas carried by the emigrants to the Diaspora from Lita mainly ending in the 1920s. Section Two deals with those ideas carried to the English speaking world and their subsequent evolution mainly in the United States but also in comparison with the United Kingdom, Canada and South

Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Second Edition

Download Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Second Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1605660272
Total Pages : 5266 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (56 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Second Edition by : Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Second Edition written by Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2008-10-31 with total page 5266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This set of books represents a detailed compendium of authoritative, research-based entries that define the contemporary state of knowledge on technology"--Provided by publisher.

Five Came Back

Download Five Came Back PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0698151577
Total Pages : 528 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (981 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Five Came Back by : Mark Harris

Download or read book Five Came Back written by Mark Harris and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2014-02-27 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now a Netflix original documentary series, also written by Mark Harris: the extraordinary wartime experience of five of Hollywood's most important directors, all of whom put their stamp on World War II and were changed by it forever Here is the remarkable, untold story of how five major Hollywood directors—John Ford, George Stevens, John Huston, William Wyler, and Frank Capra—changed World War II, and how, in turn, the war changed them. In a move unheard of at the time, the U.S. government farmed out its war propaganda effort to Hollywood, allowing these directors the freedom to film in combat zones as never before. They were on the scene at almost every major moment of America’s war, shaping the public’s collective consciousness of what we’ve now come to call the good fight. The product of five years of scrupulous archival research, Five Came Back provides a revelatory new understanding of Hollywood’s role in the war through the life and work of these five men who chose to go, and who came back. “Five Came Back . . . is one of the great works of film history of the decade.” --Slate “A tough-minded, information-packed and irresistibly readable work of movie-minded cultural criticism. Like the best World War II films, it highlights marquee names in a familiar plot to explore some serious issues: the human cost of military service, the hypnotic power of cinema and the tension between artistic integrity and the exigencies of war.” --The New York Times

The Book Smugglers

Download The Book Smugglers PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University Press of New England
ISBN 13 : 1512601268
Total Pages : 359 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (126 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Book Smugglers by : David E. Fishman

Download or read book The Book Smugglers written by David E. Fishman and published by University Press of New England. This book was released on 2017-10-03 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book Smugglers is the nearly unbelievable story of ghetto residents who rescued thousands of rare books and manuscripts-first from the Nazis and then from the Soviets-by hiding them on their bodies, burying them in bunkers, and smuggling them across borders. It is a tale of heroism and resistance, of friendship and romance, and of unwavering devotion-including the readiness to risk one's life-to literature and art. And it is entirely true. Based on Jewish, German, and Soviet documents, including diaries, letters, memoirs, and the author's interviews with several of the story's participants, The Book Smugglers chronicles the daring activities of a group of poets turned partisans and scholars turned smugglers in Vilna, "The Jerusalem of Lithuania." The rescuers were pitted against Johannes Pohl, a Nazi "expert" on the Jews, who had been dispatched to Vilna by the Nazi looting agency, Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg, to organize the seizure of the city's great collections of Jewish books. Pohl and his Einsatzstab staff planned to ship the most valuable materials to Germany and incinerate the rest. The Germans used forty ghetto inmates as slave-laborers to sort, select, pack, and transport the materials, either to Germany or to nearby paper mills. This group, nicknamed "the Paper Brigade," and informally led by poet Shmerke Kaczerginski, a garrulous, street-smart adventurer and master of deception, smuggled thousands of books and manuscripts past German guards. If caught, the men would have faced death by firing squad at Ponar, the mass-murder site outside of Vilna. To store the rescued manuscripts, poet Abraham Sutzkever helped build an underground book-bunker sixty feet beneath the Vilna ghetto. Kaczerginski smuggled weapons as well, using the group's worksite, the former building of the Yiddish Scientific Institute, to purchase arms for the ghetto's secret partisan organization. All the while, both men wrote poetry that was recited and sung by the fast-dwindling population of ghetto inhabitants. With the Soviet "liberation" of Vilna (now known as Vilnius), the Paper Brigade thought themselves and their precious cultural treasures saved-only to learn that their new masters were no more welcoming toward Jewish culture than the old, and the books must now be smuggled out of the USSR. Thoroughly researched by the foremost scholar of the Vilna Ghetto-a writer of exceptional daring, style, and reach-The Book Smugglers is an epic story of human heroism, a little-known tale from the blackest days of the war.

The Wish Maker

Download The Wish Maker PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1101061286
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (1 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Wish Maker by : Ali Sethi

Download or read book The Wish Maker written by Ali Sethi and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2009-06-11 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the world-renowned singer-songwriter, a debut novel about a fatherless boy growing up in a family of outspoken women in contemporary Pakistan, The Wish Maker is a brilliant tale about sacrifice, betrayal, and indestructible friendship. Zaki Shirazi and his female cousin Samar Api were raised to consider themselves “part of the same litter.” In a household run by Zaki's crusading political journalist mother and iron-willed grandmother, it was impossible to imagine a future that could hold anything different for each of them. But when adolescence approaches, the cousins’ fates diverge, and Zaki is forced to question the meaning of family, selfhood, and commitment to those he loves most. Chronicling world-changing events that have never been so intimately observed in fiction, and brimming with unmistakable warmth and humor, The Wish Maker is the powerful account of a family and an era, a story that shows how, even in the most rapidly shifting circumstances, there are bonds that survive the tugs of convention, time, and history.

Devilspel

Download Devilspel PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780995560055
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Devilspel by : Grigoriĭ Kanovich

Download or read book Devilspel written by Grigoriĭ Kanovich and published by . This book was released on 2019-03 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Shtetl Love Song

Download Shtetl Love Song PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780995560024
Total Pages : 521 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shtetl Love Song by : Grigory Kanovich

Download or read book Shtetl Love Song written by Grigory Kanovich and published by . This book was released on 2017-09-09 with total page 521 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Historical Atlas of Hasidism

Download Historical Atlas of Hasidism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400889561
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Historical Atlas of Hasidism by : Marcin Wodziński

Download or read book Historical Atlas of Hasidism written by Marcin Wodziński and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2018-07-24 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first cartographic reference book on one of today’s most important religious movements Historical Atlas of Hasidism is the very first cartographic reference book on one of the modern era's most vibrant and important mystical movements. Featuring sixty-one large-format maps and a wealth of illustrations, charts, and tables, this one-of-a-kind atlas charts Hasidism's emergence and expansion; its dynasties, courts, and prayer houses; its spread to the New World; the crisis of the two world wars and the Holocaust; and Hasidism's remarkable postwar rebirth. Historical Atlas of Hasidism demonstrates how geography has influenced not only the social organization of Hasidism but also its spiritual life, types of religious leadership, and cultural articulation. It focuses not only on Hasidic leaders but also on their thousands of followers living far from Hasidic centers. It examines Hasidism in its historical entirety, from its beginnings in the eighteenth century until today, and draws on extensive GIS-processed databases of historical and contemporary records to present the most complete picture yet of this thriving and diverse religious movement. Historical Atlas of Hasidism is visually stunning and easy to use, a magnificent resource for anyone seeking to understand Hasidism's spatial and spiritual dimensions, or indeed anybody interested in geographies of religious movements past and present. Provides the first cartographic interpretation of Hasidism Features sixty-one maps and numerous illustrations Covers Hasidism in its historical entirety, from its eighteenth-century origins to today Charts Hasidism's emergence and expansion, courts and prayer houses, modern resurgence, and much more Offers the first in-depth analysis of Hasidism's egalitarian--not elitist—dimensions Draws on extensive GIS-processed databases of historical and contemporary records

Lithuanian Jewish Communities

Download Lithuanian Jewish Communities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1568219938
Total Pages : 516 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (682 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lithuanian Jewish Communities by : Nancy Schoenburg

Download or read book Lithuanian Jewish Communities written by Nancy Schoenburg and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 1996 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume lists, in alphabetical order, the major Jewish communities that existed in Lithuania before World War II. The name of each community is accompanied by information about it: when it was founded, the Jewish population in different years, shops and synagogues, and the names of citizens. An appendix locates each town on a map of Lithuania. Since most of the Jewish communities in Lithuania were destroyed in the Holocaust, this volume will be a valuable tool in recreating a picture of Lithuanian Jewry.

The Litvaks

Download The Litvaks PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Berghahn Books
ISBN 13 : 9789653080843
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Litvaks by : Dov Levin

Download or read book The Litvaks written by Dov Levin and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2000 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lithuania was home to the great yeshivot of Jewish learning, as well as nationalistic movements such as Hovevei Zion, the Bund, and the Mizrachi. The 20th century saw the establishment of a modern Hebrew Zionist educational system in the period between the two world wars.This volume includes special features such as a bibliography in seven languages, a lexicon of place names in both official modern transcription and the traditional spelling used by Jewish residents; statistical tables; facsimiles of documents, and unique photographs many of which appear in print for the first time.

The Jewish Unions in America

Download The Jewish Unions in America PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Open Book Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1783743565
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (837 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Jewish Unions in America by : Bernard Weinstein

Download or read book The Jewish Unions in America written by Bernard Weinstein and published by Open Book Publishers. This book was released on 2018-02-06 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Newly arrived in New York in 1882 from Tsarist Russia, the sixteen-year-old Bernard Weinstein discovered an America in which unionism, socialism, and anarchism were very much in the air. He found a home in the tenements of New York and for the next fifty years he devoted his life to the struggles of fellow Jewish workers. The Jewish Unions in America blends memoir and history to chronicle this time. It describes how Weinstein led countless strikes, held the unions together in the face of retaliation from the bosses, investigated sweatshops and factories with the aid of reformers, and faced down schisms by various factions, including Anarchists and Communists. He co-founded the United Hebrew Trades and wrote speeches, articles and books advancing the cause of the labor movement. From the pages of this book emerges a vivid picture of workers’ organizations at the beginning of the twentieth century and a capitalist system that bred exploitation, poverty, and inequality. Although workers’ rights have made great progress in the decades since, Weinstein’s descriptions of workers with jobs pitted against those without, and American workers against workers abroad, still carry echoes today. The Jewish Unions in America is a testament to the struggles of working people a hundred years ago. But it is also a reminder that workers must still battle to live decent lives in the free market. For the first time, Maurice Wolfthal’s readable translation makes Weinstein’s Yiddish text available to English readers. It is essential reading for students and scholars of labor history, Jewish history, and the history of American immigration.