Propionic Acid Production from Ethylene - Cost Analysis - PA E11A

Download Propionic Acid Production from Ethylene - Cost Analysis - PA E11A PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Intratec
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 105 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Propionic Acid Production from Ethylene - Cost Analysis - PA E11A by : Intratec

Download or read book Propionic Acid Production from Ethylene - Cost Analysis - PA E11A written by Intratec and published by Intratec. This book was released on 2019-09-17 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents a cost analysis of Propionic Acid production from ethylene and synthesis gas. In this process, propionaldehyde is formed by ethylene hydroformylation, and then converted to Propionic Acid via an oxidation reaction. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) "Oxo Synthesis," Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition (2) "Propionic Acid and Derivatives," Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2014 (3) US Patent 8492584 issued to BASF in 2013 Keywords: Propanoic Acid, Ethene, Propanal, Oxo Reaction, Hydroformylation

Ethylene Production via Steam Cracking of Ethane - Cost Analysis - Ethylene E11A

Download Ethylene Production via Steam Cracking of Ethane - Cost Analysis - Ethylene E11A PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Intratec
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 104 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ethylene Production via Steam Cracking of Ethane - Cost Analysis - Ethylene E11A by : Intratec

Download or read book Ethylene Production via Steam Cracking of Ethane - Cost Analysis - Ethylene E11A written by Intratec and published by Intratec. This book was released on 2019-09-17 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents a cost analysis of polymer grade (PG) Ethylene production from ethane feedstock using a typical steam cracking process. In this process, ethane is thermally cracked in pyrolysis furnaces through the use of steam. In addition to polymer grade Ethylene, the process also generates a methane-rich gas (used as fuel in the cracking furnaces) and hydrogen-rich gas, sold as by-product. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): "Ethylene", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition Keywords: Ethene, Hydrocarbon Pyrolysis, Cracking Furnace, Lummus, KBR, Technip, Linde, S&W

Ethylene Oxide Production from Ethylene - Cost Analysis - EO E11A

Download Ethylene Oxide Production from Ethylene - Cost Analysis - EO E11A PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Intratec
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 102 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ethylene Oxide Production from Ethylene - Cost Analysis - EO E11A by : Intratec

Download or read book Ethylene Oxide Production from Ethylene - Cost Analysis - EO E11A written by Intratec and published by Intratec. This book was released on 2019-09-17 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents a cost analysis of Ethylene Oxide production from ethylene. The process examined is a typical direct oxidation process. In the process examined, pure oxygen is used as the oxidizing agent. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): "Ethylene Oxide", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition Keywords: Ethene, Dow Meteor, Shell Master, Scientific Design

Ethylene Glycol Production from Ethylene - Cost Analysis - MEG E11A

Download Ethylene Glycol Production from Ethylene - Cost Analysis - MEG E11A PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Intratec Solutions
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 105 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ethylene Glycol Production from Ethylene - Cost Analysis - MEG E11A by : Intratec

Download or read book Ethylene Glycol Production from Ethylene - Cost Analysis - MEG E11A written by Intratec and published by Intratec Solutions. This book was released on 2019-09-17 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents a cost analysis of Monoethylene Glycol (MEG) production from ethylene. This process consists of a two-steps process. First, ethylene is oxidized with oxygen to produce ethylene oxide, which is further hydrolyzed to MEG. Diethylene glycol (DEG) and triethylene glycol (TEG) are also generated as by-products in the process. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) "Ethylene Oxide", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition (2) "Ethylene Glycol", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition Keywords: Ethene, Shell Master, Scientific Design, Oxidation, Dow METEOR

Leachate from Municipal Landfills

Download Leachate from Municipal Landfills PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780815510215
Total Pages : 453 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (12 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Leachate from Municipal Landfills by : James C. S. Lu

Download or read book Leachate from Municipal Landfills written by James C. S. Lu and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

New Horizons in Biotechnology

Download New Horizons in Biotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401702039
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Horizons in Biotechnology by : S. Roussos

Download or read book New Horizons in Biotechnology written by S. Roussos and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The practice of biotechnology, though different in style, scale and substance in globalizing science for development involves all countries. Investment in biotechnology in the industrialised, the developing, and the least developed countries, is now amongst the widely accepted avenues being used for economie development. The simple utilization of kefir technology, the detoxification of injurious chemical pesticides e.g. parathion, the genetic tailoring of new crops, and the production of a first of a kind of biopharmaceuticals illustrate the global scope and content of biotechnology research endeavour and effort. In the developing and least developed nations, and in which the 9 most populous countries· are encountered, problems concerning management of the environment, food security, conservation of human health resources and capacity building are important factors that influence the path to sustainable development. Long-term use of biotechnology in the agricultural, food, energy and health sectors is expected to yield a windfall of economic, environmental and social benefits. Already the prototypes of new medicines and of prescription fruit vaccines are available. Gene based agriculture and medieine is increasingly being adopted and accepted. Emerging trends and practices are reflected in the designing of more efficient bioprocesses, and in new research in enzyme and fermentation technology, in the bioconversion of agro industrial residues into bio-utility products, in animal healthcare, and in the bioremediation and medical biotechnologies. Indeed, with each new day, new horizons in biotechnology beckon.

Industrial Environmental Chemistry

Download Industrial Environmental Chemistry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1489923209
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (899 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Industrial Environmental Chemistry by : Donald T. Sawyer

Download or read book Industrial Environmental Chemistry written by Donald T. Sawyer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-11 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph consists of manuscripts submitted by invited speakers who participated in the symposium "Industrial Environmental Chemistry: Waste Minimization in Industrial Processes and Remediation of Hazardous Waste," held March 24-26, 1992, at Texas A&M University. This meeting was the tenth annual international symposium sponsored by the Texas A&M Industry-University Cooperative Chemistry Program (IUCCP). The program was developed by an academic-industrial steering committee consisting of the co-chairmen, Professors Donald T. Sawyer and Arthur E. Martell of the Texas A&M University Chemistry Department, and members appointed by the sponsoring companies: Bernie A. Allen, Jr., Dow Chemical USA; Kirk W. Brown, Texas A&M University; Abraham Clearfield, Texas A&M University; Greg Leyes, Monsanto Company; Jay Warner, Hoechst-Celanese Corporation; Paul M. Zakriski, BF Goodrich Company; and Emile A. Schweikert, Texas A&M University (IUCCP Coordinator). The subject of this conference reflects the interest that has developed in academic institutions and industry for technological solutions to environmental contamination by industrial wastes. Progress is most likely with strategies that minimize waste production from industrial processes. Clearly the key to the protection and preservation of the environment will be through R&D that optimizes chemical processes to minimize or eliminate waste streams. Eleven of the papers are directed to waste minimization. An additional ten papers discuss chemical and biological remediation strategies for hazardous wastes that contaminate soils, sludges, and water.

Microbial Strategies for Crop Improvement

Download Microbial Strategies for Crop Improvement PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 364201979X
Total Pages : 371 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (42 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Microbial Strategies for Crop Improvement by : Mohammad Saghir Khan

Download or read book Microbial Strategies for Crop Improvement written by Mohammad Saghir Khan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-08-25 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With an ever-increasing human population, the demand placed upon the agriculture sector to supply more food is one of the greatest challenges for the agrarian community. In order to meet this challenge, environmentally unfriendly agroch- icals have played a key role in the green revolution and are even today commonly recommended to circumvent nutrient de?ciencies of the soils. The use of ag- chemicals is, though, a major factor for improvement of plant production; it causes a profound deteriorating effect on soil health (soil fertility) and in turn negatively affects the productivity and sustainability of crops. Concern over disturbance to the microbial diversity and consequently soil fertility (as these microbes are involved in biogeochemical processes), as well as economic constraints, have prompted fun- mental and applied research to look for new agro-biotechnologies that can ensure competitive yields by providing suf?ciently not only essential nutrients to the plants but also help to protect the health of soils by mitigating the toxic effects of certain pollutants. In this regard, the role of naturally abundant yet functionally fully unexplored microorganisms such as biofertilizers assume a special signi?cance in the context of supplementing plant nutrients, cost and environmental impact under both conventional practices and derelict environments. Therefore, current devel- ments in sustainability involve a rational exploitation of soil microbial communities and the use of inexpensive, though less bio-available, sources of plant nutrients, which may be made available to plants by microbially-mediated processes.

Tobacco or Health?

Download Tobacco or Health? PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3662052563
Total Pages : 462 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tobacco or Health? by : Knut-Olaf Haustein

Download or read book Tobacco or Health? written by Knut-Olaf Haustein and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Science tends to generalize, and generaliza tions mean simplifications . . . . And generaliza tions are also more satisfying to the mind than details. Of course, details and generalizations must be in proper balance: Generalizations can be reached only from details, while it is the generalization which gives value and interest to the detail:' . . . (A. Szent-Gyorgy, Science 1964) The first edition of this book, published in German as Tabak abhiingigkeit in 2001, was prompted by the fact that no single volume was available in Germany or elsewhere summarising the adverse repercussions of cigarette smoking on human health. As far as my own research was able to ascertain, the last comprehensive work dealing with this subject was writ ten in Germany by the Dresden internist, F. Lickint, whose Tabak und Organismus was published in 1939 by the Hip pokrates-Verlag. All subsequent monographs in this field have tended to focus on detailed aspects, and there has been no shortage of publications on subjects such as how smokers can quit smoking, healthy eating for smokers etc. Friends and colleagues abroad have urged me to prepare an English language version of Tabakabhiingigkeit. In gladly complying with this suggestion, I have intentionally prepared an up dated and slightly enlarged new edition, taking account of the rapidly proliferating literature on the subject up to the start of 2002. The harmful sequelae of smoking are played down by politicians in many industrialised countries, including Ger many.

Insect Chemoreception

Download Insect Chemoreception PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 140200270X
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Insect Chemoreception by : M.F. Ryan

Download or read book Insect Chemoreception written by M.F. Ryan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002-01-31 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume encompasses and unites all the major topics relating to Insect Chemoreception. Part 1 addresses topics such as plant/insect interactions, pheromones, ultrastructure, electrophysiology and the biochemistry of chemoreceptors. Part 2 embraces applications of plant chemicals and cultivars in insect pest control, host plant resistance and pheromones. A concluding chapter discusses the scope and potential of genetic engineering. This comprehensive account of the major aspects of sustainable insect pest control, together with the key references cited, will point the way to relevant research projects, and provide an up-to-date awareness of recent developments in the field. Audience: Graduate students and researchers in insect chemoreception, chemical ecology and sustainable pest control.

Thermodynamics of Pharmaceutical Systems

Download Thermodynamics of Pharmaceutical Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0471461393
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (714 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermodynamics of Pharmaceutical Systems by : Kenneth A. Connors

Download or read book Thermodynamics of Pharmaceutical Systems written by Kenneth A. Connors and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2003-04-02 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies of thermodynamics often fail to demonstrate how the mathematical intricacies of the subject relate to practical laboratory applications. Thermodynamics of Pharmaceutical Systems makes these connections clear, emphasizing specific applications to pharmaceutical systems in a study created specifically for contemporary curriculums at colleges of pharmacy. Students investigating drug discovery, drug delivery, and drug action will benefit from Kenneth Connors's authoritative treatment of the fundamentals of thermodynamics as well as his attention to drug molecules and experimental considerations. An extensive appendix that reviews the mathematics needed to master the pharmacy curriculum proves an invaluable reference. Connors divides his one-of-a-kind text into three sections: Basic Thermodynamics, Thermodynamics of Physical Processes, and Thermodynamics of Chemical Processes; chapters include: * Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics * The Entropy Concept * Phase Transformations * Solubility * Acid-Base Equilibria * Noncovalent Binding Equilibria Thermodynamics need not be a mystery nor be confined to the realm of mathematical theory. Thermodynamics of Pharmaceutical Systems introduces students of pharmacy to the profound thermodynamic applications in the laboratory while also serving as a handy resource for practicing researchers.

PEGylated Protein Drugs: Basic Science and Clinical Applications

Download PEGylated Protein Drugs: Basic Science and Clinical Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3764386797
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (643 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis PEGylated Protein Drugs: Basic Science and Clinical Applications by : Francesco M. Veronese

Download or read book PEGylated Protein Drugs: Basic Science and Clinical Applications written by Francesco M. Veronese and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-12-30 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PEGylation technology and key applications are introduced by this topical volume. Basic physical and chemical properties of PEG as basis for altering/improving in vivo behaviour of PEG-conjugates such as increased stability, improved PK/PD, and decreased immunogenicity, are discussed. Furthermore, chemical and enzymatic strategies for the coupling and the conjugate characterization are reported. Following chapters describe approved and marketed PEG-proteins and PEG-oligonucleotides as well as conjugates in various stages of clinical development.

The Therapeutic Use of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) in Medicine

Download The Therapeutic Use of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) in Medicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811053111
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Therapeutic Use of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) in Medicine by : Richard Eugene Frye

Download or read book The Therapeutic Use of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) in Medicine written by Richard Eugene Frye and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-09-20 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on the practical use of N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC) in medicine, this book provides a comprehensive review of the basic biological and clinical studies documenting its benefits in treating medical disease. NAC is perhaps best known as an antidote for acetaminophen, but its therapeutic effect in a wide range of medical diseases has recently been realized. In addition to its well recognized use in radiological contrast prophylaxis for renal disease and pulmonary disorders, studies have suggested significant promise in psychiatric and neurological disorders such as addiction, Alzheimer’s disease, ataxia, autism, bipolar disorder, depression, epilepsy, neuropathy, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, traumatic brain injury and trichotillomania in addition to promising studies in audiology, cardiology, exercise physiology, gastroenterology, hematology, infectious disease, infertility and ophthalmology. Given the promising studies for a wide range of medical conditions, coupled with a excellent safety profile, the potential for NAC in the treatment of human disease appears considerable. Dr Leonore A Herzenberg from Stanford University, a pioneer of redox physiology and the use of NAC, provides a succinct history of the development of the therapeutic use of NAC for medical disease. This is followed by a series of basic science chapters outlining the role of NAC in important physiological processes, including modulation of dopamine and glutamate neurotransmitter systems, redox and mitochondrial metabolism, apoptosis and inflammation. The last section of the book is dedicated to clinically oriented chapters that comprehensively review the literature on medical disorders in which NAC has been found to be effective, including toxicity and cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurological, psychiatric, pulmonary and renal disorders. Each chapter reviews the theoretical biological mechanisms of NAC for the specific diseases reviewed, rates the clinical studies using a standardized criteria in order to provide an objective level of evidence and grade of recommendation for the use of NAC for specific medical conditions and outlines the ongoing clinical trials examining NAC for the treatment of specific diseases. Final chapters review the clinical evidence verifying that specific theoretical biological mechanisms are actually being targeted by NAC in medical disease. Studies on the pharmacology, formulation and potential adverse effects of NAC are also reviewed. A final chapter synthesizes the clinical studies to suggest that the effectiveness of NAC may signal a new basic physiological disorder, glutathione deficiency, which may be an important pathophysiological mechanism of many diseases.

Microbial Production

Download Microbial Production PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 4431546073
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Microbial Production by : Hideharu Anazawa

Download or read book Microbial Production written by Hideharu Anazawa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-02-20 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial production: From genome design to cell surface engineering affords a comprehensive review of novel technology and approaches being implemented for manufacturing microorganisms, written by specialists in both academia and industry. This book is divided into three sections: the first includes technology for improvement of fermentation strains and many supporting technologies and information; the second examines novel technology useful for analysis of cell activities, analyzing gene function, and designing genomes of producer strains; and finally, a discussion of the practical application of the techniques and success case studies in many fields of bio-production, such as microbiological production, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, foods and cosmetics.

Advanced Excel for Scientific Data Analysis

Download Advanced Excel for Scientific Data Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0195152751
Total Pages : 631 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (951 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Excel for Scientific Data Analysis by : Robert De Levie

Download or read book Advanced Excel for Scientific Data Analysis written by Robert De Levie and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2004 with total page 631 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This guide to Excel focuses on three areas--least squares, Fourier transformation, and digital simulation. It illustrates the techniques with detailed examples, many drawn from the scientific literature. It also includes and describes a number of sample macros and functions to facilitate common data analysis tasks. De Levie is affiliated with Bowdoin College. Annotation : 2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com).

Advanced 3D-Printed Systems and Nanosystems for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering

Download Advanced 3D-Printed Systems and Nanosystems for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128184728
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced 3D-Printed Systems and Nanosystems for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering by : Lisa C. du Toit

Download or read book Advanced 3D-Printed Systems and Nanosystems for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering written by Lisa C. du Toit and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-03-08 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced 3D-Printed Systems and Nanosystems for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering explores the intricacies of nanostructures and 3D printed systems in terms of their design as drug delivery or tissue engineering devices, their further evaluations and diverse applications. The book highlights the most recent advances in both nanosystems and 3D-printed systems for both drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. It discusses the convergence of biofabrication with nanotechnology, constructing a directional customizable biomaterial arrangement for promoting tissue regeneration, combined with the potential for controlled bioactive delivery. These discussions provide a new viewpoint for both biomaterials scientists and pharmaceutical scientists. - Shows how nanotechnology and 3D printing are being used to create systems which are intelligent, biomimetic and customizable to the patient - Explores the current generation of nanostructured 3D printed medical devices - Assesses the major challenges of using 3D printed nanosystems for the manufacture of new pharmaceuticals

Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 100

Download Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 100 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319052756
Total Pages : 602 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 100 by : A. D. Kinghorn

Download or read book Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 100 written by A. D. Kinghorn and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-17 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The volumes of this classic series, now referred to simply as "Zechmeister" after its founder, L. Zechmeister, have appeared under the Springer Imprint ever since the series' inauguration in 1938. It is therefore not really surprising to find out that the list of contributing authors, who were awarded a Nobel Prize, is quite long: Kurt Alder, Derek H.R. Barton, George Wells Beadle, Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin, Otto Diels, Hans von Euler-Chelpin, Paul Karrer, Luis Federico Leloir, Linus Pauling, Vladimir Prelog, with Walter Norman Haworth and Adolf F.J. Butenandt serving as members of the editorial board. The volumes contain contributions on various topics related to the origin, distribution, chemistry, synthesis, biochemistry, function or use of various classes of naturally occurring substances ranging from small molecules to biopolymers. Each contribution is written by a recognized authority in his field and provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the topic in question. Addressed to biologists, technologists and chemists alike, the series can be used by the expert as a source of information and literature citations and by the non-expert as a means of orientation in a rapidly developing discipline.