Properties of Fluids in an Engineering Context

Download Properties of Fluids in an Engineering Context PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3668833893
Total Pages : 14 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (688 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Properties of Fluids in an Engineering Context by : Florante Jr. Poso

Download or read book Properties of Fluids in an Engineering Context written by Florante Jr. Poso and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2018-11-13 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lecture Notes from the year 2015 in the subject Engineering - System Science, grade: 1.0, , course: Civil Engineering, language: English, abstract: This script discusses the different properties of fluids. In a general context, fluids are classified as either a liquid or gases, although in other textbooks, it also incorporates plasma as part of its scope. The coverage of this script is limited to the detail discussion of the fluid properties such as the density, viscosity, compressibility and elasticity, vapor pressure, surface tension and capillary rise or depression. Specific problems are presented with detailed solutions to guide the reader on the step by step procedure of solving in an engineering point of view. The study of fluid mechanics is utilized in the field of engineering most specifically on engineering structures that incorporates the conveyance of fluids in the system. Pipelines and machines like turbines and engines also use the principles of fluid mechanics. Thus, it is cognizant to learn the basics of the properties of fluids in order to have a better grasp of the principles of fluids in application to engineering works. The units that were used in the illustrations are all in metric system.

Fundamental Fluid Mechanics for the Practicing Engineer

Download Fundamental Fluid Mechanics for the Practicing Engineer PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780849383922
Total Pages : 446 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (839 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fundamental Fluid Mechanics for the Practicing Engineer by : James W. Murdock

Download or read book Fundamental Fluid Mechanics for the Practicing Engineer written by James W. Murdock and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1993-01-25 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A step-by-step guide, containing tutorial examples that serve as models for all concepts presented. This text contains properties of nearly 50 fluids, including density and viscosity data for compressed water and superheated steam, and characteristics of areas, pipes and tubing.

The Dictionary of Aerospace Engineering

Download The Dictionary of Aerospace Engineering PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Entropol
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1032 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Dictionary of Aerospace Engineering by : Utku Taşova

Download or read book The Dictionary of Aerospace Engineering written by Utku Taşova and published by Entropol. This book was released on 2023-11-03 with total page 1032 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Propelling Understanding: Your Launchpad to Aerospace Engineering Excellence The realm of aerospace engineering is a confluence of science, ambition, and human endeavor, encapsulating the relentless pursuit of pushing boundaries and transcending terrestrial limitations. It is a domain that continually stretches the fabric of what is possible, melding imagination with the rigors of engineering precision. The Dictionary of Aerospace Engineering, with its extensive compilation of 6,000 meticulously curated titles, serves as a cornerstone for those engaged in this dynamic field, offering a wellspring of knowledge and a pathway to mastery. Embarking on the pages of this dictionary is akin to launching into a voyage through the core principles, advanced methodologies, and the ever-evolving technologies that are the hallmarks of aerospace engineering. Each entry is a beacon, illuminating complex terminologies and nuanced concepts, aiding both the seasoned engineer and the aspiring practitioner in navigating the vast expanse of aerospace engineering knowledge. The Dictionary of Aerospace Engineering is not merely a repository of terms but an edifice of understanding. It is a conduit through which the intricate and the arcane become accessible, where challenging concepts are decoded into comprehensible insights. This dictionary is an endeavor to foster a shared lexicon, to enhance communication, collaboration, and innovation across the aerospace engineering community. This comprehensive reference material transcends being a passive dictionary; it is a dynamic engagement with the multifaceted domain of aerospace engineering. Each term, each title is a testament to the relentless spirit of inquiry and the unyielding drive for innovation that characterizes the aerospace engineering sector. The Dictionary of Aerospace Engineering is an invitation to delve deeper, to engage with the lexicon of flight and space, and to emerge with a richer understanding and a sharpened expertise. It’s a portal through which the uninitiated become adept, the curious become enlightened, and the proficient become masters. Every term, every phrase is a step closer to unraveling the mysteries and embracing the challenges that propel the aerospace engineering domain forward. As you traverse through the entries of The Dictionary of Aerospace Engineering, you are embarking on a journey of discovery. A journey that will not only augment your understanding but will also ignite the spark of curiosity and the drive for innovation that are the hallmarks of excellence in aerospace engineering. We beckon you to commence this educational expedition, to explore the breadth and depth of aerospace engineering lexicon, and to emerge with a boundless understanding and an unyielding resolve to contribute to the ever-evolving narrative of aerospace engineering. Through The Dictionary of Aerospace Engineering, may your quest for knowledge soar to new heights and may your contributions to the aerospace engineering domain echo through the annals of human achievement.

An Introduction to the Properties of Fluids and Solids

Download An Introduction to the Properties of Fluids and Solids PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Calgary : University of Calgary Press
ISBN 13 : 9780919813069
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Introduction to the Properties of Fluids and Solids by : Robert A. Heidemann

Download or read book An Introduction to the Properties of Fluids and Solids written by Robert A. Heidemann and published by Calgary : University of Calgary Press. This book was released on 1984 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with some basic thermodynamic and transport properties of fluids and solids that are of interest in engineering applications. Various notions about the basic structure of matter, fundamental concepts of our physical world and the conditions of equilibrium between different phases of matter are discussed in the first part of the book. The macroscopic properties of fluids and solids are explained in the latter part. The book is written for first-year university students in engineering. Therefore, simple derivations and clear explanations have been preferred to detailed theoretical treatment. Illustrative problems, spaced throughout the text, demonstrate the application of various concepts and facilitate a better understanding of the theory. The text provides a sound first treatment of many properties of fluids and solids of interest in all the engineering disciplines.

Introduction to Thermal and Fluid Engineering

Download Introduction to Thermal and Fluid Engineering PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466503211
Total Pages : 972 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introduction to Thermal and Fluid Engineering by : Allan D. Kraus

Download or read book Introduction to Thermal and Fluid Engineering written by Allan D. Kraus and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-09-06 with total page 972 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Thermal and Fluid Engineering combines coverage of basic thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer for a one- or two-term course for a variety of engineering majors. The book covers fundamental concepts, definitions, and models in the context of engineering examples and case studies. It carefully explains the methods used t

Introduction to Thermal and Fluid Engineering

Download Introduction to Thermal and Fluid Engineering PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420088084
Total Pages : 974 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introduction to Thermal and Fluid Engineering by : Allan D. Kraus

Download or read book Introduction to Thermal and Fluid Engineering written by Allan D. Kraus and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-09-06 with total page 974 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Thermal and Fluid Engineering combines coverage of basic thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer for a one- or two-term course for a variety of engineering majors. The book covers fundamental concepts, definitions, and models in the context of engineering examples and case studies. It carefully explains the methods used to evaluate changes in equilibrium, mass, energy, and other measurable properties, most notably temperature. It then also discusses techniques used to assess the effects of those changes on large, multi-component systems in areas ranging from mechanical, civil, and environmental engineering to electrical and computer technologies. Includes a motivational student study guide on CD to promote successful evaluation of energy systems This material helps readers optimize problem solving using practices to determine equilibrium limits and entropy, as well as track energy forms and rates of progress for processes in both closed and open thermodynamic systems. Presenting a variety of system examples, tables, and charts to reinforce understanding, the book includes coverage of: How automobile and aircraft engines work Construction of steam power plants and refrigeration systems Gas and vapor power processes and systems Application of fluid statics, buoyancy, and stability, and the flow of fluids in pipes and machinery Heat transfer and thermal control of electronic components Keeping sight of the difference between system synthesis and analysis, this book contains numerous design problems. It would be useful for an intensive course geared toward readers who know basic physics and mathematics through ordinary differential equations but might not concentrate on thermal/fluids science much further. Written by experts in diverse fields ranging from mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering to applied mathematics, this book is based on the assertion that engineers from all walks absolutely must understand energy processes and be able to quantify them.

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Download Introduction to Fluid Mechanics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780470234501
Total Pages : 752 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (345 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introduction to Fluid Mechanics by : Robert W. Fox

Download or read book Introduction to Fluid Mechanics written by Robert W. Fox and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008 with total page 752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the bestselling books in the field, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics continues to provide readers with a balanced and comprehensive approach to mastering critical concepts. The new seventh edition once again incorporates a proven problem-solving methodology that will help them develop an orderly plan to finding the right solution. It starts with basic equations, then clearly states assumptions, and finally, relates results to expected physical behavior. Many of the steps involved in analysis are simplified by using Excel.

Applied Well Cementing Engineering

Download Applied Well Cementing Engineering PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0128219483
Total Pages : 640 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Applied Well Cementing Engineering by : Gefei Liu

Download or read book Applied Well Cementing Engineering written by Gefei Liu and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2021-03-25 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applied Well Cementing Engineering delivers the latest technologies, case studies, and procedures to identify the challenges, understand the framework, and implement the solutions for today’s cementing and petroleum engineers. Covering the basics and advances, this contributed reference gives the complete design, flow and job execution in a structured process. Authors, collectively, bring together knowledge from over 250 years of experience in cementing and condense their knowledge into this book. Real-life successful and unsuccessful case studies are included to explain lessons learned about the technologies used today. Other topics include job simulation, displacement efficiency, and hydraulics. A practical guide for cementing engineer, Applied Well Cementing Engineering, gives a critical reference for better job execution. Provides a practical guide and industry best practices for both new and seasoned engineers Independent chapters enable the readers to quickly access specific subjects Gain a complete framework of a cementing job with a detailed road map from casing equipment to plug and abandonment

Modern Fluid Dynamics

Download Modern Fluid Dynamics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048120950
Total Pages : 627 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Modern Fluid Dynamics by : Clement Kleinstreuer

Download or read book Modern Fluid Dynamics written by Clement Kleinstreuer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-05-21 with total page 627 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook covers essentials of traditional and modern fluid dynamics, i. e. , the fundamentals of and basic applications in fluid mechanics and convection heat transfer with brief excursions into fluid-particle dynamics and solid mechanics. Specifically, it is suggested that the book can be used to enhance the knowledge base and skill level of engineering and physics students in macro-scale fluid mechanics (see Chaps. 1–5 and 10), followed by an int- ductory excursion into micro-scale fluid dynamics (see Chaps. 6 to 9). These ten chapters are rather self-contained, i. e. , most of the material of Chaps. 1–10 (or selectively just certain chapters) could be taught in one course, based on the students’ background. Typically, serious seniors and first-year graduate students form a receptive audience (see sample syllabus). Such as target group of students would have had prerequisites in thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and solid mechanics, where Part A would be a welcomed refresher. While introductory fluid mechanics books present the material in progressive order, i. e. , employing an inductive approach from the simple to the more difficult, the present text adopts more of a deductive approach. Indeed, understanding the derivation of the basic equations and then formulating the system-specific equations with suitable boundary conditions are two key steps for proper problem solutions.

Modeling and Simulation in Thermal and Fluids Engineering

Download Modeling and Simulation in Thermal and Fluids Engineering PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000610594
Total Pages : 371 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Modeling and Simulation in Thermal and Fluids Engineering by : Krishnan Murugesan

Download or read book Modeling and Simulation in Thermal and Fluids Engineering written by Krishnan Murugesan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-07-29 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook comprehensively covers the fundamentals behind mathematical modeling of engineering problems to obtain the required solution. It comprehensively discusses modeling concepts through conservation principles with a proper blending of mathematical expressions. The text discusses the basics of governing equations in algebraic and differential forms and examines the importance of mathematics as a tool in modeling. It covers important topics including modeling of heat transfer problems, modeling of flow problems, modeling advection-diffusion problems and Navier-Stokes equations in depth. Pedagogical features including solved problems and unsolved exercises are interspersed throughout the text for better understanding. The textbook is primarily written for senior undergraduate and graduate students in the field of mechanical engineering for courses on modeling and simulation. The textbook will be accompanied by teaching resource including a solution manual for the instructors.

Petroleum Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties, Second Edition

Download Petroleum Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties, Second Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439876363
Total Pages : 547 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Petroleum Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties, Second Edition by : Abhijit Y. Dandekar

Download or read book Petroleum Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties, Second Edition written by Abhijit Y. Dandekar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 547 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A strong foundation in reservoir rock and fluid properties is the backbone of almost all the activities in the petroleum industry. Suitable for undergraduate students in petroleum engineering, Petroleum Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties, Second Edition offers a well-balanced, in-depth treatment of the fundamental concepts and practical aspects that encompass this vast discipline. New to the Second Edition Introductions to Stone II three-phase relative permeability model and unconventional oil and gas resources Discussions on low salinity water injection, saturated reservoirs and production trends of five reservoir fluids, impact of mud filtrate invasion and heavy organics on samples, and flow assurance problems due to solid components of petroleum Better plots for determining oil and water Corey exponents from relative permeability data Inclusion of Rachford-Rice flash function, Plateau equation, and skin effect Improved introduction to reservoir rock and fluid properties Practice problems covering porosity, combined matrix-channel and matrix-fracture permeability, radial flow equations, drilling muds on fluid saturation, wettability concepts, three-phase oil relative permeability, petroleum reservoir fluids, various phase behavior concepts, phase behavior of five reservoir fluids, and recombined fluid composition Detailed solved examples on absolute permeability, live reservoir fluid composition, true boiling point extended plus fractions properties, viscosity based on compositional data, and gas-liquid surface tension Accessible to anyone with an engineering background, the text reveals the importance of understanding rock and fluid properties in petroleum engineering. Key literature references, mathematical expressions, and laboratory measurement techniques illustrate the correlations and influence between the various properties. Explaining how to acquire accurate and reliable data, the author describes coring and fluid sampling methods, issues related to handling samples for core analyses, and PVT studies. He also highlights core and phase behavior analysis using laboratory tests and calculations to elucidate a wide range of properties.

Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics

Download Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1498724434
Total Pages : 580 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (987 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics by : Ron Darby

Download or read book Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics written by Ron Darby and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-11-30 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides readers with the most current, accurate, and practical fluid mechanics related applications that the practicing BS level engineer needs today in the chemical and related industries, in addition to a fundamental understanding of these applications based upon sound fundamental basic scientific principles. The emphasis remains on problem solving, and the new edition includes many more examples.

Mechanics of Fluids

Download Mechanics of Fluids PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316515699
Total Pages : 721 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (165 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mechanics of Fluids by : Joseph M. Powers

Download or read book Mechanics of Fluids written by Joseph M. Powers and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-06-29 with total page 721 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An accessible, rigorous introduction to fluid mechanics, with a robust emphasis on theoretical foundations and mathematical exposition.

Computational and Experimental Fluid Mechanics with Applications to Physics, Engineering and the Environment

Download Computational and Experimental Fluid Mechanics with Applications to Physics, Engineering and the Environment PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3319001914
Total Pages : 554 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Computational and Experimental Fluid Mechanics with Applications to Physics, Engineering and the Environment by : Leonardo Di G. Sigalotti

Download or read book Computational and Experimental Fluid Mechanics with Applications to Physics, Engineering and the Environment written by Leonardo Di G. Sigalotti and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-01-11 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book presents a collection of selected papers from the I Workshop of the Venezuelan Society of Fluid Mechanics held on Margarita Island, Venezuela from November 4 to 9, 2012. Written by experts in their respective fields, the contributions are organized into five parts: - Part I Invited Lectures, consisting of full-length technical papers on both computational and experimental fluid mechanics covering a wide range of topics from drops to multiphase and granular flows to astrophysical flows, - Part II Drops, Particles and Waves - Part III Multiphase and Multicomponent Flows - Part IV Atmospheric and Granular Flows - and Part V Turbulent and Astrophysical Flows. The book is intended for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students as well as for physicists, chemists and engineers teaching and working in the field of fluid mechanics and its applications. The contributions are the result of recent advances in theoretical and experimental research in fluid mechanics, encompassing both fundamentals as well as applications to fluid engineering design, including pipelines, turbines, flow separators, hydraulic systems and biological fluid elements, and to granular, environmental and astrophysical flows.

Introduction to Engineering Mechanics

Download Introduction to Engineering Mechanics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9781482219487
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (194 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introduction to Engineering Mechanics by : Jenn Stroud Rossmann

Download or read book Introduction to Engineering Mechanics written by Jenn Stroud Rossmann and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-03-24 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrated Mechanics Knowledge Essential for Any Engineer Introduction to Engineering Mechanics: A Continuum Approach, Second Edition uses continuum mechanics to showcase the connections between engineering structure and design and between solids and fluids and helps readers learn how to predict the effects of forces, stresses, and strains. The authors’ "continuum checklist" provides a framework for a wide variety of problems in solid and fluid mechanics. The essence of continuum mechanics, the internal response of materials to external loading, is often obscured by the complex mathematics of its formulation. By gradually building the formulations from one-dimensional to two- and three-dimensional, the authors help students develop a physical intuition for solid and fluid behavior and for the very interesting behavior of those materials including many biomaterials, between these extremes. This text is an accessible first introduction to the mechanics of all engineering materials, and incorporates a wide range of case studies highlighting the relevance of the technical content in societal, historical, ethical, and global contexts. It also offers a useful perspective for engineers concerned with biomedical, civil, chemical, mechanical, or other applications. New in the Second Edition: The latest edition contains significantly more examples, problems, and case studies than the first edition. The 22 chapters in this text: Define and present the template for the continuum approach Introduce strain and stress in one dimension, develop a constitutive law, and apply these concepts to the simple case of an axially loaded bar Extend the concepts to higher dimensions by introducing the Poisson’s ratio and strain and stress tensors Apply the continuum sense of solid mechanics to problems including torsion, pressure vessels, beams, and columns Make connections between solid and fluid mechanics, introducing properties of fluids and strain rate tensor Address fluid statics Consider applications in fluid mechanics Develop the governing equations in both control volume and differential forms Emphasize real-world design applications Introduction to Engineering Mechanics: A Continuum Approach, Second Edition provides a thorough understanding of how materials respond to loading: how solids deform and incur stress and how fluids flow. It introduces the fundamentals of solid and fluid mechanics, illustrates the mathematical connections between these fields, and emphasizes their diverse real-life applications. The authors also provide historical context for the ideas they describe and offer hints for future use.

Fluid Mechanics

Download Fluid Mechanics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788189473983
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (739 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fluid Mechanics by : Hilary D. Brewster

Download or read book Fluid Mechanics written by Hilary D. Brewster and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with the fundamental principles of fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer. The basic equations governing the convective transfer by fluid motion of matter, energy and momentum, and the transfer of the same properties by diffusion of molecular motion, are presented at the outset. These concepts are then applied systematically to the study of fluid dynamics in an engineering context and to the parallel investigation of heat and mass transfer processes. This textbook emphasizes the unified nature of all the disciplines of Fluid Mechanics as they emerge from the general principles of continuum mechanics. The different branches of Fluid Mechanics, always originating from simplifying assumptions, are developed according to the basic rule: from the general to the specific.

All Things Flow

Download All Things Flow PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781794807525
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (75 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis All Things Flow by : William Smyth

Download or read book All Things Flow written by William Smyth and published by . This book was released on 2019-09-10 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a graduate-level textbook for students in the natural sciences. After reviewing the necessary math, it describes the logical path from Newton's laws of motion to our modern understanding of fluid mechanics. It does not describe engineering applications but instead focuses on phenomena found in nature. Once developed, the theory is applied to three familiar examples of flows that can be observed easily in Earth's atmosphere, oceans, rivers and lakes: vortices, interfacial waves, and hydraulic transitions. The student will then have both (1) the tools to analyze a wide range of naturally-occurring flows and (2) a solid foundation for more advanced studies in atmospheric dynamics and physical oceanography. Appendices give more detailed explanations and optional topics.