Produced Water Management And Beneficial Use

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Management and Effects of Coalbed Methane Produced Water in the Western United States

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309162939
Total Pages : 239 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Management and Effects of Coalbed Methane Produced Water in the Western United States by : National Research Council

Download or read book Management and Effects of Coalbed Methane Produced Water in the Western United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-10-15 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In some coalbeds, naturally occurring water pressure holds methane-the main component of natural gas-fixed to coal surfaces and within the coal. In a coalbed methane (CBM) well, pumping water from the coalbeds lowers this pressure, facilitating the release of methane from the coal for extraction and use as an energy source. Water pumped from coalbeds during this process-CBM 'produced water'-is managed through some combination of treatment, disposal, storage, or use, subject to compliance with federal and state regulations. CBM produced water management can be challenging for regulatory agencies, CBM well operators, water treatment companies, policy makers, landowners, and the public because of differences in the quality and quantity of produced water; available infrastructure; costs to treat, store, and transport produced water; and states' legal consideration of water and produced water. Some states consider produced water as waste, whereas others consider it a beneficial byproduct of methane production. Thus, although current technologies allow CBM produced water to be treated to any desired water quality, the majority of CBM produced water is presently being disposed of at least cost rather than put to beneficial use. This book specifically examines the Powder River, San Juan, Raton, Piceance, and Uinta CBM basins in the states of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. The conclusions and recommendations identify gaps in data and information, potential beneficial uses of CBM produced water and associated costs, and challenges in the existing regulatory framework.

Produced Water Management and Beneficial Use

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)

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Book Synopsis Produced Water Management and Beneficial Use by :

Download or read book Produced Water Management and Beneficial Use written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Large quantities of water are associated with the production of coalbed methane (CBM) in the Powder River Basin (PRB) of Wyoming. The chemistry of co-produced water often makes it unsuitable for subsequent uses such as irrigated agriculture. However, co-produced waters have substantial potential for a variety of beneficial uses. Achieving this potential requires the development of appropriate water management strategies. There are several unique characteristics of co-produced water that make development of such management strategies a challenge. The production of CBM water follows an inverse pattern compared to traditional wells. CBM wells need to maintain low reservoir pressures to promote gas production. This need renders the reinjection of co-produced waters counterproductive. The unique water chemistry of co-produced water can reduce soil permeability, making surface disposal difficult. Unlike traditional petroleum operations where co-produced water is an undesirable by-product, co-produced water in the PRB often is potable, making it a highly valued resource in arid western states. This research project developed and evaluated a number of water management options potentially available to CBM operators. These options, which focus on cost-effective and environmentally-sound practices, fall into five topic areas: Minimization of Produced Water, Surface Disposal, Beneficial Use, Disposal by Injection and Water Treatment. The research project was managed by the Colorado Energy Research Institute (CERI) at the Colorado School of Mines (CSM) and involved personnel located at CERI, CSM, Stanford University, Pennsylvania State University, the University of Wyoming, the Argonne National Laboratory, the Gas Technology Institute, the Montana Bureau of Mining and Geology and PVES Inc., a private firm.

Flowback and Produced Waters

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309452627
Total Pages : 101 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Flowback and Produced Waters by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Flowback and Produced Waters written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-03-27 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Produced waterâ€"water from underground formations that is brought to the surface during oil and gas productionâ€"is the greatest volume byproduct associated with oil and gas production. It is managed by some combination of underground injection, treatment and subsequent use, treatment and discharge, or evaporation, subject to compliance with state and federal regulations. Management of these waters is challenging not only for industry and regulators, but also for landowners and the public because of differences in the quality and quantity of produced water, varying infrastructure needs, costs, and environmental considerations associated with produced water disposal, storage, and transport. Unconventional oil and gas development involves technologies that combine horizontal drilling with the practice of hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic fracturing is a controlled, high-pressure injection of fluid and proppant into a well to generate fractures in the rock formation containing the oil or gas. After the hydraulic fracture procedure is completed, the injected fluid is allowed to flow back into the well, leaving the proppant in the newly created fractures. As a result, a portion of the injected water returns to the surface and this water is called "flowback water" which initially may mix with the naturally occurring produced water from the formation. The chemistry and volume of water returning to the surface from unconventional oil and gas operations thus changes during the lifetime of the well due to the amount of fluid used in the initial stage of well development, the amount of water naturally occurring in the geologic formation, the original water and rock chemistry, the type of hydrocarbon being produced, and the way in which production is conducted. The volume and composition of flowback and produced waters vary with geography, time, and site-specific factors. A workshop was conducted by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to highlight the challenges and opportunities associated in managing produced water from unconventional hydrocarbon development, and particularly in the area of potential beneficial uses for these waters. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

Water Management in Oil and Gas Operations

Author : Einar Bandlien
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464820473
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Water Management in Oil and Gas Operations by : Einar Bandlien

Download or read book Water Management in Oil and Gas Operations written by Einar Bandlien and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2024-01-31 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with the freshwater needs in oil and gas operations and the beneficial use of produced water. Practical solutions are offered to support evidence-based policy making for an integrated and sustainable approach to water management.

Oil and Gas Produced Water Management and Beneficial Use in the Western United States

Author : Katie Guerra
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 113 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (752 download)

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Book Synopsis Oil and Gas Produced Water Management and Beneficial Use in the Western United States by : Katie Guerra

Download or read book Oil and Gas Produced Water Management and Beneficial Use in the Western United States written by Katie Guerra and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Management and Effects of Coalbed Methane Produced Water in the Western United States

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309154324
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Management and Effects of Coalbed Methane Produced Water in the Western United States by : National Research Council

Download or read book Management and Effects of Coalbed Methane Produced Water in the Western United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-11-15 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In some coalbeds, naturally occurring water pressure holds methane-the main component of natural gas-fixed to coal surfaces and within the coal. In a coalbed methane (CBM) well, pumping water from the coalbeds lowers this pressure, facilitating the release of methane from the coal for extraction and use as an energy source. Water pumped from coalbeds during this process-CBM 'produced water'-is managed through some combination of treatment, disposal, storage, or use, subject to compliance with federal and state regulations. CBM produced water management can be challenging for regulatory agencies, CBM well operators, water treatment companies, policy makers, landowners, and the public because of differences in the quality and quantity of produced water; available infrastructure; costs to treat, store, and transport produced water; and states' legal consideration of water and produced water. Some states consider produced water as waste, whereas others consider it a beneficial byproduct of methane production. Thus, although current technologies allow CBM produced water to be treated to any desired water quality, the majority of CBM produced water is presently being disposed of at least cost rather than put to beneficial use. This book specifically examines the Powder River, San Juan, Raton, Piceance, and Uinta CBM basins in the states of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. The conclusions and recommendations identify gaps in data and information, potential beneficial uses of CBM produced water and associated costs, and challenges in the existing regulatory framework.

Wetland Technology

Author : Guenter Langergraber
Publisher : IWA Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781789060164
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis Wetland Technology by : Guenter Langergraber

Download or read book Wetland Technology written by Guenter Langergraber and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2019-10-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water quality standards across the world are being re-written to promote healthier ecosystems, ensure safe potable water sources, increased biodiversity, and enhanced ecological functions. Treatment wetlands are used for treating a variety of pollutant waters, including municipal wastewater, agricultural and urban runoff, industrial effluents, and combined sewer overflows, among others. Treatment wetlands are particularly well-suited for sustainable water management because they can cope with variable influent loads, can be constructed of local materials, have low operations and maintenance requirements compared to other treatment technologies, and they can provide additional ecosystem services. The technology has been successfully implemented in both developed and developing countries. The first IWA Scientific and Technical Report (STR) on Wetland Technology was published in 2000. With the exponential development of the technology since then, the generation of a new STR was facilitated by the IWA Task Group on Mainstreaming Wetland Technology. This STR was conceptualized and written by leading experts in the field. The new report presents the latest technology applications within an innovative planning framework of multi-purpose wetland design. It also includes practical design information collected from over twenty years of experience from practitioners and academics, covering experiments at laboratory and pilot-scale up to full-scale applications. Scientific and Technical Report No.27

Assessing Oil and Gas Produced Water Disposal to Western U.S. Surface Water

Author : Bonnie McDevitt
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessing Oil and Gas Produced Water Disposal to Western U.S. Surface Water by : Bonnie McDevitt

Download or read book Assessing Oil and Gas Produced Water Disposal to Western U.S. Surface Water written by Bonnie McDevitt and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oil and gas (O&G) produced waters, wastewater brought to the surface during extraction processes, are often highly saline solutions (10-300 g/L Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)) with increased concentrations of radium, trace and heavy metals, and organic contaminants. Eighty percent of the United States' produced water (3.3 trillion L/year) is generated in states west of the 98th meridian. In western states produced waters are frequently discharged to surface waters in the O&G fields through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) and permitted for beneficial reuse downstream for irrigation, livestock watering, and wildlife propagation after minimal treatment. In arid regions, local NPDES discharges may offer substantial water resources to boost agricultural economies and drinking water supplies. The overall dissertation objective is to assess management of O&G produced water as beneficial use in terms of human and environmental health and to provide quantitatively-based recommendations regarding the current regulations. Chapter 1 provides a background on the issues regarding large volumes of O&G produced water, contaminants of concern for beneficial reuse of produced water, and opportunities for recycling and reusing produced water. Chapter 2 contains a geochemical and hydrological salinization assessment of the produced water discharge impacts to stream health downstream of NPDES facilities. Chapter 3 represents a study that sought to understand radium accumulation and sequestration mechanisms in grab and shallow core sediments near O&G discharges where radium was significantly associated with calcium carbonate minerals. Chapter 4 contains a study to determine if radium is bioaccumulating in vegetation growing near O&G NPDES facilities and created produced water retention ponds downstream. Chapter 5 represents a freshwater mussel tank study in which mussels were dosed with O&G produced water derived from the Marcellus Shale. Mussels were then analyzed for bioaccumulation of O&G produced water contaminants to establish environmental tracers (226Ra/228Ra, 87Sr/86Sr) for future forensic studies related to O&G produced water impacts to local water quality. Chapters 2 and 3 are currently published in Science of the Total Environment and Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts; Chapters 1, 4, and 5 are currently in preparation for publication.

Constructed Wetlands for Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Author : Alexandros I. Stefanakis
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119268346
Total Pages : 612 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Constructed Wetlands for Industrial Wastewater Treatment by : Alexandros I. Stefanakis

Download or read book Constructed Wetlands for Industrial Wastewater Treatment written by Alexandros I. Stefanakis and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-08-20 with total page 612 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A groundbreaking book on the application of the economic and environmentally effective treatment of industrial wastewater Constructed Wetlands for Industrial Wastewater Treatment contains a review of the state-of-the-art applications of constructed wetland technology for industrial wastewater treatment. This green technology offers many economic, environmental, and societal advantages. The text examines the many unique uses and the effectiveness of constructed wetlands for the treatment of complex and heavily polluted wastewater from various industrial sources. The editor — a noted expert in the field — and the international author team (93 authors from 22 countries) present vivid examples of the current state of constructed wetlands in the industrial sector. The text is filled with international case studies and research outcomes and covers a wide range of applications of these sustainable systems including facilities such as the oil and gas industry, agro-industries, paper mills, pharmaceutical industry, textile industry, winery, brewery, sludge treatment and much more. The book reviews the many system setups, examines the different removal and/or transformational processes of the various pollutants and explores the overall effectiveness of this burgeoning technology. This important resource: Offers the first, groundbreaking text on constructed wetlands use for industrial wastewater treatment Provides a single reference with summarized information and the state-of-the-art knowledge of the use of Constructed Wetlands in the industrial sector through case studies, research outcomes and review chapters Covers a range of industrial applications such as hydrocarbons/oil and gas industry, food and beverage, wood and leather processing, agro-industries, pharmaceuticals and many others Includes best practices drawn by a collection of international case studies Presents the latest technological developments in the industry Written for civil and environmental engineers, sustainable wastewater/water managers in industry and government, Constructed Wetlands for Industrial Wastewater Treatment is the first book to offer a comprehensive review of the set-up and effectiveness of constructed wetlands for a wide range of industrial applications to highlight the diverse economic and environmental benefits this technology brings to the industry.

Water Reuse

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309224624
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Water Reuse by : National Research Council

Download or read book Water Reuse written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-07-17 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Expanding water reuse-the use of treated wastewater for beneficial purposes including irrigation, industrial uses, and drinking water augmentation-could significantly increase the nation's total available water resources. Water Reuse presents a portfolio of treatment options available to mitigate water quality issues in reclaimed water along with new analysis suggesting that the risk of exposure to certain microbial and chemical contaminants from drinking reclaimed water does not appear to be any higher than the risk experienced in at least some current drinking water treatment systems, and may be orders of magnitude lower. This report recommends adjustments to the federal regulatory framework that could enhance public health protection for both planned and unplanned (or de facto) reuse and increase public confidence in water reuse.

Characterization, Treatment, and Beneficial Use of Shale Gas Flowback and Produced Water

Author : Guanyu Ma
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (921 download)

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Book Synopsis Characterization, Treatment, and Beneficial Use of Shale Gas Flowback and Produced Water by : Guanyu Ma

Download or read book Characterization, Treatment, and Beneficial Use of Shale Gas Flowback and Produced Water written by Guanyu Ma and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shale gas has become one of the most rapidly developing natural gas, providing approximately half of the natural gas for the U.S. Together with the development of shale gas exploration, large quantity of flowback and produced water is being produced. Management of flowback and produced water has become one of the most challenging issues for shale gas operators. Traditional disposal of flowback and produced water is challenged by the increased freshwater demand, water shortage, and more restraining regulations. Beneficial reuse of flowback and produced water is becoming a more attractive option, as it reduces freshwater demand for hydraulic fracturing, minimizes disposal costs, and helps to meet regulations. This study aimed to develop a decision-support tool for shale gas produced water management, treatment and beneficial use. Water quality and quantity data were retrieved from national produced water database and industrial database. Treatment technologies were critically reviewed about their capacities to treat shale gas flowback and produced water. A case study was conducted to evaluate shale gas flowback and produced water beneficial use potentials in Tioga County and Washington County in Marcellus Shale, Pennsylvania. The results showed that the costs of produced water treatment and beneficial use decreased significantly as the treated water flow rate increased. Produced water reuse is more cost-efficient than deep well injection when flowback and produced water from a cluster of wells collected together, and treated in a satellite facility. Small operators are recommended to cooperate to treat and reuse shale gas wastewater together to be more cost-effective. In addition to monetary benefits, reuse of flowback and produced water also augments water resources, reduces the industry reliance on local water supplies, decreases the risks of wastewater spill, remits traffic load and road wearing, helps to meet regulations and policies, and reduces public concerns.

Produced Water

Author : Kenneth Lee
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461400465
Total Pages : 601 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

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Book Synopsis Produced Water by : Kenneth Lee

Download or read book Produced Water written by Kenneth Lee and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-18 with total page 601 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A state-of-the-art review of scientific knowledge on the environmental risk of ocean discharge of produced water and advances in mitigation technologies. In offshore oil and gas operations, produced water (the water produced with oil or gas from a well) accounts for the largest waste stream (in terms of volume discharged). Its discharge is continuous during oil and gas production and typically increases in volume over the lifetime of an offshore production platform. Produced water discharge as waste into the ocean has become an environmental concern because of its potential contaminant content. Environmental risk assessments of ocean discharge of produced water have yielded different results. For example, several laboratory and field studies have shown that significant acute toxic effects cannot be detected beyond the "point of discharge" due to rapid dilution in the receiving waters. However, there is some preliminary evidence of chronic sub-lethal impacts in biota associated with the discharge of produced water from oil and gas fields within the North Sea. As the composition and concentration of potential produced water contaminants may vary from one geologic formation to another, this conference also highlights the results of recent studies in Atlantic Canada.

Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (327 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States by :

Download or read book Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Oil and Gas Production Handbook: An Introduction to Oil and Gas Production

Author : Havard Devold
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 1105538648
Total Pages : 84 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (55 download)

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Book Synopsis Oil and Gas Production Handbook: An Introduction to Oil and Gas Production by : Havard Devold

Download or read book Oil and Gas Production Handbook: An Introduction to Oil and Gas Production written by Havard Devold and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2013 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Produced Water Management at Oil & Gas Production Facilities

Author : Arif Bangash
Publisher : LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9783659819025
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Produced Water Management at Oil & Gas Production Facilities by : Arif Bangash

Download or read book Produced Water Management at Oil & Gas Production Facilities written by Arif Bangash and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2015-12-22 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Produced water is typically the largest bi-product or waste stream volume accompanied with the oil and gas production. It is basically the waste product full of chemical contaminants; which cannot be utilized for any useful purpose. Produced water quality fluctuates considerably based on type of hydrocarbons produced, geographical location and the geochemistry of the generating reservoir. This book is helpful in selecting the most appropriate method for produced water in oil & gas sector across the globe. Each of the produced water handling techniques has pros & cons with respect to their implementation at site depending upon the volumes of it generated each day, it's chemical and physical characteristics etc. This book also contains produced water data from oil & gas companies which is evaluated and analyzed in detail to reach at a conclusion that Forced Evaporation system is the most feasible and viable handling technique for controlled produced water productions. As for the higher produced water generation, definitely other handling techniques such as well injection, water treatment, down-hole injection for oil recovery are the alternate solutions to the problem.

Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture

Author : Hiroshan Hettiarachchi
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331974268X
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture by : Hiroshan Hettiarachchi

Download or read book Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture written by Hiroshan Hettiarachchi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-03-09 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a broad and global level description of the current status of wastewater use in agriculture and then brings the readers to various places in the MENA Region and Europe to explain how some countries and regions have addressed the challenges during implementation. On a global scale, over 20 million hectares of agricultural land are irrigated using wastewater. This is one good, and perhaps the most prominent, example of the safe use potential of wastewater. Water scarcity and the cost of energy and fertilisers are among the main factors driving millions of farmers and other entrepreneurs to make use of wastewater. In order to address the technical, institutional, and policy challenges of safe water reuse, developing countries and countries in transition need clear institutional arrangements and more skilled human resources, with a sound understanding of the opportunities and potential risks of wastewater use. Stakeholders in wastewater irrigation who need to implement from scratch or improve current conditions, find it difficult to gather the necessary information on practical implementation aspects. The main objective of this book is to bridge that gap.

Regulating Water Security in Unconventional Oil and Gas

Author : Regina M. Buono
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030183424
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Regulating Water Security in Unconventional Oil and Gas by : Regina M. Buono

Download or read book Regulating Water Security in Unconventional Oil and Gas written by Regina M. Buono and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-10-31 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the need for deeper understanding of regulatory and policy regimes around the world in relation to the use of water for the production of ‘unconventional’ hydrocarbons, including shale gas, coal bed methane and tight oil, through hydraulic fracturing. Legal, policy, political and regulatory issues surrounding the use of water for hydraulic fracturing are present at every stage of operations. Operators and regulators must understand the legal, political and hydrological contexts of their surroundings, procure water for use in the fracturing and extraction processes, gain community cooperation or confront social resistance around water, collect flow back and produced water, and dispose of these wastewaters safely. By analysing and comparing different approaches to these issues from around the globe, this volume gleans insights into how policy, best practices and regulation may be developed to advance the interests of all stakeholders. While it is not always possible to easily transfer ‘good practice’ from one place to another, there is value in examining and understanding the components of different legal and regulatory regimes, as these may assist in the development of better regulatory law and policy for the rapidly growing unconventional energy sector. The book takes an interdisciplinary approach and includes chapters looking at water-energy nexus security in general, along with issue-focused and geographically-focused case studies written by scholars from around the world. Chapter topics, organized in conjunction with the stage of the shale gas production process upon which they touch, include the implications of hydraulic fracturing for agriculture, municipalities, and other stakeholders competing for water supplies; public opinion regarding use of water for hydraulic fracturing; potential conflicts between hydraulic fracturing and water as a human right; prevention of induced seismic activity, and the disposal or recycling of produced water. Several chapters also discuss implications of unconventional energy production for indigenous communities, particularly as regards sustainable water management. This volume will be of interest to scholars and students of energy and water, regulators and policymakers and operators interested in ensuring that they align with emergent best global practice.