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Process Of Producing Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels From Biomass
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Book Synopsis Process of Producing Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels from Biomass by :
Download or read book Process of Producing Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels from Biomass written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A continuous thermochemical indirect liquefaction process to convert various biomass materials into diesel-type transportation fuels which fuels are compatible with current engine designs and distribution systems comprising feeding said biomass into a circulating solid fluidized bed gasification system to produce a synthesis gas containing olefins, hydrogen and carbon monoxide and thereafter introducing the synthesis gas into a catalytic liquefaction system to convert the synthesis gas into liquid hydrocarbon fuel consisting essentially of C.sub. 7 -C.sub. 17 paraffinic hydrocarbons having cetane indices of 50+.
Book Synopsis Production of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels from Biomass by : Juan Carlos Serrano Ruiz
Download or read book Production of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels from Biomass written by Juan Carlos Serrano Ruiz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-06-15 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the demand for fossil fuels grows faster than production, the search for new fuels to replace fossil fuels is gaining in importance, and liquid biofuels are considered good candidates. This book reviews the technologies available today, as well as a number of promising new technologies, for the production of liquid hydrocarbon transportation fuels from biomass resources. Examples of everyday use of biofuels and liquid hydrocarbon fuels are featured throughout the book.
Book Synopsis Liquid Fuels Production from Biomass. Final Report by :
Download or read book Liquid Fuels Production from Biomass. Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current program to convert biomass into liquid hydrocarbon fuels is an extension of a previous program to ferment marine algae to acetic acid. In that study it was found that marine algae could be converted to higher aliphatic organic acids and that these acids could be readily removed from the fermentation broth by membrane or liquid-liquid extraction. It was then proposed to convert these higher organic acids via Kolbe electrolysis to aliphatic hydrocarbons, which may be used as a diesel fuel. The specific goals for the current porgram are: (1) establish conditions under which substrates other than marine algae may be converted in good yield to organic acids, here the primary task is methane suppression; (2) modify the current 300-liter fixed packed bed batch fermenter to operate in a continuous mode; (3) change from membrane extraction of organic acids to liquid-liquid extraction; (4) optimize the energy balance of the electrolytic oxidation process, the primary task is to reduce the working potential required for the electrolysis while maintaining an adequate current density; (5) scale the entire process up to match the output of the 300 liter fermenter; and (6) design pilot plant and commercial size plant (1000 tons/day) processes for converting biomass to liquid hydrocarbon fuels and perform an economic analysis for the 1000 ton/day design.
Book Synopsis Indirect Thermal Liquefaction Process for Producing Liquid Fuels from Biomass by :
Download or read book Indirect Thermal Liquefaction Process for Producing Liquid Fuels from Biomass written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A progress report on an indirect liquefaction process to convert biomass type materials to quality liquid hydrocarbon fuels by gasification followed by catalytic liquid fuels synthesis has been presented. A wide variety of feedstocks can be processed through the gasification system to a gas with a heating value of 500 + Btu/SCF. Some feedstocks are more attractive than others with regard to producing a high olefin content. This appears to be related to hydrocarbon content of the material. The H2/CO ratio can be manipulated over a wide range in the gasification system with steam addition. Some feedstocks require the aid of a water-gas shift catalyst while others appear to exhibit an auto-catalytic effect to achieve the conversion. H2S content (beyond the gasification system wet scrubber) is negligible for the feedstocks surveyed. The water gas shift reaction appears to be enhanced with an increase in pyrolysis reactor temperature over the range of 1300 to 1700°F. Reactor temperature in the Fischer-Tropsch step is a significant factor with regard to manipulating product composition analysis. The optimum temperature however will probably correspond to maximum conversion to liquid hydrocarbons in the C5 - C1-- range. Continuing research includes integrated system performance assessment, alternative feedstock characterization (through gasification) and factor studies for gasification (e.g., catalyst usage, alternate heat transfer media, steam usage, recycle effects, residence time study) and liquefaction (e.g., improved catalysts, catalyst activity characterization).
Book Synopsis Handbook of Biofuels Production by : Rafael Luque
Download or read book Handbook of Biofuels Production written by Rafael Luque and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2016-05-19 with total page 772 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Biofuels Production, Second Edition, discusses advanced chemical, biochemical, and thermochemical biofuels production routes that are fast being developed to address the global increase in energy usage. Research and development in this field is aimed at improving the quality and environmental impact of biofuels production, as well as the overall efficiency and output of biofuels production plants. The book provides a comprehensive and systematic reference on the range of biomass conversion processes and technology. Key changes for this second edition include increased coverage of emerging feedstocks, including microalgae, more emphasis on by-product valorization for biofuels' production, additional chapters on emerging biofuel production methods, and discussion of the emissions associated with biofuel use in engines. The editorial team is strengthened by the addition of two extra members, and a number of new contributors have been invited to work with authors from the first edition to revise existing chapters, thus offering fresh perspectives. - Provides systematic and detailed coverage of the processes and technologies being used for biofuel production - Discusses advanced chemical, biochemical, and thermochemical biofuels production routes that are fast being developed to address the global increase in energy usage - Reviews the production of both first and second generation biofuels - Addresses integrated biofuel production in biorefineries and the use of waste materials as feedstocks
Book Synopsis Liquid Fuels Production from Biomass. Final Report, for Period Ending June 30, 1980 by :
Download or read book Liquid Fuels Production from Biomass. Final Report, for Period Ending June 30, 1980 written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current program to convert biomass into liquid hydrocarbon fuels is an extension of a previous program to ferment marine algae to acetic acid. In that study it was found that marine algae could be converted to higher aliphatic organic acids and that these acids could be readily removed from the fermentation broth by membrane or liquid-liquid extraction. It was then proposed to convert these higher organic acids via Kolbe electrolysis to aliphatic hydrocarbons, which may be used as a diesel fuel. The specific goals for the current program are: (1) establish conditions under which substrates other than marine algae may be converted in good yield to organic acids, here the primary task is methane suppression; (2) modify the current 300-liter fixed packed bed batch fermenter to operate in a continuous mode; (3) change from membrane extraction of organic acids to liquid-liquid extraction; (4) optimize the energy balance of the electrolytic oxidation process, the primary task is to reduce the working potential required for the electrolysis while maintaining an adequate current density; (5) scale the entire process up to match the output of the 300 liter fermenter; and (6) design pilot plant and commercial size plant (1000 tons/day) processes for converting biomass to liquid hydrocarbon fuels and perform an economic analysis for the 1000 ton/day design.
Book Synopsis Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Liquid Fuels and Chemicals by : Mark Crocker
Download or read book Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Liquid Fuels and Chemicals written by Mark Crocker and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2010 with total page 555 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This up-to-date overview on the conversion of thermochemical biomass to fuels and chemicals is written by experts in the field.
Book Synopsis Hydrogen, Biomass and Bioenergy by : Bruno G. Pollet
Download or read book Hydrogen, Biomass and Bioenergy written by Bruno G. Pollet and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-07-10 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrogen and Bioenergy: Integration Pathways for Renewable Energy Applications focuses on the nexus between hydrogen and carbon compounds as energy carriers, with a particular focus on renewable energy solutions. This book explores opportunities for integrating hydrogen in the bioenergy value chain, such as adding hydrogen to upgrade biofuels and lower CO2 emissions during production. The book also takes the inverse path to examine hydrogen production by chemical and biological routes from various bioresources, including solid waste, wastewater, agricultural products and algae. This broad coverage of technologies and applications presents a unique resource for researchers and practitioners developing integrated hydrogen and bioenergy technologies. This book will also be useful for graduate students and new researchers, presenting an introductory resource in the areas of hydrogen and bioenergy. Energy planners and engineers will also benefit from this content when designing and deploying hydrogen infrastructure for power, heating and transportation. Provides a comprehensive picture of hydrogen generation from biomass, as well as other sources of hydrogen for power, heating, transportation and storage applications Explores the ways hydrogen can be utilized in combination with bio-derived hydrocarbon chains to produce a variety of substitutes for fossil fuel-based petrochemicals Fills the gap between theoretical knowledge and technology viability Analyzes how these technologies fit into an overall energy strategy targeted at expanding the renewable energy sector
Book Synopsis Hydropyrolysis of Biomass to Produce Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels. Final Report. Biomass Alternative-Fuels Program by :
Download or read book Hydropyrolysis of Biomass to Produce Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels. Final Report. Biomass Alternative-Fuels Program written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ojective of the study is to provide a process design and cost estimates for a biomass hydropyrolysis plant and to establish its economic viability for commercial applications. A plant site, size, product slate, and the most probable feedstock or combination of feedstocks were determined. A base case design was made by adapting IGT's HYFLEX process to Hawaiian biomass feedstocks. The HYFLEX process was developed by IGT to produce liquid and/or gaseous fuels from carbonaceous materials. The essence of the process is the simultaneous extraction of valuable oil and gaseous products from cellulosic biomass feedstocks without forming a heavy hard-to-handle tar. By controlling rection time and temperature, the product slate can be varied according to feedstock and market demand. An optimum design and a final assessment of the applicability of the HYFLEX process to the conversion of Hawaiian biomass was made. In order to determine what feedstocks could be available in Hawaii to meet the demands of the proposed hydropyrolysis plant, various biomass sources were studied. These included sugarcane and pineapple wastes, indigenous and cultivated trees and indigenous and cultivated shrubs and grasses.
Book Synopsis Low Severity Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis for the Production of Synthetic Hydrocarbon Fuels by : Tamer Doss
Download or read book Low Severity Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis for the Production of Synthetic Hydrocarbon Fuels written by Tamer Doss and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Currently, the main source for the production of liquid transportation fuels is petroleum, the continued use of which faces many challenges including depleting oil reserves, significant oil price rises, and environmental concerns over global warming which is widely believed to be due to fossil fuel derived CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gases. In this respect, lignocellulosic or plant biomass is a particularly interesting resource as it is the only renewable source of organic carbon that can be converted into liquid transportation fuels. The gasification of biomass produces syngas which can then be converted into synthetic liquid hydrocarbon fuels by means of the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. This process has been widely considered as an attractive option for producing clean liquid hydrocarbon fuels from biomass that have been identified as promising alternatives to conventional fossil fuels like diesel and kerosene. The resulting product composition in FT synthesis is influenced by the type of catalyst and the reaction conditions that are used in the process. One of the issues facing this conversion process is the development of a technology that can be scaled down to match the scattered nature of biomass resources, including lower operating pressures, without compromising liquid composition. The primary aims of this work were to experimentally explore FT synthesis at low pressures for the purpose of process down-scaling and cost reduction, and to investigate the potential for obtaining an intermediate FT synthetic crude liquid product that can be integrated into existing refineries under the range of process conditions employed. Two different fixed-bed micro-reactors were used for FT synthesis; a 2cm3 reactor at the University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) and a 20cm3 reactor at Aston University. The experimental work firstly involved the selection of a suitable catalyst from three that were available. Secondly, a parameter study was carried out on the 20cm3 reactor using the selected catalyst to investigate the influence of reactor temperature, reactor pressure, space velocity, the H2/CO molar ratio in the feed syngas and catalyst loading on the reaction performance measured as CO conversion, catalyst stability, product distribution, product yields and liquid hydrocarbon product composition. From this parameter study a set of preferred operating conditions was identified for low pressure FT synthesis. The three catalysts were characterized using BET, XRD, TPR and SEM. The catalyst selected was an unpromoted Co/Al2O3 catalyst. FT synthesis runs on the 20cm3 reactor at Aston were conducted for 48 hours. Permanent gases and light hydrocarbons (C1-C5) were analysed in an online GC-TCD/FID at hourly intervals. The liquid hydrocarbons collected were analyzed offline using GC-MS for determination of fuel composition. The parameter study showed that CO conversion and liquid hydrocarbon yields increase with increasing reactor pressure up to around 8 bar, above which the effect of pressure is small. The parameters that had the most significant influence on CO conversion, product selectivity and liquid hydrocarbon yields were reactor temperature and catalyst loading. The preferred reaction conditions identified for this research were: T = 230oC, P = 10 bar, H2/CO = 2.0, WHSV = 2.2 h-1, and catalyst loading = 2.0g. Operation in the low range of pressures studied resulted in low CO conversions and liquid hydrocarbon yields, indicating that low pressure BTL-FT operation may not be industrially viable as the trade off in lower CO conversions and once-through liquid hydrocarbon product yields has to be carefully weighed against the potential cost savings resulting from process operation at lower pressures.
Book Synopsis Liquid Fuels Production from Biomass. Progress Report No. 7, January 1-March 31, 1979 by :
Download or read book Liquid Fuels Production from Biomass. Progress Report No. 7, January 1-March 31, 1979 written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current program to convert biomass into liquid hydrocarbon fuels is an extension of the previous program to ferment marine algae to acetic acid. In that study, it was found that marine algae could be converted to higher aliphatic organic acids and that these acids could be readily removed from the fermentation broth by membrane or liquid-liquid extraction. It was then proposed to convert these higher organic acids to aliphatic hydrocarbons via Kolbe Electrolysis, which may be used as a diesel fuel. The specific goals for the current program are: (1) establish conditions under which substrates other than marine algae may be converted in good yield to organic acids. The primary task in this regard is methane suppression; (2) modify the current 300 liter fixed packed bed batch fermenter to operate in a continuous mode; (3) change from membrane extraction of organic acids to liquid-liquid extraction; (4) optimize the energy balance of the electrolytic oxidation process. The primary task in this regard is to reduce the working potential required for the electrolysis while maintaining an adequate current density; (5) scale the entire process up to match the ouput of the 300 liter fermenter. The accomplishments in this program are on schedule. Experimental results have shown that the electrolysis of organic acids produced by fermentation to liquid hydrocarbon fuels is already operating with a favorable energy balance of 6/1 based on the applied potential and over 10/1 based on the working potential. 2-Bromoethanesulfonic acid, a coenzyme M analogue, has been shown to be an effective methane suppressor, and the program is being rapidly expanded to include biomass substrates other than marine algae. In addition, considerable effort has been directed toward refining the process design and economic analysis presented previously.
Book Synopsis Liquid Fuels Production from Biomass. Progress Report No. 5, July 1-September 30, 1978 by :
Download or read book Liquid Fuels Production from Biomass. Progress Report No. 5, July 1-September 30, 1978 written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current program to convert biomass into liquid hydrocarbon fuels is an extension of the previous program to ferment marine algae to acetic acid. In that study, it was found that marine algae could be converted to higher aliphatic organic acids and that these acids could be readily removed from the fermentation both by membrane or liquid-liquid extraction. It was then proposed to convert these higher organic acids to aliphatic hydrocarbons via Kolbe Electrolysis, which may be used as a diesel fuel. The specific goals for the current program are: (1) Establish conditions under which substrates other than marine algae may be converted in good yield to organic acids. The primary task in this regard is methane suppression. (2) Modify the current 300 liter fixed packed bed batch fermenter to operate in a continuous mode. (3) Change from membrane extraction of organic acids to liquid-liquid extraction. (4) Optimize the energy balance of the electrolytic oxidation process. The primary task in this regard is to reduce the working potential required for the electrolysis while maintaining an adequate current density. (5) Scale the entire process up to match the output of the 300 liter fermenter. The accomplishments in this program are on schedule. Substantial progress has been made on the problem of methane suppression through the use of sulfide addition and the identification of bromoethane-sulfonic acid as a specific inhibitor of methanogenesis. A conceptual design of a continuously fed fixed packed bed fermenter is presented. Experimental results show that the electrolysis of organic acids produced by fermentation to liquid hydrocarbon fuels already have a favorable energy balance of 6/1 based on the applied potential and over 10/1 based on the working potential.
Book Synopsis Biomass-Derived Liquid Fuels via Fischer-Tropsch Process as a Potential Replacement for Marine Fuels by :
Download or read book Biomass-Derived Liquid Fuels via Fischer-Tropsch Process as a Potential Replacement for Marine Fuels written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recently set aggressive emission targets to reduce global marine fuel sulfur content from the current 3.5% to 0.5% in 2020. Similarly, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and other state agencies have established regulations limiting the sulfur content of fuel used in coastal regions (i.e., emission control areas or ECAs) to 0.1%. The main options for ships to comply with the low sulfur regulations include: 1) switching to low-sulfur bunker fuel, 2) installing onboard scrubbers, or 3) switching to liquefied natural gas. While the choice of adoption is primarily dependent on the vessel owner economic decisions, the global bunker fuel spec changes in 2020 will most likely force roughly 2.8 MM barrels per day of high sulfur fuel oil to switch to low sulfur fuel oil and distillates, possibly tightening the diesel market. Biomass-derived marine fuels offer potential synergistic benefits when blended with petroleum fuels by reducing the overall sulfur content, as well as improving overall lubricity and offering potentially lower ash and emission profiles. Biofuels derived from indirect liquefaction of biomass followed by Fisher-Tropsch (FT) synthesis can be cost competitive and environmentally sustainable. FT synthesis is considered a relatively mature conversion technology which involves the catalytic conversion of biomass-derived synthesis gas via indirect gasification into a mixture of reaction products which could be refined to synthetic fuels, lubricants, and petrochemicals. One of the important advantages that the FT process offers is its capability of producing liquid hydrocarbon fuels from synthesis gas, which are virtually free from sulfur and relatively low in aromatic content. This study evaluates the economic potential to utilize bio-derived marine fuels, as well as outlining further R&D needs and uncertainties associated with the integration of FT-derived hydrocarbon blendstock. With the increased availability of low-cost natural gas, this study also performs a scenario for the co-conversion of natural gas and biomass to marine fuels. Additionally, techno-economic assessment for marine fuels produced via hydrotreating of yellow grease will be presented and discussed.
Book Synopsis Membranes for Clean and Renewable Power Applications by : A Gugliuzza
Download or read book Membranes for Clean and Renewable Power Applications written by A Gugliuzza and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2014-03-31 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development and deployment of membrane technologies continues to advance thanks to innovative materials and novel engineering approaches. Membranes for clean and renewable power applications introduces the principles and concepts of membrane technology and explores the use of this technology in clean energy applications.Chapters in part one introduce the utilization of membrane technology in the production of clean and renewable power and the combining of membrane processes with renewable energy technologies. Part two focusses on membranes for biofuel production and processing including membranes and membrane reactors for the production of biodiesel and second generation biofuels. Part three discusses membranes for syngas, hydrogen and oxygen production and processing. Chapters highlight steam reforming of biofuels for the production of hydrogen-rich gas A., perovskite membrane reactors, and environmental analysis of hydrogen-methane blends for transportation. Chapters in part four explore membranes for fuel cells including ceramic membranes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), microbial fuel cells, and direct bioethanol fuel cells. Finally, part five discusses membranes integrated with solar, wind energy and water-related applications including membrane technologies for solar-hydrogen production, solar-desalination plants, and the storage as methane of energy generated by wind power and other renewable sources. A final chapter introduces wastewater processing, energy conservation and energy generation.Membranes for clean and renewable power applications is a comprehensive resource for professionals and consultants in the clean and renewable energy industry, membrane and materials scientists and professionals, and academics and researchers in the field. - Introduces the principles and concepts of membrane technology and explores the use of this technology in clean energy applications
Book Synopsis Hydropyrolysis of Biomass to Produce Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by : Robert K. Fujita
Download or read book Hydropyrolysis of Biomass to Produce Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels written by Robert K. Fujita and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Biomass Pyrolysis Liquids Upgrading and Utilization by : A.V. Bridgwater
Download or read book Biomass Pyrolysis Liquids Upgrading and Utilization written by A.V. Bridgwater and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass pyrolysis has been practised for centuries in the manufacture of charcoal for industry and leisure. Only in the last two decades, however, has attention focussed on a better understanding of the science and technology, with the resultant benefits of better designed and controlled processes that give high yields of liquid products. These liquids, or 'bio-oil' as it is referred to, can be used in a variety of ways: -combustion to replace conventional fuel oil in boilers, process equipment such as kilns and in gas turbines for power generation; -upgrading by hydrotreating or with zeolites to gasoline, diesel and other hydrocarbon fuels, of chemicals; --extraction and upgrading to fuel additives and chemical specialities. Any charcoal produced can also be utilised to form char- water slurries, analogous to coal-water slurries, or bioi-oil slurries which may be used as liquid fuels in many combustion applications. A group of experts was set up in the EC Energy from Biomass programme to evaluate the status and opportunities for deriving useful liquid products from biomass pyrolysis. This book is a report of their findings and conclusions. It forms an authoritative guide to the wide range of technologies employed in biomass pyrolysis, and product upgrading, utilisation and characterisation. Recommendations and conclusions are included to identify promising areas of research and development that will be of value to researchers, planners and companies throughout the world.
Download or read book Energy written by Pardeep Singh and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-09-06 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy Global energy demand has more than doubled since 1970. The use of energy is strongly related to almost every conceivable aspect of development: wealth, health, nutrition, water, infrastructure, education and even life expectancy itself are strongly and significantly related to the consumption of energy per capita. Many development indicators are strongly related to per-capita energy consumption. Fossil fuel is the most conventional source of energy but also increases greenhouse gas emissions. The economic development of many countries has come at the cost of the environment. However, it should not be presumed that a reconciliation of the two is not possible. The nexus concept is the interconnection between the resource energy, water, food, land, and climate. Such interconnections enable us to address trade-offs and seek synergies among them. Energy, water, food, land, and climate are essential resources of our natural environment and support our quality of life. Competition between these resources is increasing globally and is exacerbated by climate change. Improving resilience and securing resource availability would require improving resource efficiency. Many policies and programs are announced nationally and internationally for replacing the conventional mode and also emphasizing on conservation of fossil fuels and reuse of exhausted energy, so a gap in implications and outcomes can be broadly traced by comparing the data. This book aims to highlight problems and solutions related to conventional energy utilization, formation, and multitudes of ecological impacts and tools for the conservation of fossil fuels. The book also discusses modern energy services as one of the sustainable development goals and how the pressure on resource energy disturbs the natural flows. The recent advances in alternative energy sources and their possible future growth are discussed and on how conventional energy leads to greenhouse gas formation, which reduces energy use efficiency. The different policies and models operating is also addressed, and the gaps that remained between them. Climate change poses a challenge for renewable energy, and thus it is essential to identify the factors that would reduce the possibility of relying on sustainable energy sources. This book will be of interest to researchers and stakeholders, students, industries, NGOs, and governmental agencies directly or indirectly associated with energy research.
