Process Analysis And Optimization Of Crude Glycerol Autothermal Reforming Using Response Surface Methodology And Artificial Neural Network

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Process Analysis and Optimization of Crude Glycerol Autothermal Reforming Using Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network

Author : Christian Ekejiuba Nwosu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis Process Analysis and Optimization of Crude Glycerol Autothermal Reforming Using Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network by : Christian Ekejiuba Nwosu

Download or read book Process Analysis and Optimization of Crude Glycerol Autothermal Reforming Using Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network written by Christian Ekejiuba Nwosu and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is an urgent need to curtail the effects of global warming through the development of efficient, cheap and accessible alternative source of energy since the combustion of carbon containing compounds has become a problem. The combustion of hydrogen gas for example for either heat generation or use as fuel cells in automobiles produces only water vapour as by-product. Though, water vapour is also greenhouse gas, it does not last long in the atmosphere when released since hydrologic cycle ensures the excess water vapour is sent down via precipitation. Based on this and in addition to its high heat capacity, the use of hydrogen as an alternative to fossil fuel has become highly beneficial. Hydrogen gas can be cheaply produced from glycerol; a major waste product in bio-diesel gas production which contains very high impurities and requires a lot of money for purifications. This research work therefore focused on the in-situ production of hydrogen gas as well as optimization from crude glycerol using a very stable catalyst without having to undergo some purification steps thereby saving cost. The methodology deployed in this research work in their respective order involves; (1) the preparation of 5%Ni/CeZrCa catalyst with great performance and activity (2) characterization of the prepared catalyst via: TGA, N2 physisorption, XRD, TPR and XRF, (3) design of experiment using central composite design (CCD), (4) preparation of crude glycerol which mirrors waste glycerol from a typical bio-diesel production station, (5) laboratory experiment for hydrogen gas production through autothermal reforming of crude glycerol method which involves two important parts; partial oxidation and steam reforming processes. The experiments were carried out following the design of experiment with CCD which involves catalytic and non-catalytic runs to evaluate the performance of the catalyst. (6) optimization of hydrogen gas using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). The design of experiment was executed with the following range of input variables; temperature: 500 - 650oC, crude glycerol flow rate: 0.0019 - 0.0033 mols C/min, Steam to carbon ratio: 1.6 - 3.6, Oxygen to carbon ratio: 0.05 - 0.2, Catalyst weight: 0.05 - 0.25g. The highest feed conversion and yield were 92 mol% and 0.995 mols respectively at temp: 575oC, feed flow rate: 0.0026 mols C/min, S/C center point of: 0.78, O/C: 0.13 and catalyst weight of 0.15g. The fitted quadratic model using RSM gave a coefficient of determination R2 of 0.951, an RMSE of 1.51% and AAD of 3.14%. and also established best operating conditions for hydrogen productions as temp: 650oC, feed flow rate: 0.0033 mols C/min, S/C: 2.34, O/C: 0.052 and catalyst weight of 0.15g with catalyst size constantly maintained at 0.05mm. Furthermore, the results of the variable ranking of the ANN using the connection weight approach showed that temperature has the highest influence with a ranking weight of 53% while O/C has the least influence with a ranking weight of 3%. The regression analysis of the ANN using the Levenberg-Marquardt Model and TANSIG as transfer function gave better results with an R2 of 0.999, MSE: 10-8, AAD: 0.34% and RMSE: 3.5x10-4%. A standard quadratic polynomial equation has been established for hydrogen gas production and optimization in the autothermal reforming process. Also, optimum conditions required for hydrogen gas production has been established. From the results of RSM and ANN predictions and those of R2, AAD, RMSE and MSE obtained, it is evidently clear that the ANN model was superior to RSM in predicting hydrogen gas.

Biodiesel Fuels

Author : Ozcan Konur
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000348571
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Biodiesel Fuels by : Ozcan Konur

Download or read book Biodiesel Fuels written by Ozcan Konur and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-05-05 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This first volume of the Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of biodiesel fuels in general. Part I provides an overview of the research field on both biodiesel and petrodiesel fuels highlighting primary and secondary research fronts in these fields. Part II presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of biooils covering major research fronts. The research on the biooils is a fundamental part of the research on the biodiesel fuels. The research in this field has intensified in recent years with the application of advanced catalytic technologies and nanotechnologies in both production and upgrading of biooils. It covers pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, and upgrading, and characterization and properties of biooils besides an overview of the research field. Part III presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of biodiesel fuels in general covering major research fronts. The research in this field has progressed in the lines of production, properties, and emissions of biodiesel fuels. As in the case of biooils, catalysts and additives play a crucial role for the biodiesel fuels. It covers biomass-based catalyst-assisted biodiesel production, enzymatic biodiesel production, additives in biodiesel production, properties, characterization, performance, and policies of biodiesel fuels besides an overview of the research field. Part IV presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of glycerol, biodiesel waste, covering major research fronts. The research in this field has intensified in recent years with the increasing volume of biodiesel fuels, creating eco-friendly solutions for these wastes of biodiesel fuels for producing valuable biofuels and biochemicals from glycerol. It covers biohydrogen and propanediol production from glycerol as a case study for bioenergy and biochemicals, respectively. This book will be useful to academics and professionals in the fields of Energy Fuels, Chemical Engineering, Physical Chemistry, Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Sciences, and Thermodynamics. Ozcan Konur is both a materials scientist and social scientist by training. He has published around 200 journal papers, book chapters, and conference papers. He has focused on the bioenergy and biofuels in recent years. In 2018, he edited Bioenergy and Biofuels, which brought together the work of over 30 experts in their respective field. He also edited the Handbook of Algal Science, Technology, and Medicine with a strong section on the algal biofuels in 2020.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Glycerol Dry Reforming

Author : Latifah Sakinah Ismail
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 45 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Thermodynamic Analysis of Glycerol Dry Reforming by : Latifah Sakinah Ismail

Download or read book Thermodynamic Analysis of Glycerol Dry Reforming written by Latifah Sakinah Ismail and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The growing demand for hydrogen energy requires renewable raw materials for its production. In particular, production of alternatives fuels such as biodiesel and ethanol has increased over the last few years culminating in increased glycerol output, a byproduct of transesterification. Due to the increased production of biodiesel, it is imperative to find alternative uses for glycerol such as for hydrogen production. Hydrogen is produced by using several processes such as steam reforming, autothermal reforming, aqueous-phase reforming and supercritical water reforming. Most of studies concern with hydrogen production via steam reforming process. To date, few works have been dedicated to produce hydrogen from glycerol dry reforming. Significantly, since glycerol has more carbon atoms than ethanol, it may be more likely to produce carbon nanofilaments (CNF) which is a potential marketable byproduct. This research reviews the several of synthesis gas produced in term of thermodynamic analysis such as methane, carbon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and carbon monoxide. This research analysis by using glycerol as substrate with the aim of investigating the thermodynamics of glycerol dry reforming at atmospheric pressure and reforming temperature from 500 to 1000 K. Moles of each synthesis gases is shown with different of temperature and CGRs. On the basis of thermodynamic analysis with optimized operational condition, gaseous product distributions and coke formation behavior was obtained at different CGRs with different temperature. Based on this research, the synthesis gas have been produced which is hydrogen 1.5 moles, carbon monoxide 7.6 moles, carbon dioxide 5 moles, methane 1.5 moles and carbon 3 moles.

Glycerol

Author : Claudio J. A. Mota
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319593757
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Glycerol by : Claudio J. A. Mota

Download or read book Glycerol written by Claudio J. A. Mota and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-15 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is aimed at providing a concise discussion on the use of glycerol as a renewable raw material for the chemical industry. With the increasing use of biodiesel produced from oils and fats, there is a surplus of glycerol in the world. This abundant and rather cheap raw material can be transformed in commodities and specialty chemicals, as well as in fuels. The book describes the main processes of chemical transformation of glycerol, highlighting those that are currently in commercial use and pointing out potential processes to be used in the future. The first chapter introduces the concept of biofuel and briefly describes the production of biodiesel. It also highlights glycerol as the main byproduct of biodiesel synthesis and presents some numbers regarding the world production of glycerol. The second chapter shows the common uses of glycerol and addresses the point whether or not they can drain the large amounts of glycerol produced from biodiesel. The chapter addresses pros and cons of each use. The third chapter covers the main biotechnological processes of glycerol transformation. The fourth chapter thoroughly describes the main thermochemical processes to transform glycerol into commodities, products that will be further used in the chemical industry to produce polymers, for instance. The fifth chapter covers the production of glycerol derivatives of high added-value. The sixth chapter addresses the use of glycerol in the context of a biorefinery. The main idea is to show that many of the processes described in the previous chapters could be entirely green, using exclusively renewable raw materials.

The Future of Glycerol

Author : Mario Pagliaro
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1847558305
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (475 download)

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Book Synopsis The Future of Glycerol by : Mario Pagliaro

Download or read book The Future of Glycerol written by Mario Pagliaro and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2008-04-03 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By-products of global biodiesel manufacturing are a global fact and the immense amount of glycerol by-product stacking unsold until mid 2005 gave a visual image of the huge loss of energy and material resources. This was due to the lack of suitable conversion processes for this, the oldest organic molecule known to man, despite various experiments by some biodiesel producers. The large surplus of glycerol by-product which entered the chemical market has caused closure of existing glycerol plants and the discovery of processes that use glycerol as a raw material for the production of value-added chemicals and even of energy. This was followed by 3-4 years of intense research activity worldwide, where human chemical ingenuity opened up a number of practical avenues to convert glycerol into value added products of mass consumption. For instance, the batteries of your laptop and iPod, as well as your car's antifreeze will soon be based on glycerol, the same sweet viscous substance currently present in soaps. Reporting and commenting on such achievements this book aims to inform chemistry professionals, including managers and technologists, on the large potential of glycerol as versatile biofeedstock for the production of a variety of chemicals, polymers and fuels. Whilst filling a gap in the current literature, this nicely illustrated book is written in a clear, concise style and presents the numerous uses of glycerol as a new raw material which are starting to have an impact on industry worldwide. Elucidation of the principles governing the new chemistry of glycerol goes along with updated industrial information that is generally difficult to retrieve. Through its 10 chapters, the monograph tells the story of a chemical success -- that of converting glycerol into value added products -- and highlight the principles that made it possible. Whether as solvent, antifreeze, detergent, monomer for textiles or drug, new catalytic conversions of glycerol have been discovered that are finding application for the synthesis of products whose use range from everyday life to the fine chemical industry. Readers are also shown how a number of practical limitations posed by glycerol chemistry, such as the low selectivity encountered employing traditional stoichiometric and older catalytic conversions, were actually solved based on the understanding of the fundamental chemistry of glycerol and by application of catalysis science and technology. Readers also find a thorough discussion on the sustainability issues of bioglycerol production covering societal, environmental and economic dimensions to reflect the needs of politicians and citizens of today who require cross border research. By explaining the advantages and problems as well as offering solutions the book aids understanding as to whether biodiesel and glycerol refineries are convenient and economically sound. Chemical research on glycerol has shown that given a strong economic input, chemists are able to rapidly devise a whole set of new upgrading processes for the biorefinery and that the latter integrated unity for production energy and chemicals is not just dream of environmentally-minded scientists but an inevitable reality of today. Due to the ever decreasing energy return on energy invested, global society is being forced to switch from fossil to renewable fuels until cheap and abundant energy of solar origin becomes a reality. In this evolution, biofuels, particularly biodiesel, will certainly play a role and therefore, glycerol will be a key raw material for the biorefinery for many years to come. Dealing with such a hot topic of urgent scientific and commercial interest, this is a true "living book" in which updates will be posted yearly on the RSC website. The book's users include industry's top managers and management consultants and also R&D and marketing managers. Along with technical content of a high quality, this is also a strategic book for top managers of the chemical, biofuel, oleochemical and detergent industries.

Analytical Methods for Glycerol

Author : M. R. F. Ashworth
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 1483216179
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)

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Book Synopsis Analytical Methods for Glycerol by : M. R. F. Ashworth

Download or read book Analytical Methods for Glycerol written by M. R. F. Ashworth and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-07-10 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analytical Methods for Glycerol covers the detection, identification, determination, and separation of glycerol in analytical procedures. The book discusses the chemical and physical information about glycerol; analytical work on the important naturally occurring and synthetic materials containing combined glycerol; and the analysis of glycerol samples, especially from the point of view of pharmacopoiea specifications. The text also describes the important methods for the enzymic determination of glycerol. Methods based on residual glycerol hydroxyl groups, methods based on the release of glycerol from its combined state in the sample, and methods based on probable participation of the complete molecules of the sample are also considered. Chemists and people involved in the study of analytical methods of glycerol will find the book invaluable.

Thermochemical Conversion of Glycerol to Primary and Polyhydric Alcohols

Author : Randy L. Maglinao
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (793 download)

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Book Synopsis Thermochemical Conversion of Glycerol to Primary and Polyhydric Alcohols by : Randy L. Maglinao

Download or read book Thermochemical Conversion of Glycerol to Primary and Polyhydric Alcohols written by Randy L. Maglinao and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using a 300 mL batch pressure reactor, preliminary experiments were first conducted to determine the most influential process parameters and to establish the appropriate experimental designs. Based on the preliminary results, thorough experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, and water to glycerol mass ratio by applying Raney nickel catalyst. Different reactant formulations were used to explore the possible pathways of the desired reactions leading to ethanol and propylene glycerol. A response surface regression was used to determine the optimum conditions for maximizing propylene glycol and ethanol yields.

Glycerol

Author : Mario Pagliaro
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128123338
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Glycerol by : Mario Pagliaro

Download or read book Glycerol written by Mario Pagliaro and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-02-28 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Glycerol: The Renewable Platform Chemical provides a valuable overview of the glycerol market, including industrial applications and sustainable production of glycerol. Replacing previous works on the subject, this useful resource describes glycerol, also known as glycerine, and its chemical derivatives, especially the new bioglycerol-derived products. The monograph also discusses how the industrial use of glycerol as raw material for producing commodity chemicals depends on broader scope and lower cost of the catalytic process used to convert glycerol of varying purity grades into valued monomers. New chapters on glycerol polymers, the use of glycerol as antifreeze, and its sustainable production offer relevant information for researchers and professionals from academics and industry alike. The book features new processes, such as low cost and biocompatible glycerol polymers as a major alternative to the conventional polymers, with the first practical applications now emerging in the biomedical and patient care markets. The book offers both a source of inspiration for new projects and a reliable source of information on how glycerol is replacing petrochemicals in many real world applications. Features completely unique information and insight from leading expert Mario Pagliaro, including recent developments in the field, gathered from over a decade of intense R&D activities Includes new chapters on the glycerol market, glycerol polymers, the use of glycerol in the cement and construction industries, its use an antifreeze, and its sustainable production Contains reliable, accessible information appropriate for research chemists and chemical engineers in the chemical, oleochemicals, biodiesel, biotechnology and cement industries as well as in academia

The Future of Glycerol

Author : Mario Pagliaro
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 184973108X
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (497 download)

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Book Synopsis The Future of Glycerol by : Mario Pagliaro

Download or read book The Future of Glycerol written by Mario Pagliaro and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2010-05-20 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By-products of global biodiesel manufacturing are a modern day global fact responsible for igniting a number of year’s worldwide intense research activity into human chemical ingenuity. This fully updated and revised 2nd edition depicts how practical limitations posed by glycerol chemistry are solved based on the understanding of the fundamental chemistry of glycerol and by application of catalysis science and technology. The authors report and comment on employable, practical avenues applicable to convert glycerol into value added products of mass consumption. This book is the best-selling reference book in the field. The highly anticipated 2nd Edition is essential reading for anyone interested in understanding whether biodiesel and glycerol refineries are convenient and economically sound.

Optimization of Pre-treatment Process of Glycerol Residue for Succinic Acid Production

Author : Nik Nor Aziati Abd Aziz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Optimization of Pre-treatment Process of Glycerol Residue for Succinic Acid Production by : Nik Nor Aziati Abd Aziz

Download or read book Optimization of Pre-treatment Process of Glycerol Residue for Succinic Acid Production written by Nik Nor Aziati Abd Aziz and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study is to recover glycerol from the oleo-chemical industry waste through acid pre-treatment process. Pre-treatment intervals parameters (pH, temperature and mass substrate) was obtained from OFAT, while the optimum conditions for the recovery of glycerol obtained by using response surface methodology (RSM). Glycerol concentrations before and after pre-treatment and succinic acid derived from the fermentation process were analyzed using HPLC. FTIR spectrometry was used to identify functional groups of glycerol. The optimum conditions of pH, temperature and substrate mass for glycerol pre-treatment process is at 2.0, 35 ° C and 110.3600 grams respectively. In optimal conditions, the concentration of glycerol after pre-treatment process is 159.3120 g / L. Glycerol is then used in the fermentation by Escherichia coli K-12 types to produce succinic acid of 0.6698 g / L, with initial concentration of glycerol, rotational speed and temperature at 19.6700 g / L, 200 rpm and 37 ° C, respectively. Succinic acid production from glycerol derived from the recovery process is 8.67% lower than the production of succinic acid from commercial glycerol. Therefore, this study was able to demonstrate that the glycerol from the oleo-chemical industry waste can be used in the production of succinic acid.

Analysis and Purification of Crude Glycerol By-product from Biodiesel Production

Author : Ralph Kassab
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Analysis and Purification of Crude Glycerol By-product from Biodiesel Production by : Ralph Kassab

Download or read book Analysis and Purification of Crude Glycerol By-product from Biodiesel Production written by Ralph Kassab and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Autothermal Reforming of Bio-oil Model Compounds

Author : Tande Lifita Nguve
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Autothermal Reforming of Bio-oil Model Compounds by : Tande Lifita Nguve

Download or read book Autothermal Reforming of Bio-oil Model Compounds written by Tande Lifita Nguve and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Development of Continuous Processes for Aerobic Glycerol Oxidation

Author : Ken Aulia Irawadi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783832536428
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (364 download)

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Book Synopsis Development of Continuous Processes for Aerobic Glycerol Oxidation by : Ken Aulia Irawadi

Download or read book Development of Continuous Processes for Aerobic Glycerol Oxidation written by Ken Aulia Irawadi and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the mature market and slow demand growth of refined glycerol, there are not enough financial incentives for refining whole crude glycerol from the biodiesel industry. New markets for glycerol can be created by developing processes that consume glycerol as their raw material, e.g. catalytic aerobic glycerol oxidation. On the one hand, very few studies elaborate the development of continuous glycerol oxidation processes. On the other hand, the study of the continuous system might give a better picture of the industrial application of this process. Therefore, besides giving a brief report on the batchwise catalytic aerobic glycerol process, this thesis describes the development of a continuous catalytic glycerol oxidation process, especially as a magnetic slurry-catalyst system.

Characterization of Crude Glycerol Refinement Methods and Their Effects on the Growth of Chlorella Vulgaris and Chlorella Protothecoides

Download Characterization of Crude Glycerol Refinement Methods and Their Effects on the Growth of Chlorella Vulgaris and Chlorella Protothecoides PDF Online Free

Author : Andre K. Domingo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Characterization of Crude Glycerol Refinement Methods and Their Effects on the Growth of Chlorella Vulgaris and Chlorella Protothecoides by : Andre K. Domingo

Download or read book Characterization of Crude Glycerol Refinement Methods and Their Effects on the Growth of Chlorella Vulgaris and Chlorella Protothecoides written by Andre K. Domingo and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rise of companies focused on commercial biodiesel production has caused an alarming accumulation of crude waste glycerol, which is quickly becoming an environmental concern. Eco Feedstock is an environmentally conscious company focused on finding new applications for this crude glycerol. One application in particular is to refine the crude glycerol and use it as a growth media supplement for algal growth. Researchers have previously shown that supplementation with technical grade glycerol increases algal growth. Eco Feedstock aims to explore an alternative to technical grade glycerol supplementation by refining crude waste glycerol for algal supplementation through a two-step refinement process focusing on methanol and salt removal. This refinement process cuts down on glycerol costs substantially while providing additional benefits even beyond technical grade glycerol. The first part of this study was to determine which refinement method produced the highest cell growth in two freshwater algal species, Chlorella protothecoides and Chlorella vulgaris. Four different glycerol formulations--two using sulfuric acid (Formulations 1SI and 2SF) and two using phosphoric acid (Formulations 3PI and 4PF) were evaluated for their effects on cell growth. The difference between the "I" and the "F" formulations stems from the order of refinement steps. Results showed that phosphoric acid derivatives (3PI and 4PF) were more effective than the sulfuric acid counterparts (1SI and 2SF) at increasing cell growth. When compared to technical grade (>99% purity) and crude glycerol (62% purity), both phosphoric refined formulations outperformed these two grades of glycerol with growth rates >0.159 day-1 in C. vulgaris and >0.163 day-1 in C. protothecoides. The second part of this study was to establish methods to characterize each of the four refined glycerol formulations, technical grade glycerol, and crude glycerol. Refined glycerol purity was comparable (80-84%) to one another in spite of the differences in refinement methods. Preliminary protein quantification showed phosphoric acid refined samples had the lowest protein content, suggesting protein has a negative correlation with algal growth rates. GC-MS analysis revealed the fatty acid profile of each glycerol sample. The total amount of FAME lipids detected by GC-MS analysis ranged from 10.49 mg/mL to 279 mg/mL, with a median of 34.10 mg/mL. Results from this study suggest that growth is possible for both C. vulgaris and C. protothecoides using refined glycerol formulations. Preliminary analysis of glycerol characteristics suggests correlations between higher algal growth and high phosphate content, low sulfate content and low protein content. However, we conclude that further studies using the methods described in this paper are required for more through investigation of refined glycerol samples effects on algal growth.

Autothermal Reforming

Author : Thomas S. Christensen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Autothermal Reforming by : Thomas S. Christensen

Download or read book Autothermal Reforming written by Thomas S. Christensen and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

High-pressure Natural Gas to Syngas Chemical Looping

Author : Peter Sandvik (Chemical engineer)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis High-pressure Natural Gas to Syngas Chemical Looping by : Peter Sandvik (Chemical engineer)

Download or read book High-pressure Natural Gas to Syngas Chemical Looping written by Peter Sandvik (Chemical engineer) and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical looping technologies can be used as an advanced reforming technology, capable of efficiently generating syngas to serve as a feedstock in a variety of important chemical industries. The pressure of the syngas feedstock to downstream chemical synthesis reactors is an important characteristic that can dictate the products and overall plant economics. While most chemical synthesis reactors, such as Fischer-Tropsch and methanol synthesis reactors, operate at high pressures, most chemical looping reforming studies have been conducted under atmospheric conditions. The high thermodynamic yields from the atmospheric chemical looping reformer run counter to the high conversion of the pressurized downstream reactors. Therefore, this study seeks to quantify the impact of the operating conditions of the chemical looping reformer on the overall system yields. Specifically, The Ohio State University methane to syngas process is analyzed, which uses a cocurrent moving bed fuel/reducer reactor and a fluidized bed air/combustor reactor. The syngas generation results are compared under a variety of operating conditions with the pressure varied between 1 and 30 atm. Initial studies are compared in an isothermal analysis to study the effect of variables, independent of operating temperature. The resulting isothermal analysis is used to guide an adiabatic reactor configuration in an attempt to develop an autothermal chemical looping system. The gas feedstocks, solid feedstocks, operating temperature, feedstock preheating conditions, and system pressure are all analyzed. The results of the autothermal chemical looping system are then integrated into a ~5000 MWth natural gas to liquid fuels plant, in which a chemical looping reformer replaces an autothermal reformer reactor. The study shows that operation of the chemical looping process allows for equivalent syngas yield compared to the autothermal reformer with a 7-13% reduction in natural gas feedstock. Lastly, a novel operating strategy is described in which the chemical looping reducer operates at higher pressure and the chemical looping combustor operates at atmospheric conditions. Such an operating strategy takes advantage of the air and natural gas feedstock pressures to the chemical looping system and is able to eliminate a significant amount of compression energy and equipment. Using the differential operating strategy allows equivalent syngas production to the baseline with a 7% decrease in natural gas usage and ~200 MWe increase in electricity production. A capital cost comparison of the equivalent pressure and differential pressure chemical looping systems indicate a 29% reduction in capital costs when using the differential pressure chemical looping system.

Media Optimization, Scale-up and Repeated Fed-batch Operations for the Production of 1,3-propanediol from Glycerol by Halanaerobium Hydrogeniformans

Download Media Optimization, Scale-up and Repeated Fed-batch Operations for the Production of 1,3-propanediol from Glycerol by Halanaerobium Hydrogeniformans PDF Online Free

Author : Shivani Kalia
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 77 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Media Optimization, Scale-up and Repeated Fed-batch Operations for the Production of 1,3-propanediol from Glycerol by Halanaerobium Hydrogeniformans by : Shivani Kalia

Download or read book Media Optimization, Scale-up and Repeated Fed-batch Operations for the Production of 1,3-propanediol from Glycerol by Halanaerobium Hydrogeniformans written by Shivani Kalia and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The development of renewable energy sources, such as biofuels, is of great interest in today's world due to depletion of fossil fuels and concerns about climate change. The production of the main by-product, crude glycerol, in biodiesel production presents an opportunity for the production of industrially relevant commodities. Crude glycerol in biodiesel waste is highly impure and possesses high salt concentrations and alkalinity, making it infeasible for direct industrial utilization. Moreover, current glycerol purification methods are highly cost-intensive, necessitating a search for cost-effective approaches that are feasible to employ. Genome data analysis of Halanaerobium hydrogeniformans, revealed the metabolic capability of this bacterium to convert glycerol into 1,3-propanediol (PDO), a relevant industrial commodity. To develop an optimum growth medium for this glycerol conversion, assays with different combinations of twenty-four media components were performed. Data analysis using HPLC demonstrated enhanced production of 1,3-propanediol with specific additions of glycerol, pH, vitamin B12, ammonium-ions, sodium sulfide, cysteine, iron and cobalt. Reactor studies were also performed to monitor the production of PDO, as a function of scale up in reactor volume. In addition, the impact of different glycerol concentrations and retained fraction volumes on PDO productivity was determined through repeated fed-batch reactions. Fed-batch operation provided a 39.2 percent increase in PDO concentration and a 61.7 percent increase in the productivity in comparison to the batch operation. Ongoing enzyme kinetics studies are being performed in order to better understand the PDO production pathway. This information will be helpful in modelling the dynamics of culture to maximize the yield and productivity of PDO production"--Abstract, page iv.