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Procedure For The Calculation Of Non Volatile Particulate Matter Sampling And Measurement System Losses And System Loss Correction Factors
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Book Synopsis Procedure for the Calculation of Non-Volatile Particulate Matter Sampling and Measurement System Losses and System Loss Correction Factors by : E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Download or read book Procedure for the Calculation of Non-Volatile Particulate Matter Sampling and Measurement System Losses and System Loss Correction Factors written by E-31P Particulate Matter Committee and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) details the recommended process for correcting measured non-volatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) mass and number data for particle losses in the sampling and measurement system specified in ARP6320. This technique is only recommended for conditions where both nvPM mass and number concentration measurements are in the valid measurement ranges of the instruments which are discussed in the tool limitations section. This ARP also supplies an Excel® software tool with documentation to automate the process.The body of the ARP details the recommended calculation method, uncertainties and limitations of the system loss correction factors. It explains, in detail, the required inputs and outputs from the supplied Excel® software tool (developed on Windows 7, Excel® 2016). Also included are: The Excel® correction tools (Attachments I and V). Installation instructions for a Windows based computer (Attachment II). A user technical manual (Attachment III) describing functions used within the tool and optional Excel® add-in (Attachment VI). Multiple Sample Test Cases (Attachment IV).The Excel® tools are intended to do the full calculation described in AIR6504. This ARP provides documentation for the Excel® spreadsheet system loss tool lite version (nvPM System Loss Tool v2_5_Lite.xlsm). The difference between the full tool and lite tool is described in Appendix C. Attachments III and VI are also described in Appendix C. If the user has produced her/his own software for the AIR6504 correction, comparison of results from this tool may be used to verify that software.This ARP does not contain the full description of the sampling and measurement system described in ARP6320. The correction technique is only briefly discussed in this ARP. More detailed information is provided in the AIR6054. This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) details the recommended process for estimating non-volatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) mass and number concentrations at the engine exhaust nozzle exit plane (EENEP) of an aircraft gas turbine engine. This ARP details the process for determining sampling and measurement system particle loss correction factors that will allow non-volatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) mass and number data measured at the ARP6320 [Reference 2.1.1.1] instruments to be adjusted to represent values at the engine exhaust nozzle exit plane. It also supplies an Excel® software tool with documentation to automate the process.The nvPM sampling and measurement system described in ARP6320 has significant size dependent particle losses. These can be up to approximately 50% for nvPM mass concentration and up to approximately 90% for nvPM number concentration. The particle losses are size dependent and hence are dependent on engine operating condition, combustor technology and possibly other factors. Estimation of EENEP nvPM mass and number concentrations is improved by accounting for these losses.AIR6504 [Reference 2.1.1.2] discusses nvPM loss mechanisms in detail. AIR6504 also summarizes the technique to estimate correction factors for measured nvPM mass and number concentrations, using measured nvPM data and measured, or calculated, line and component penetration efficiencies. The technique described in AIR6504 requires the numerical solution of a set of non-linear equations.This ARP6481 summarizes the loss correction factor calculation method discussed in AIR6504 and supplies an Excel® tool to solve the non-linear equations.
Book Synopsis Procedure for the Calculation of Non-volatile Particulate Matter Sampling and Measurement System Penetration Functions and System Loss Correction Factors by : E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Download or read book Procedure for the Calculation of Non-volatile Particulate Matter Sampling and Measurement System Penetration Functions and System Loss Correction Factors written by E-31P Particulate Matter Committee and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes a method for assessing size dependent particle losses in a sampling and measurement system of specified geometry utilizing the non-volatile PM (nvPM) mass and number concentrations measured at the end of the sampling system.1 The penetration functions of the sampling and measurement system may be determined either by measurement or by analytic computational methods.Loss mechanisms including thermophoretic (which has a very weak size dependence) and size dependent losses are considered in this method2 along with the uncertainties due to both measurement error and the assumptions of the method. The results of this system loss assessment allow development of estimated correction factors for nvPM mass and number concentrations to account for the system losses facilitating estimation of the nvPM mass and number at the engine exhaust nozzle exit plane. As the particle losses are size dependent, the magnitude of correction factors can vary as a function of many factors including combustor technology and engine operating condition.Implementation of the nvPM sampling and measurement system for aircraft engine testing, as per AIR6037, requires a sample line of up to 35 m and includes several sampling and measurement system components, which result in significant particle loss on the order of 50% for nvPM mass and 90% for nvPM number.The system loss correction factors are estimated based on a model with the following inputs and assumptions: engine exhaust exit plane nvPM have a lognormal distribution, known size dependent values of nvPM effective density and geometric standard deviation, a minimum particle size cut-off of 10 nm, and no coagulation. This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes a method for calculating correction factors to account for system particle losses when performing non-volatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) measurement as specified in AIR6037. Such sampling and measurement systems have significant line length and several components that result in particle losses. The particle losses are size dependent and hence depend on many factors including combustor technology and engine operating condition resulting in a reduction in measurement of the order of 50% for nvPM mass concentration and 90% for nvPM number concentration. Estimation of engine exit plane nvPM mass and number concentrations are improved by developing a calculation method to account for these losses. The approach used in this AIR will involve separate correction factors for measured nvPM mass and number concentrations, which will be calculated using measured or calculated line and component penetration efficiencies. These calculations will be based on assumptions of a lognormal particle size distribution at the engine exit with a known associated lognormal width, and an equivalent spherical particle shape with a corresponding known effective particle density. These resulting correction factors will then be used to estimate the total particle losses in the sampling and measurement system for nvPM mass and number, and will thus be used to infer the engine exit plane concentrations of nvPM mass and number. AIR6504 has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE Five-Year Review policy.
Book Synopsis Procedure for the Continuous Sampling and Measurement of Non-Volatile Particulate Matter Emissions from Aircraft Turbine Engines by : E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Download or read book Procedure for the Continuous Sampling and Measurement of Non-Volatile Particulate Matter Emissions from Aircraft Turbine Engines written by E-31P Particulate Matter Committee and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes recommended sampling conditions, instrumentation, and procedures for the measurement of non-volatile particle number and mass concentrations from the exhaust of aircraft gas turbine engines. Procedures are included to estimate sampling system loss performance. This ARP is not intended for in-flight testing, nor does it apply to engines operating in the afterburning mode.This ARP is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This ARP6320 document revision provides updated nvPM mass calibration and System Operability information. The nvPM mass calibration data reduction method has been revised, and additional detail supplied on the use of splitters for nvPMmi calibration. Both the Diluter1 temperature control and the Dilution Factor 2 check method 1 have been revised. The "nvPM System Compliance and Operational Checklists" Excel spreadsheet is now presented as two separate checklist documents to simplify use: nvPM System Compliance Checklists v1_4 and nvPM Operations Compliance Checklists v1_4. Additional cross-references to ICAO Annex 16 Volume II1 are now included in both checklists.
Book Synopsis Non-volatile Particle Penetration Efficiencies by : Brandon Craig Hoffman
Download or read book Non-volatile Particle Penetration Efficiencies written by Brandon Craig Hoffman and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The SAE E-31 Aircraft Engine Gas & Particulate Emissions Measurement Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) 6320 {Ref. 17} describes procedures recommended for continuous sampling conditions and instrumentation for measurement of non-volatile particle number and mass emissions from the exhaust of aircraft gas turbine engines. Throughout the creation of the ARP, many tests were conducted to determine the best way to collect and measure non-volatile particulate matter from turbine engines to preserve sample integrity and minimize the losses through the system; including sampling, conditioning, and measurement. Based on the results of these tests, a system was built by Missouri University of Science and Technology (MS&T), which they own and operate. A few other in-house systems were built by other organizations, but it wasn't until Anstalt für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen List (AVL) of Graz, Austria started to produce and manufacture an ARP6320 compliant sampling system that it was commercially available for purchase. The first prototype was delivered to Arnold Engineering Development Complex. Even though the AVL sampling system and the MS&T sampling system are compliant with the ARP6320, there were some differences between the two systems which begged the question, will each system produce the same or similar results? The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) VAriable Response In Aircraft Non-Volatile Particulate Matter Testing (VARIAnT) 2 was established to answer these questions and more. This thesis concentrates on a small portion of this test campaign, specifically the ability of the systems to transport non-volatile or carbon black particles to instruments for measurement of mass, number, and size. The ratio of non-volatile particle concentration entering and leaving a sampling and measurement system segment is the Penetration Fraction which is the focus of this thesis. The results in this thesis and other comparisons to the model have shown close correlation within the measurement uncertainties of 14%. The penetration efficiency model used in this work was developed by UTRC and has been improved over the years to account for various differences between measured and predicted. Using the results presented in this thesis, the UTRC model presents a better alternative to the measurements of the penetration efficiencies for the ARP compliant sampling systems.
Book Synopsis Analysis and Implementation of PM Sampling Methodology Protocols to Aid in the Development of an ARP (Aerospace Recommended Practice) for Aircraft Non-volatile PM Measurements by : Brian Lowell Catron
Download or read book Analysis and Implementation of PM Sampling Methodology Protocols to Aid in the Development of an ARP (Aerospace Recommended Practice) for Aircraft Non-volatile PM Measurements written by Brian Lowell Catron and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Due to the growing concerns that particulate matter (PM) have on health and the environment, there is a need to include mass and number non-volatile PM measurements to current jet engine certification. This thesis looks at the necessary work required to help produce recommendations and perform background research to aid in the creation of an improved Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) (by the SAE E-31 Committee). This work addressed the following issues. The investigation began in the Missouri S & T Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research (COE) laboratory with an examination of the jet engine surrogate used, the miniCAST, as well as integrating it into the COE's PM measurement system. A clean PM sample line was aged by running a PM source through it until a steady state signal was measured by the instruments in order to make a recommended procedure for line conditioning as well as reconditioning. Several eductors were studied for their performance characteristics and compared against desired characteristics, which suggested a need to include a pressure relief valve to cap the sample pressure at the eductor entrance. A volatile particle remover (VPR) was studied for penetration and ability to remove volatile material. A prototype E-31 system was setup at the second alternative aviation fuel experiment (AAFEX II), which provided a direct comparison of probe tip dilution and downstream dilution and found comparable results when line loss was taken into account. Also performed at AAFEX II was a study that compared measured sample line penetration with theoretical calculations finding that theoretical calculations were an accurate alternative of measuring line loss. Two PM sampling systems were setup at an ARP demonstration and both system had similar results for both number and mass measurement. An instrument comparison was also performed that included an examination of condensation particle counter (CPC) cutoff size. It was also determined that a VPR was necessary to ensure that number instrument devices were only measuring non-volatile PM."--Abstract, page iii.
Book Synopsis Procedure for the Continuous Sampling and Measurement of Non-Volatile Particle Emissions from Aircraft Turbine Engines by : E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Download or read book Procedure for the Continuous Sampling and Measurement of Non-Volatile Particle Emissions from Aircraft Turbine Engines written by E-31P Particulate Matter Committee and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is a historical technical record describing procedures, required continuous sampling conditions, and instrumentation for the measurement of non-volatile particle number and mass concentrations from the exhaust of aircraft gas turbine engines. Procedures are included to calculate sampling loss performance. This AIR is not intended for in-flight testing, nor does it apply to engine operating in the afterburning mode.This Aerospace Information Report is a historical technical record of the initial document detailing the measurement of non-volatile particle emissions at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. This methodology was adopted by ICAO into Annex 16 Vol II and updated into Aerospace Recommended Practice ARP6320.Future updates of this document may include explanations of the reasoning and assumptions used to develop this measurement methodology. This Aerospace Information Report is a historical technical record of the initial document detailing the measurement of non-volatile particle emissions at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. This methodology was adopted by ICAO into Annex 16 Vol II and updated into Aerospace Recommended Practice ARP6320.Future updates of this document may include explanations of the reasoning and assumptions used to develop this measurement methodology.
Book Synopsis Recommended Practice for Partial Flow Dilution System Measurement of Particulate Matter (PM) by : Emissions Standards Committee
Download or read book Recommended Practice for Partial Flow Dilution System Measurement of Particulate Matter (PM) written by Emissions Standards Committee and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This recommended practice establishes test procedures and best practices for PM measurements under partial flow conditions. PFDS PM testing and certification is primarily used in heavy duty applications as described in 40 CFR Part 1065 because full flow sampling systems with a dilution tunnel and CVS can be very bulky for large heavy duty engines. 40 CFR Part 1066 also allows the use of partial flow systems for light duty applications in lieu of full flow systems. PFDS does not require the use of a CVS sampling system or a full flow dilution tunnel. This makes it easier and more convenient to perform PM measurement in smaller test cells that cannot fit a large CVS or a full flow dilution tunnel. This document describes the different components/specifications of LD and HD PFDS as well as the required quality checks necessary to ensure the integrity of the sampling system. It also addresses the many sampling options and calculations that are approved by the regulations. Correlation between partial and full flow systems will also be discussed. The conventional test method for particulate matter (PM) measurement of vehicle and engine exhaust is the gravimetric type where a small fraction of the total diluted exhaust from a full flow dilution tunnel connected to a constant volume sampler (CVS) is sampled over pre-weighed 47 mm PTFE filters at a temperature of 47 °C ± 5 °C. In a full flow dilution tunnel, all the exhaust flow from the engine flows through the tunnel where it is diluted with ambient air. To cover a wide range of vehicle and engine sizes, either single or double dilution systems are permitted for certification. The accuracy of the total PM mass of the test depends on many parameters but the most significant seems to be the amount of dilution and the magnitude of the net mass of PM collected on the filter. Partial flow systems, which are an alternative method to full flow CVS systems, include the additional complexity in that the sample ratio needs to be carefully controlled proportionally to the varying exhaust flow under transient conditions. Partial flow systems have an advantage of allowing more PM mass to be collected on the filter if the sample ratio is optimized correctly for vehicle or engine being tested. The PM limit in the U.S. is set at 3 mg/mile for light duty vehicles and 0.01 g/bhp-hr for heavy duty engines. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) approved a new PM limit of 1 mg/mile for LD applications starting in 2025 as part of the ACC II regulation. At 1 mg/mile, the net mass of PM on the filters in full flow systems will be approaching tunnel background levels making partial flow systems more desirable as the net mass of PM on the filter can be higher. Partial flow PM measurement also has the advantage of using much smaller, lower cost equipment without the need for a large CVS and full flow dilution tunnel system. The aim of this document is to organize the information in an easy to read-and-follow document, describing in detail the components of partial flow systems with specifications and performance characteristics. It also includes best practices for PM measurement in partial flow mode for light duty and heavy duty applications.
Book Synopsis Nonvolatile Exhaust Particle Measurement Techniques by : E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Download or read book Nonvolatile Exhaust Particle Measurement Techniques written by E-31P Particulate Matter Committee and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) addresses procedures applicable to quantifying the emission of nonvolatile particulate matter at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. While both volatile and nonvolatile particulate matter (PM) are present in aircraft gas turbine exhaust, the methods used to measure nonvolatile particles are farther advanced and are addressed here.Existing PM measurement regulations employ the SAE Smoke Number measurement (Reference 2.1.1), a stained filter technique used in evaluating visible emissions. The environmental and human health issues associated with submicronic PM emissions require more detailed measurement of the mass, size, and quantity of these particle emissions.Responding to regulatory agency requests, this AIR describes measurement techniques that are well developed and could be applied to the measurement of aircraft engine particulate matter. The techniques discussed here are considered relevant for measuring particle parameters identified with environmental and health concerns.The discussion that follows is based on research made while developing measurement techniques and in scientific and engineering experiments regarding PM emissions. The techniques are not yet used in routine aircraft engine certification. Future use in regulatory testing is likely to involve further refinements in methodology and application. It is planned that these refinements will be included in the subsequent publication of an Aerospace Recommended Practice.The distinction between nonvolatile and volatile particle types is a critical task in the measurement of particles in aircraft engine exhaust. Appendix A, SAE E-31 Position Paper on Particle Matter Measurements, provides additional technical bases for the scope of this AIR. The measurement methods for volatile condensed particles in turbine exhaust will be covered in a subsequent report. Observations to date show that volatile particles occur mainly at diameters less than 10 nanometers (
Book Synopsis Characterisation of Aviation Volatile and Non-volatile Particulate Matter Using a Standardised Sampling System by : Liam Smith
Download or read book Characterisation of Aviation Volatile and Non-volatile Particulate Matter Using a Standardised Sampling System written by Liam Smith and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis by : Intersociety Committee
Download or read book Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis written by Intersociety Committee and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book S.A.E. Handbook written by and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 876 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis by : Jr., James P. Lodge
Download or read book Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis written by Jr., James P. Lodge and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-22 with total page 792 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes precise directions for a long list of contaminants! All contaminants you can analyze or monitor with a given method are consolidated together to facilitate use. This book is especially valuable for indoor and outdoor air pollution control, industrial hygiene, occupational health, analytical chemists, engineers, health physicists, biologists, toxicologists, and instrument users.
Book Synopsis Gas Turbine Emissions by : Timothy C. Lieuwen
Download or read book Gas Turbine Emissions written by Timothy C. Lieuwen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-07-08 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of clean, sustainable energy systems is a preeminent issue in our time. Gas turbines will continue to be important combustion-based energy conversion devices for many decades to come, used for aircraft propulsion, ground-based power generation, and mechanical-drive applications. This book compiles the key scientific and technological knowledge associated with gas turbine emissions into a single authoritative source.
Book Synopsis Ambient Air Quality. Standard Gravimetric Measurement Method for the Determination of the Pm2,5 Mass Fraction of Suspended Particulate Matter by : British Standards Institute Staff
Download or read book Ambient Air Quality. Standard Gravimetric Measurement Method for the Determination of the Pm2,5 Mass Fraction of Suspended Particulate Matter written by British Standards Institute Staff and published by . This book was released on 2005-11-11 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air, Quality, Air pollution, Particulate air pollutants, Particulate materials, Performance, Testing conditions, Concentration, Mathematical calculations, Filters, Weight measurement, Determination of content, Chemical analysis and testing, Gravimetric analysis
Book Synopsis Particulate Matter Mass Measurement and Physical Characterization by :
Download or read book Particulate Matter Mass Measurement and Physical Characterization written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association by :
Download or read book Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 1098 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater by : American Public Health Association
Download or read book Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater written by American Public Health Association and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 1254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
