Printing Arab Modernity

Download Printing Arab Modernity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004314350
Total Pages : 171 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (43 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Printing Arab Modernity by : Hala Auji

Download or read book Printing Arab Modernity written by Hala Auji and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2016-05-30 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the nineteenth century, the American Mission Press in Beirut printed religious and secular publications written by foreign missionaries and Syrian scholars such as Nāṣīf al-Yāzijī and Buṭrus al-Bustānī, of later nahḍa fame. In a region where presses were still not prevalent, letterpress-printed and lithographed works circulated within a larger network that was dominated by manuscript production. In this book, Hala Auji analyzes the American Press publications as important visual and material objects that provide unique insights into an era of changing societal concerns and shifting intellectual attitudes of Syria’s Muslim and Christian populations. Contending that printed books are worthy of close visual scrutiny, this study highlights an important place for print culture during a time of an emerging Arab modernity.

The Cambridge Companion to Modern Arab Culture

Download The Cambridge Companion to Modern Arab Culture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 0521898072
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (218 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Cambridge Companion to Modern Arab Culture by : Dwight F. Reynolds

Download or read book The Cambridge Companion to Modern Arab Culture written by Dwight F. Reynolds and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-04-02 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An accessible and wide-ranging survey of modern Arab culture covering political, intellectual and social aspects.

Making Modernity in the Islamic Mediterranean

Download Making Modernity in the Islamic Mediterranean PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 0253060354
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (53 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Making Modernity in the Islamic Mediterranean by : Margaret S. Graves

Download or read book Making Modernity in the Islamic Mediterranean written by Margaret S. Graves and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2022-04-19 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Islamic world's artistic traditions experienced profound transformation in the 19th century as rapidly developing technologies and globalizing markets ushered in drastic changes in technique, style, and content. Despite the importance and ingenuity of these developments, the 19th century remains a gap in the history of Islamic art. To fill this opening in art historical scholarship, Making Modernity in the Islamic Mediterranean charts transformations in image-making, architecture, and craft production in the Islamic world from Fez to Istanbul. Contributors focus on the shifting methods of production, reproduction, circulation, and exchange artists faced as they worked in fields such as photography, weaving, design, metalwork, ceramics, and even transportation. Covering a range of media and a wide geographical spread, Making Modernity in the Islamic Mediterranean reveals how 19th-century artists in the Middle East and North Africa reckoned with new tools, materials, and tastes from local perspectives.

The History of the Book in the Middle East

Download The History of the Book in the Middle East PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351888285
Total Pages : 639 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The History of the Book in the Middle East by : Geoffrey Roper

Download or read book The History of the Book in the Middle East written by Geoffrey Roper and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-03-02 with total page 639 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This selection of papers by scholarly specialists offers an introduction to the history of the book and book culture in West Asia and North Africa from antiquity to the 20th century. The flourishing and long-lived manuscript tradition is discussed in its various aspects - social and economic as well as technical and aesthetic. The very early but abortive introduction of printing - long before Gutenberg - and the eventual, belated acceptance of the printed book and the development of print culture are explored in further groups of papers. Cultural, aesthetic, technological, religious, social, political and economic factors are all considered throughout the volume. Although the articles reflect the predominance in the area of Muslim books - Arabic, Persian and Turkish - the Hebrew, Syriac and Armenian contributions are also discussed. The editor’s introduction provides a survey of the field from the origins of writing to the modern literary and intellectual revivals.

Arabic Printing for the Christians in Ottoman Lands

Download Arabic Printing for the Christians in Ottoman Lands PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110786990
Total Pages : 466 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Arabic Printing for the Christians in Ottoman Lands by : Ioana Feodorov

Download or read book Arabic Printing for the Christians in Ottoman Lands written by Ioana Feodorov and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2023-10-02 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arabic printing began in Eastern Europe and the Ottoman Levant through the association of the scholar and printer Antim the Iberian, later a metropolitan of Wallachia, and Athanasios III Dabbās, twice patriarch of Antioch, when the latter, as metropolitan of Aleppo, was sojourning in Bucharest. This partnership resulted in the first Greek and Arabic editions of the Book of the Divine Liturgies (Snagov, 1701) and the Horologion (Bucharest, 1702). With the tools and expertise that he acquired in Wallachia, Dabbās established in Aleppo in 1705 the first Arabic-type press in the Ottoman Empire. After the Church of Antioch divided into separate Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholic Patriarchates in 1724, a new press was opened for Arabic-speaking Greek Catholics by ʻAbdallāh Zāḫir in Ḫinšāra (Ḍūr al-Šuwayr), Lebanon. Likewise, in 1752-1753, a press active at the Church of Saint George in Beirut printed Orthodox books that preserved elements of the Aleppo editions and were reprinted for decades. This book tells the story of the first Arabic-type presses in the Ottoman Empire which provided church books to the Arabic-speaking Christians, irrespective of their confession, through the efforts of ecclesiastical leaders such as the patriarchs Silvester of Antioch and Sofronios II of Constantinople and financial support from East European rulers like prince Constantin Brâncoveanu and hetman Ivan Mazepa.

Translating Late Ottoman Modernity in Palestine

Download Translating Late Ottoman Modernity in Palestine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : V&R Unipress
ISBN 13 : 3847010662
Total Pages : 457 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Translating Late Ottoman Modernity in Palestine by : Evelin Dierauff

Download or read book Translating Late Ottoman Modernity in Palestine written by Evelin Dierauff and published by V&R Unipress. This book was released on 2020-01-20 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Die Studie untersucht für die Jahre vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg anhand der arabisch-palästinensischen Zeitung Filas?in lokale Debatten um politische Ordnung, kollektive Identität und Beziehungen zwischen ethnischen und konfessionellen Gruppen; dies vor dem Hintergrund transregionaler und transosmansicher Zusammenhänge. Dies ist deshalb relevant, weil Gruppenbeziehungen in Palästina für diese Phase der osmanischen Moderne wenig erforscht sind und sich in einer tiefen Umbruchphase, einer sog. ›Sattelzeit‹, befanden. Filastin, veröffentlicht ab 1911 in Jaffa von Isa al-Isa und Yusuf al-Isa, lokalen griechisch-orthodoxen Christen, diente als Medium, in dem ein vielfältiges Spektrum an palästinensischen Autoren verschiedener Konfession folgende Fragen kontrovers verhandelte: 1. Regeln des Zusammenlebens im multiethnisch und multikulturell geprägten Jaffa; 2. Die Integrierbarkeit der jüdisch-zionistischen Einwanderer in die Region, und 3. die Partizipation arabisch-palästinensischer Christen im von Griechen dominierten griechisch-orthodoxen Patriarchat von Jerusalem. Exploring Filas?in in the context of Arab Palestinian press development, its specific environment and networks, and the political culture after the Young Turk Revolution, this study analyzes the main concepts and terminological features that are conveyed through ist coverage. Further, it studies Palestinian group relations in the light of three selected case studies: the press debate on 1. the social cohabitation of groups in the Jaffa region, 2. the socio-economic integration of Zionist immigrants into the Jerusalem District, and 3. the political participation of Arab Palestinian Orthodox Christians in the administration of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, and their opposition against the clerical establishment. Filastin was published from 1911 onwards in the coastal town of Jaffa by the cousins Yusuf and Isa al-Isa, Arab Palestinians of Greek Orthodox confession. Soon, it had established itself as a 'forum of debate' in late Ottoman Palestine, serving a pool of authors from different ethnic and confessional but similar educational backgrounds and moral values as a public medium to which they contributed through publishing articles, protest letters, petitions, etc. On its pages, these authors controversially discussed concepts of collective identity, society-building, political order and all kinds of reforms that they perceived progressive and as fitting the 'spirit of the age', as they called it: the age of Ottoman Constitutionalism and modernity. This study explores local debates on Palestinian group relations through Filastin during the years 1911 until 1914 which is relevant since, during this period of time, the Arab Middle East in general and Palestine in specific underwent a so-called 'saddle period'; a deep and fundamental change with regard to social relations and political concepts that is still rather unexplored in today's scholarship.

Tribal Modern

Download Tribal Modern PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520957261
Total Pages : 223 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tribal Modern by : Miriam Cooke

Download or read book Tribal Modern written by Miriam Cooke and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2014-01-21 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the 1970s, one of the most torrid and forbidding regions in the world burst on to the international stage. The discovery and subsequent exploitation of oil allowed tribal rulers of the U.A.E, Qatar, Bahrain, and Kuwait to dream big. How could fishermen, pearl divers and pastoral nomads catch up with the rest of the modernized world? Even today, society is skeptical about the clash between the modern and the archaic in the Gulf. But could tribal and modern be intertwined rather than mutually exclusive? Exploring everything from fantasy architecture to neo-tribal sports and from Emirati dress codes to neo-Bedouin poetry contests, Tribal Modern explodes the idea that the tribal is primitive and argues instead that it is an elite, exclusive, racist, and modern instrument for branding new nations and shaping Gulf citizenship and identity—an image used for projecting prestige at home and power abroad.

Migrating Texts

Download Migrating Texts PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edinburgh University Press
ISBN 13 : 1474439012
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (744 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Migrating Texts by : Marilyn Booth

Download or read book Migrating Texts written by Marilyn Booth and published by Edinburgh University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-03 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores translation in the context of the multi-lingual, multi-ethnic late-Ottoman Mediterranean world. Fénelon, Offenbach and the Iliad in Arabic, Robinson Crusoe in Turkish, the Bible in Greek-alphabet Turkish, excoriated French novels circulating through the Ottoman Empire in Greek, Arabic and Turkish: literary translation at the eastern end of the Mediterranean offered worldly vistas and new, hybrid genres to emerging literate audiences in the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Whether to propagate 'national' language reform, circulate the Bible, help audiences understand European opera, argue for girls' education, institute pan-Islamic conversations, introduce political concepts, share the Persian Gulistan with Anglophone readers in Bengal, or provide racy fiction to schooled adolescents in Cairo and Istanbul, translation was an essential tool. But as these essays show, translators were inventors, and their efforts might yield surprising results.

Senses of Scripture, Treasures of Tradition

Download Senses of Scripture, Treasures of Tradition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004347402
Total Pages : 588 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (43 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Senses of Scripture, Treasures of Tradition by :

Download or read book Senses of Scripture, Treasures of Tradition written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2017-09-04 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Senses of Scripture, Treasures of Tradition offers recent findings on the reception, translation and use of the Bible in Arabic among Jews, Samaritans, Christians and Muslims from the early Islamic era to the present day. In this volume, edited by Miriam L. Hjälm, scholars from different fields have joined forces to illuminate various aspects of the Bible in Arabic: it depicts the characteristics of this abundant and diverse textual heritage, describes how the biblical message was made relevant for communities in the Near East and makes hitherto unpublished Arabic texts available. It also shows how various communities interacted in their choice of shared terminology and topics, and how Arabic Bible translations moved from one religious community to another. Contributors include: Amir Ashur, Mats Eskhult, Nathan Gibson, Dennis Halft, Miriam L. Hjälm, Cornelia Horn, Naḥem Ilan, Rana H. Issa, Geoffrey K. Martin, Roy Michael McCoy III, Juan Pedro Monferrer-Sala, Meirav Nadler-Akirav, Sivan Nir, Meira Polliack, Arik Sadan, Ilana Sasson, David Sklare, Peter Tarras, Alexander Treiger, Frank Weigelt, Vevian Zaki, Marzena Zawanowska.

A History of Arab Graphic Design

Download A History of Arab Graphic Design PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : American University in Cairo Press
ISBN 13 : 1649031955
Total Pages : 383 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (49 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A History of Arab Graphic Design by : Bahia Shehab

Download or read book A History of Arab Graphic Design written by Bahia Shehab and published by American University in Cairo Press. This book was released on 2020-12-15 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first-ever book-length history of Arab graphic design PROSE AWARD WINNER, ART HISTORY & CRITICISM Arab graphic design emerged in the early twentieth century out of a need to influence, and give expression to, the far-reaching economic, social, and political changes that were taking place in the Arab world at the time. But graphic design as a formally recognized genre of visual art only came into its own in the region in the twenty-first century and, to date, there has been no published study on the subject to speak of. A History of Arab Graphic Design traces the people and events that were integral to the shaping of a field of graphic design in the Arab world. Examining the work of over eighty key designers from Morocco to Iraq, and covering the period from pre-1900 to the end of the twentieth century, Bahia Shehab and Haytham Nawar chart the development of design in the region, beginning with Islamic art and Arabic calligraphy, and their impact on Arab visual culture, through to the digital revolution and the arrival of the Internet. They look at how cinema, economic prosperity, and political and cultural events gave birth to and shaped the founders of Arab graphic design. Highlighting the work of key designers and stunningly illustrated with over 600 color images, A History of Arab Graphic Design is an invaluable resource tool for graphic designers, one which, it is hoped, will place Arab visual culture and design on the map of a thriving international design discourse.

Pious Labor

Download Pious Labor PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520398580
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (23 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pious Labor by : Amanda Lanzillo

Download or read book Pious Labor written by Amanda Lanzillo and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2024-01-23 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A free ebook version of this title is available through Luminos, University of California Press’s Open Access publishing program. Visit www.luminosoa.org to learn more. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, working-class people across northern India found themselves negotiating rapid industrial change, emerging technologies, and class hierarchies. In response to these changes, Indian Muslim artisans began publicly asserting the deep relation between their religion and their labor, using the increasingly accessible popular press to redefine Islamic traditions “from below.” Centering the stories and experiences of metalsmiths, stonemasons, tailors, press workers, and carpenters, Pious Labor examines colonial-era social and technological changes through the perspectives of the workers themselves. As Amanda Lanzillo shows, the colonial marginalization of these artisans is intimately linked with the continued exclusion of laboring voices today. By drawing on previously unstudied Urdu-language technical manuals and community histories, Lanzillo highlights not only the materiality of artisanal production but also the cultural agency of artisanal producers, filling in a major gap in South Asian history.

The Arab Renaissance

Download The Arab Renaissance PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781603293099
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Arab Renaissance by : Tarek El-Ariss

Download or read book The Arab Renaissance written by Tarek El-Ariss and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "An anthology of Arabic texts and English translations of works from the Arab Renaissance (Nahda) on modernity, language, gender, transnationalism, literary criticism, politics, travel, social justice, technology, history, and commerce. The edition is designed for the classroom, with an introduction, translator's note, and textual notes for students and teachers"--

The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 6, Muslims and Modernity: Culture and Society since 1800

Download The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 6, Muslims and Modernity: Culture and Society since 1800 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316175804
Total Pages : 860 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (161 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 6, Muslims and Modernity: Culture and Society since 1800 by : Robert W. Hefner

Download or read book The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 6, Muslims and Modernity: Culture and Society since 1800 written by Robert W. Hefner and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-11-04 with total page 860 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unparalleled in its range of topics and geographical scope, the sixth and final volume of The New Cambridge History of Islam provides a comprehensive overview of Muslim culture and society since 1800. Robert Hefner's thought-provoking account of the political and intellectual transformation of the Muslim world introduces the volume, which proceeds with twenty-five essays by luminaries in their fields through a broad range of topics. These include developments in society and population, religious thought and Islamic law, Muslim views of modern politics and economics, education and the arts, cinema and new media. The essays, which highlight the diversity and richness of Islamic civilization, engage with regions outside the Middle East as well as within Islam's historic heartland. Narratives are clear and absorbing and will fascinate all those curious about the momentous changes that have taken place among the world's 1.4 billion Muslims in the last two centuries.

Modernity and Culture

Download Modernity and Culture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231504772
Total Pages : 633 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Modernity and Culture by : Leila Fawaz

Download or read book Modernity and Culture written by Leila Fawaz and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2002-05-15 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between the 1890s and 1920s, cities in the vast region stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean were experiencing political, social, economic, and cultural changes that had been set in motion at least since the early nineteenth century. As the age of pre-colonial empires gave way to colonial and national states, there was a sense that a particular liberalism of culture and economy had been irretrievably lost to a more intolerant age. Avoiding such dichotomies as East/West and modernity/tradition, this book provides a comparative analysis of contested versions of the concept of modernity. The book examines not only the "high" culture of scholars and the literati, but also popular music, the visual arts, and journalism. The contributors incorporate discussion of the way in which the business in both commodities and ideas was conducted in the increasingly cosmopolitan cities of the time.

Trials of Arab Modernity

Download Trials of Arab Modernity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Fordham Univ Press
ISBN 13 : 0823252353
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (232 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Trials of Arab Modernity by : Tarek El-Ariss

Download or read book Trials of Arab Modernity written by Tarek El-Ariss and published by Fordham Univ Press. This book was released on 2013-04-15 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Challenging prevalent conceptualizations of modernity—which treat it either as a Western ideology imposed by colonialism or as a universal narrative of progress and innovation—this study instead offers close readings of the simultaneous performances and contestations of modernity staged in works by authors such as Rifa’a al-Tahtawi, Ahmad Faris al-Shidyaq, Tayeb Salih, Hanan al-Shaykh, Hamdi Abu Golayyel, and Ahmad Alaidy. In dialogue with affect theory, deconstruction, and psychoanalysis, the book reveals these trials to be a violent and ongoing confrontation with and within modernity. In pointed and witty prose, El-Ariss bridges the gap between Nahda (the so-called Arab project of Enlightenment) and postcolonial and postmodern fiction.

Stranger Fictions

Download Stranger Fictions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 150175307X
Total Pages : 189 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Stranger Fictions by : Rebecca C. Johnson

Download or read book Stranger Fictions written by Rebecca C. Johnson and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2021-01-15 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Zaynab, first published in 1913, is widely cited as the first Arabic novel, yet the previous eight decades saw hundreds of novels translated into Arabic from English and French. This vast literary corpus influenced generations of Arab writers but has, until now, been considered a curious footnote in the genre's history. Incorporating these works into the history of the Arabic novel, Stranger Fictions offers a transformative new account of modern Arabic literature, world literature, and the novel. Rebecca C. Johnson rewrites the history of the global circulation of the novel by moving Arabic literature from the margins of comparative literature to its center. Considering the wide range of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century translation practices—including "bad" translation, mistranslation, and pseudotranslation—Johnson argues that Arabic translators did far more than copy European works; they authored new versions of them, producing sophisticated theorizations of the genre. These translations and the reading practices they precipitated form the conceptual and practical foundations of Arab literary modernity, necessitating an overhaul of our notions of translation, cultural exchange, and the global. Examining nearly a century of translations published in Beirut, Cairo, Malta, Paris, London, and New York, from Qiat Rūbinun Kurūzī (The story of Robinson Crusoe) in 1835 to pastiched crime stories in early twentieth-century Egyptian magazines, Johnson shows how translators theorized the Arab world not as Europe's periphery but as an alternative center in a globalized network. Stranger Fictions affirms the central place of (mis)translation in both the history of the novel in Arabic and the novel as a transnational form itself.

Rediscovering the Islamic Classics

Download Rediscovering the Islamic Classics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691174563
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rediscovering the Islamic Classics by : Ahmed El Shamsy

Download or read book Rediscovering the Islamic Classics written by Ahmed El Shamsy and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-02-11 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The people who selected, edited, and published the new print books on and about Islam exerted a huge influence on the resulting literary tradition. These unheralded editors determined, essentially, what came to be understood by the early twentieth century as the classical written "canon" of Islamic thought. Collectively, this relatively small group of editors who brought Islamic literature into print crucially shaped how Muslim intellectuals, the Muslim public, and various Islamist movements understood the Islamic intellectual tradition. In this book Ahmed El Shamsy recounts this sea change, focusing on the Islamic literary culture of Cairo, a hot spot of the infant publishing industry, from the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. As El Shamsy argues, the aforementioned editors included some of the greatest minds in the Muslim world and shared an ambitious intellectual agenda of revival, reform, and identity formation. .