Preferences And Decisions

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Preferences and Decisions

Author : Salvatore Greco
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642159753
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)

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Book Synopsis Preferences and Decisions by : Salvatore Greco

Download or read book Preferences and Decisions written by Salvatore Greco and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-10-05 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decision making is an omnipresent, most crucial activity of the human being, and also of virtually all artificial broadly perceived “intelligent” systems that try to mimic human behavior, reasoning and choice processes. It is quite obvious that such a relevance of decision making had triggered vast research effort on its very essence, and attempts to develop tools and techniques which would make it possible to somehow mimic human decision making related acts, even to automate decision making processes that had been so far reserved for the human beings. The roots of those attempts at a scientific analysis can be traced to the ancient times but – clearly – they have gained momentum in the recent 50 or 100 years following a general boom in science. Depending on the field of science, decision making can be viewed in different ways. The most general view can be that decision making boils down to some cognitive, mental process(es) that lead to the selection of an option or a course of action among several alternatives. Then, looking in a deeper way, from a psychological perspective this process proceeds in the context of a set of needs, preferences, rational choice of an individual, a group of individuals, or even an organization. From a cognitive perspective, the decision making process proceeds in the context of various interactions with the environment.

Decisions with Multiple Objectives

Author : Ralph L. Keeney
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521438834
Total Pages : 596 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (388 download)

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Book Synopsis Decisions with Multiple Objectives by : Ralph L. Keeney

Download or read book Decisions with Multiple Objectives written by Ralph L. Keeney and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1993-07 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes how a confused decision maker, who wishes to make a reasonable and responsible choice among alternatives, can systematically probe their thoughts and feelings in order to make the critically important trade-offs between incommensurable objectives.

The Paradox of Choice

Author : Barry Schwartz
Publisher : Harper Collins
ISBN 13 : 0061748994
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (617 download)

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Book Synopsis The Paradox of Choice by : Barry Schwartz

Download or read book The Paradox of Choice written by Barry Schwartz and published by Harper Collins. This book was released on 2009-10-13 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whether we're buying a pair of jeans, ordering a cup of coffee, selecting a long-distance carrier, applying to college, choosing a doctor, or setting up a 401(k), everyday decisions—both big and small—have become increasingly complex due to the overwhelming abundance of choice with which we are presented. As Americans, we assume that more choice means better options and greater satisfaction. But beware of excessive choice: choice overload can make you question the decisions you make before you even make them, it can set you up for unrealistically high expectations, and it can make you blame yourself for any and all failures. In the long run, this can lead to decision-making paralysis, anxiety, and perpetual stress. And, in a culture that tells us that there is no excuse for falling short of perfection when your options are limitless, too much choice can lead to clinical depression. In The Paradox of Choice, Barry Schwartz explains at what point choice—the hallmark of individual freedom and self-determination that we so cherish—becomes detrimental to our psychological and emotional well-being. In accessible, engaging, and anecdotal prose, Schwartz shows how the dramatic explosion in choice—from the mundane to the profound challenges of balancing career, family, and individual needs—has paradoxically become a problem instead of a solution. Schwartz also shows how our obsession with choice encourages us to seek that which makes us feel worse. By synthesizing current research in the social sciences, Schwartz makes the counter intuitive case that eliminating choices can greatly reduce the stress, anxiety, and busyness of our lives. He offers eleven practical steps on how to limit choices to a manageable number, have the discipline to focus on those that are important and ignore the rest, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices you have to make.

The Construction of Preference

Author : Sarah Lichtenstein
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139457780
Total Pages : 709 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis The Construction of Preference by : Sarah Lichtenstein

Download or read book The Construction of Preference written by Sarah Lichtenstein and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006-08-28 with total page 709 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors.

Dynamics of decision making: from evidence to preference and belief

Author : Erica Yu
Publisher : Frontiers E-books
ISBN 13 : 2889192709
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Dynamics of decision making: from evidence to preference and belief by : Erica Yu

Download or read book Dynamics of decision making: from evidence to preference and belief written by Erica Yu and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on 2014-10-24 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the core of the many debates throughout cognitive science concerning how decisions are made are the processes governing the time course of preference formation and decision. From perceptual choices, such as whether the signal on a radar screen indicates an enemy missile or a spot on a CT scan indicates a tumor, to cognitive value-based decisions, such as selecting an agreeable flatmate or deciding the guilt of a defendant, significant and everyday decisions are dynamic over time. Phenomena such as decoy effects, preference reversals and order effects are still puzzling researchers. For example, in a legal context, jurors receive discrete pieces of evidence in sequence, and must integrate these pieces together to reach a singular verdict. From a standard Bayesian viewpoint the order in which people receive the evidence should not influence their final decision, and yet order effects seem a robust empirical phenomena in many decision contexts. Current research on how decisions unfold, especially in a dynamic environment, is advancing our theoretical understanding of decision making. This Research Topic aims to review and further explore the time course of a decision - from how prior beliefs are formed to how those beliefs are used and updated over time, towards the formation of preferences and choices and post-decision processes and effects. Research literatures encompassing varied approaches to the time-scale of decisions will be brought into scope: a) Speeded decisions (and post-decision processes) that require the accumulation of noisy and possibly non-stationary perceptual evidence (e.g., randomly moving dots stimuli), within a few seconds, with or without temporal uncertainty. b) Temporally-extended, value-based decisions that integrate feedback values (e.g., gambling machines) and internally-generated decision criteria (e.g., when one switches attention, selectively, between the various aspects of several choice alternatives). c) Temporally extended, belief-based decisions that build on the integration of evidence, which interacts with the decision maker's belief system, towards the updating of the beliefs and the formation of judgments and preferences (as in the legal context). Research that emphasizes theoretical concerns (including optimality analysis) and mechanisms underlying the decision process, both neural and cognitive, is presented, as well as research that combines experimental and computational levels of analysis.

Working with Preferences: Less Is More

Author : Souhila Kaci
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642172806
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)

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Book Synopsis Working with Preferences: Less Is More by : Souhila Kaci

Download or read book Working with Preferences: Less Is More written by Souhila Kaci and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-20 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Preferences are useful in many real-life problems, guiding human decision making from early childhood up to complex professional and organizational decisions. In artificial intelligence specifically, preferences is a relatively new topic of relevance to nonmonotonic reasoning, multiagent systems, constraint satisfaction, decision making, social choice theory and decision-theoretic planning The first part of this book deals with preference representation, with specific chapters dedicated to representation languages, nonmonotonic logics of preferences, conditional preference networks, positive and negative preferences, and the study of preferences in cognitive psychology. The second part of the book deals with reasoning with preferences, and includes chapters dedicated to preference-based argumentation, preferences database queries, and rank-ordering outcomes and intervals. The author concludes by examining forthcoming research perspectives. This is inherently a multidisciplinary topic and this book will be of interest to computer scientists, economists, operations researchers, mathematicians, logicians, philosophers and psychologists.

Judgment, Decision-Making, and Embodied Choices

Author : Markus Raab
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128235608
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Judgment, Decision-Making, and Embodied Choices by : Markus Raab

Download or read book Judgment, Decision-Making, and Embodied Choices written by Markus Raab and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-10-14 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Judgment, Decision-Making, and Embodied Choices introduces a new concept of embodied choices which take sensorimotor experiences into account when limited time and resources forces a person to make a quick decision. This book combines areas of cognitive psychology and movement science, presenting an integrative approach to understanding human functioning in everyday scenarios. This is the first book focusing on the role of the gut as a second brain, introducing the link to risky behavior. The book's author engages readers by providing real-life experiences and scenarios connecting theory to practice. Discusses the role of gut feelings and the brain-gut behavior connection Demonstrates that behavior influences decision and other people’s perceptions about mood or character Includes research on medical decisions and shopping decisions Illustrates how to train embodied choices

Beliefs, Interactions and Preferences

Author : Mark J. Machina
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780792385998
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (859 download)

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Book Synopsis Beliefs, Interactions and Preferences by : Mark J. Machina

Download or read book Beliefs, Interactions and Preferences written by Mark J. Machina and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1999-09-30 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "It also addresses the difficult question to incorporate several of these recent advances simultaneously into one single decision model. And it offers perspectives about the future trends of modeling such complex decision questions."--Jacket.

The Five Life Decisions

Author : Robert T. Michael
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022635458X
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (263 download)

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Book Synopsis The Five Life Decisions by : Robert T. Michael

Download or read book The Five Life Decisions written by Robert T. Michael and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2016-08-05 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Choices matter. And in your teens and twenties, some of the biggest life decisions come about when you feel the least prepared to tackle them. Economist Robert T. Michael won’t tell you what to choose. Instead, he’ll show you how to make smarter choices. Michael focuses on five critical decisions we all face about college, career, partners, health, and parenting. He uses these to demonstrate how the science of scarcity and choice—concepts used to guide major business decisions and shape national legislation—can offer a solid foundation for our own lives. Employing comparative advantage can have a big payoff when picking a job. Knowing how to work the marketplace can minimize uncertainty when choosing a partner. And understanding externalities—the ripple of results from our actions—can clarify the if and when of having children. Michael also brings in data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a scientific sample of 18 million millennials in the United States that tracks more than a decade of young adult choices and consequences. As the survey’s longtime principal investigator and project director, Michael shows that the aggregate decisions can help us understand what might lie ahead along many possible paths—offering readers insights about how their own choices may turn out. There’s no singular formula for always making the right choice. But the adaptable framework and rich data at the heart of The Five Life Decisions will help you feel confident in whatever you decide.

Making Decisions That Matter

Author : Kathleen M. Galotti
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1135664889
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (356 download)

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Book Synopsis Making Decisions That Matter by : Kathleen M. Galotti

Download or read book Making Decisions That Matter written by Kathleen M. Galotti and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2005-07-11 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this book is to describe ongoing research that examines real people making real decsions, and compares it with theoretical predications to provide readers with "food for thought" when it comes to their own decision making & to point out quest

How to Decide

Author : Annie Duke
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0593418484
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (934 download)

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Book Synopsis How to Decide by : Annie Duke

Download or read book How to Decide written by Annie Duke and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2020-10-13 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through a blend of compelling exercises, illustrations, and stories, the bestselling author of Thinking in Bets will train you to combat your own biases, address your weaknesses, and help you become a better and more confident decision-maker. What do you do when you're faced with a big decision? If you're like most people, you probably make a pro and con list, spend a lot of time obsessing about decisions that didn't work out, get caught in analysis paralysis, endlessly seek other people's opinions to find just that little bit of extra information that might make you sure, and finally go with your gut. What if there was a better way to make quality decisions so you can think clearly, feel more confident, second-guess yourself less, and ultimately be more decisive and be more productive? Making good decisions doesn't have to be a series of endless guesswork. Rather, it's a teachable skill that anyone can sharpen. In How to Decide, bestselling author Annie Duke and former professional poker player lays out a series of tools anyone can use to make better decisions. You'll learn: • To identify and dismantle hidden biases. • To extract the highest quality feedback from those whose advice you seek. • To more accurately identify the influence of luck in the outcome of your decisions. • When to decide fast, when to decide slow, and when to decide in advance. • To make decisions that more effectively help you to realize your goals and live your values. Through interactive exercises and engaging thought experiments, this book helps you analyze key decisions you've made in the past and troubleshoot those you're making in the future. Whether you're picking investments, evaluating a job offer, or trying to figure out your romantic life, How to Decide is the key to happier outcomes and fewer regrets.

Collective Preference and Choice

Author : Shmuel Nitzan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780511690754
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (97 download)

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Book Synopsis Collective Preference and Choice by : Shmuel Nitzan

Download or read book Collective Preference and Choice written by Shmuel Nitzan and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Collective decision-making is a familiar feature of our social, political, and economic lives. It ranges from the relatively trivial (e.g. the choice of the next family car) to the globally significant (e.g. whether or not a country should go to war). Yet, whether trivial or globally significant, such decisions involve a number of challenging problems. These problems arise in the standard social choice setting, where individuals differ in their preferences. They also arise in the standard decision-making setting, where individuals share the same preferences, but differ in their decisional capabilities. The distinctive feature of Collective Preference and Choice is that it looks at classical aggregation problems that arise in three closely related areas: social choice theory, voting theory, and group decision-making under uncertainty. Using a series of exercises and examples, the book explains these problems with reference to a number of important contributions to the study of collective decision-making.

Wise Decisions

Author : James E. Loehr
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119931401
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Wise Decisions by : James E. Loehr

Download or read book Wise Decisions written by James E. Loehr and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-12-08 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A concrete and hands-on method for improving your everyday decisions Every 15 minutes, each of us can make ten or more small decisions. Some of them are relatively inconsequential, while others can change the course of our lives. What if you could improve all of your decisions, across the board, and start to build a healthier, more productive, and meaningful life? In Wise Decisions: A Science-Based Approach to Making Better Choices, a team of accomplished industry experts delivers an evidence- and research-based blueprint for making the best decisions you can with the information you have. You’ll learn to make the targeted, repeated investment of energy required to turn your decision-making process into one informed by reason, emotion, intuition, and science. In the book, you’ll discover: How to put the decision-making process under a microscope and learn what makes a decision truly wise Ways to help children, teens, and families make wise decisions How to train yourself to make wise decisions with voice training and other strategies A can’t-miss resource for parents, teachers, coaches, managers, executives, and other business leaders, Wise Decisions also offers timeless advice and guidance for anyone else hoping to improve the decision-making abilities of the people close to them.

Non-Conventional Preference Relations in Decision Making

Author : Marc Roubens
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642517110
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (425 download)

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Book Synopsis Non-Conventional Preference Relations in Decision Making by : Marc Roubens

Download or read book Non-Conventional Preference Relations in Decision Making written by Marc Roubens and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The important issue of how to overcome rigidness, inadequacy and human inconsistency regarding conventional assumptions on preferences in decision making (for example, regarding yes/no crispness or transitivity) is discussed by well-known experts in this volume. In the introductory articles, analyses of those conventional assumptions are given and the need for reconsiderations and changes as to preference-related aspects is advocated. The following contributions are mainly concerned with issues related to valued (including fuzzy) preference relations, such as analysis of their properties and their use in various decision making and choice problems and in group decision making.

Collective Decisions and Voting

Author : Nicolaus Tideman
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351950622
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (519 download)

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Book Synopsis Collective Decisions and Voting by : Nicolaus Tideman

Download or read book Collective Decisions and Voting written by Nicolaus Tideman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-03-02 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When one thinks about how collective decisions are made, voting is the method that comes naturally to mind. But other methods such as random process and consensus are also used. This book explores just what a collective decision is, classifies the methods of making collective decisions, and identifies the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Classification is the prelude to evaluation. What are the characteristics of a method of making collective decisions, the book asks, that permit us to describe a collective decision as good? The second part of the book is detailed exploration of voting: the dimensions in which voting situations differ, the origins and logic of majority rule, the frequency of cycles in voting, the Arrow and Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorems, criteria for ways of cutting through cycles and the application of these criteria to a variety of rules, voting over continuums, proportional representation, and voting rules that take account of intensities of preferences. Relatively unknown methods of voting give voting a much greater potential than is generally recognized. Collective Decisions and Voting is essential reading for everyone with an interest in voting theory and in how public choices might be made.

Elicitation of Preferences

Author : Baruch Fischhoff
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401714061
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Elicitation of Preferences by : Baruch Fischhoff

Download or read book Elicitation of Preferences written by Baruch Fischhoff and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economists and psychologists have, on the whole, exhibited sharply different perspectives on the elicitation of preferences. Economists, who have made preference the central primitive in their thinking about human behavior, have for the most part rejected elicitation and have instead sought to infer preferences from observations of choice behavior. Psychologists, who have tended to think of preference as a context-determined subjective construct, have embraced elicitation as their dominant approach to measurement. This volume, based on a symposium organized by Daniel McFadden at the University of California at Berkeley, provides a provocative and constructive engagement between economists and psychologists on the elicitation of preferences.

Choices, Values, and Frames

Author : Daniel Kahneman
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107651069
Total Pages : 864 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (76 download)

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Book Synopsis Choices, Values, and Frames by : Daniel Kahneman

Download or read book Choices, Values, and Frames written by Daniel Kahneman and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2000-09-25 with total page 864 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the definitive exposition of 'prospect theory', a compelling alternative to the classical utility theory of choice. Building on the 1982 volume, Judgement Under Uncertainty, this book brings together seminal papers on prospect theory from economists, decision theorists, and psychologists, including the work of the late Amos Tversky, whose contributions are collected here for the first time. While remaining within a rational choice framework, prospect theory delivers more accurate, empirically verified predictions in key test cases, as well as helping to explain many complex, real-world puzzles. In this volume, it is brought to bear on phenomena as diverse as the principles of legal compensation, the equity premium puzzle in financial markets, and the number of hours that New York cab drivers choose to drive on rainy days. Theoretically elegant and empirically robust, this volume shows how prospect theory has matured into a new science of decision making.