Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Precipitation Of Radiation Belt Electrons By Lightning Generated Magnetospherically Reflecting Whistler Waves
Download Precipitation Of Radiation Belt Electrons By Lightning Generated Magnetospherically Reflecting Whistler Waves full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Precipitation Of Radiation Belt Electrons By Lightning Generated Magnetospherically Reflecting Whistler Waves ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis Precipitation of Radiation Belt Electrons by Lightning-generated Magnetospherically Reflecting Whistler Waves by : Jacob Bortnik
Download or read book Precipitation of Radiation Belt Electrons by Lightning-generated Magnetospherically Reflecting Whistler Waves written by Jacob Bortnik and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Global Assessment of Precipitation of Radiation Belt Electrons by Electromagnetic Waves from Lightning by : Erin Selser Gemelos
Download or read book Global Assessment of Precipitation of Radiation Belt Electrons by Electromagnetic Waves from Lightning written by Erin Selser Gemelos and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2011 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: lifetime of radiation belt electrons, particularly at low energies (100--300keV) within the slot region (2
Book Synopsis Global Quantification of Lightning-induced Electron Precipitation Using Very Low Frequency Remote Sensing by : Benjamin Randolph Tucker Cotts
Download or read book Global Quantification of Lightning-induced Electron Precipitation Using Very Low Frequency Remote Sensing written by Benjamin Randolph Tucker Cotts and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2011 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Observations of lightning-induced electron precipitation (LEP) events at three geographic regions show characteristics which systematically vary with both longitude and hemisphere. These observations are quantitatively interpreted with the use of a novel model of atmospheric backscatter designed to be used to predict the characteristics of LEP events at any longitude and mid-latitude L-shell by accounting for the effects of precipitating electrons which are backscattered from the atmosphere. The new model of atmospheric backscatter (ABS) is based upon the calculation of ~16,000 individual atmospheric backscatter responses for monoenergetic electron beams with a single incident pitch angle using a Monte Carlo model of atmospheric interactions which tracks the full gyration of each individual precipitating electron around the magnetic field line as it enters the atmosphere, accounting for the dynamic friction force and angular diffusion as well as the production of new electrons via ionization. The ABS model includes the effects of the asymmetric magnetic field in calculations of the pitch angle of backscattered electrons entering the conjugate hemisphere and accounts for the different strength of the magnetic field at conjugate points of the same field line. This magnetic field difference causes the equatorial loss cone angle to vary greatly between hemispheres and with longitude which results in significant and systematic differences in LEP signatures at various locations. A realistic distribution of precipitating electrons is inserted into the ABS model by calculating the energy and pitch angle distribution which results from the resonant interactions of a lightning-initiated magnetospherically reflecting whistler wave with trapped radiation belt particles. This calculation is accomplished by extensive magnetospheric ray-tracing, accounting for Landau damping as well as spatial and temporal dispersion of the whistler wave. This distribution of precipitating electrons is then inserted into the ABS model at three separate longitudes (260 degrees east (1N) and 290 degrees east (2N) in the Northern Hemisphere, and 295 degrees east (2S) in the Southern Hemisphere, corresponding to the Central United States, the East Coast of the United States, and Palmer, Antarctica, respectively) and the deposition results are compared with VLF remote sensing data collected on nearly north-south great circle paths (GCPs) allowing for isolation of longitudinal effects on LEP. Results predicted by the model and confirmed by data indicate that all four primary LEP characteristics exhibit longitudinal and hemispheric dependencies which can be explained in terms of backscatter of precipitating electrons from the atmosphere. The mean observed LEP onset delay exhibits a hemispheric dependence at these longitudes with events in the northern hemisphere delayed by one bounce period relative to direct precipitation and advanced by one-half bounce period in the southern hemisphere. The mean observed onset duration exhibits a longitudinal dependence with events observed at locations 1N and 2S persisting for three bounce periods, and at location 2N for two bounce periods. The amplitude change and recovery time also show a longitudinal and hemispheric dependence based upon the relative sizes of the loss cones at different longitudes with LEP events produced at location 1N consistently larger than at location 2N, and observed recovery times at location 2N longer than at 1N which are still longer than at 2S. All of these results are explained in terms of backscatter of precipitating electrons from the atmosphere and ABS model shows that by accounting for atmospheric backscatter it is possible to accurately predict all the observable characteristics of LEP events. Furthermore, by combining these effects with previously calculated radiation belt electron loss rates due to lightning at a single location, it is possible to estimate the global loss of radiation belt electrons due to lightning.
Book Synopsis Controlled Precipitation of Radiation Belt Electrons by Whistler-mode Waves by : Prajwal Kulkarni
Download or read book Controlled Precipitation of Radiation Belt Electrons by Whistler-mode Waves written by Prajwal Kulkarni and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Global Assessment of Precipitation of Radiation Belt Electrons by Electromagnetic Waves from Lightning by : Erin Selser Gemelos
Download or read book Global Assessment of Precipitation of Radiation Belt Electrons by Electromagnetic Waves from Lightning written by Erin Selser Gemelos and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lightning discharges are well known sources of electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range of a few Hz to many MHz, with the most intense radiation typically being in the range of 5--10 kHz. Electromagnetic waves originating in lightning discharges often propagate through the most densely ionized regions of the Earth's atmosphere and populate the radiation belts. High-energy electrons in this region constitute a hazard to the increasing number of scientific and commercial spacecraft that orbit the Earth, and quantitative understanding of this radiation and its sources and losses are thus important. Electromagnetic whistler waves injected into the radiation belts by lightning discharges can pitch-angle scatter the energetic electrons and cause them to precipitate out of their stably trapped radiation belt orbits and onto the dense upper atmosphere of the Earth. This dissertation examines the detection of lighting-induced energetic electron precipitation via long-term analysis of in-situ observations of drift loss cone fluxes (i.e., fluxes destined to be precipitated over the South Atlantic Anomaly within ~2 hours). The primary measurement tool used is an energetic electron detector (IDP) on board the DEMETER satellite--a French micro-satellite in a sun-synchronous low Earth orbit. Energetic electron flux data are analyzed alongside ground-based lightning data recorded by the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) to determine the relationship between drift loss cone fluxes and lightning. While lighting-induced electron precipitation events occur globally, the best region for making in-situ observations of fluctuations in drift loss cone fluxes is over the continental United States. Measurements of VLF wave activity in the typical frequency range of lightning-generated whistler waves (5--10 kHz) on DEMETER show a substantial increase of electromagnetic wave power over the United States, particularly during the northern summer months when lightning activity is at its highest. Analysis of particle precipitation data on the DEMETER spacecraft over a three-year period shows that energetic electron fluxes in the drift loss cone exhibit a seasonal dependence consistent with lightning-induced electron precipitation (LEP) being an important source of loss of such energetic radiation. Over the United States, energetic electron fluxes in the slot region (2
Book Synopsis Snakes on a spaceship—An overview of python in space physics by : Angeline G. Burrell
Download or read book Snakes on a spaceship—An overview of python in space physics written by Angeline G. Burrell and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-07-20 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Global and Seasonal Effects of Lightning-induced Electron Precipitation by : Austin Patrick Sousa
Download or read book Global and Seasonal Effects of Lightning-induced Electron Precipitation written by Austin Patrick Sousa and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surrounding the Earth are two shells of high-energy electrons and ions known as the Van Allen Radiation Belts, the dynamics of which are governed by a complex balance of sources and loss processes, collectively resulting in populations which persist between days and months. The global distribution of lightning discharges has been theorized to be an important loss function for radiation belt electrons through a process known as Lightning- Induced Electron Precipitation (LEP). However, a lack of in situ measurements has precluded a quantitative global study. We present an investigation of the spatial and temporal morphology of lightning-induced electron precipitation. We seek to quantitatively determine the regions in space, time, and electron energy, where LEP may be of importance, using a combination of numerical raytracing and resonant interaction modeling, driven by a realistic measurement of global lightning activity from the GLD360 lightning detection network. First, using cold plasma numerical raytracing, we provide an estimate of the persistent radio energy in the near-Earth space environment due to whistler-mode, VLF waves generated by terrestrial cloud-to-ground lightning flashes. Variation is explored with respect to L-shell, longitude, frequency, and geomagnetic activity using the Kp index. We include updated ionospheric absorption curves and an improved 4-dimensional interpolation algorithm. We find that the persistent energy decays logarithmically with increasing L-shell and frequency. We then apply our raytracing and interpolation apparatus to simulate the precipitating electron flux resulting from single lightning strokes, and extrapolate over the GLD360 dataset to determine estimated locations of elevated electron precipitation. We compute the estimated lifetime of geomagnetically trapped electron populations, subject solely to LEP-induced losses, as a function of L-shell and electron energy. Our estimates are consistent with measurements in the 100keV -- 1 MeV energy range; however our results suggest that LEP may be a substantial loss mechanism for lower energy, suprathermal electrons in the 100 eV -- 10 keV range. We do not find any notable enhancement in the slot region, suggesting that resonant interactions with lightning-generated whistlers are not a significant contributor to slot region morphology. Finally we present a design for a VLF radio receiver, intended for deployment on a 3-unit CubeSat bus, which can be used in conjunction with an onboard electron energy spectrometer to make direct, in situ measurements of precipitating electrons and their causative whistler waves. The receiver is designed with radiation tolerance in mind, and includes a novel onboard data processing system, implemented entirely in an field-programmable gate array (FPGA) using the Verilog hardware description language.
Book Synopsis Global Quantification of Lightning-induced Electron Precipitation Using Very Low Frequency Remote Sensing by : Benjamin Randolph Tucker Cotts
Download or read book Global Quantification of Lightning-induced Electron Precipitation Using Very Low Frequency Remote Sensing written by Benjamin Randolph Tucker Cotts and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Observations of lightning-induced electron precipitation (LEP) events at three geographic regions show characteristics which systematically vary with both longitude and hemisphere. These observations are quantitatively interpreted with the use of a novel model of atmospheric backscatter designed to be used to predict the characteristics of LEP events at any longitude and mid-latitude L-shell by accounting for the effects of precipitating electrons which are backscattered from the atmosphere. The new model of atmospheric backscatter (ABS) is based upon the calculation of ~16,000 individual atmospheric backscatter responses for monoenergetic electron beams with a single incident pitch angle using a Monte Carlo model of atmospheric interactions which tracks the full gyration of each individual precipitating electron around the magnetic field line as it enters the atmosphere, accounting for the dynamic friction force and angular diffusion as well as the production of new electrons via ionization. The ABS model includes the effects of the asymmetric magnetic field in calculations of the pitch angle of backscattered electrons entering the conjugate hemisphere and accounts for the different strength of the magnetic field at conjugate points of the same field line. This magnetic field difference causes the equatorial loss cone angle to vary greatly between hemispheres and with longitude which results in significant and systematic differences in LEP signatures at various locations. A realistic distribution of precipitating electrons is inserted into the ABS model by calculating the energy and pitch angle distribution which results from the resonant interactions of a lightning-initiated magnetospherically reflecting whistler wave with trapped radiation belt particles. This calculation is accomplished by extensive magnetospheric ray-tracing, accounting for Landau damping as well as spatial and temporal dispersion of the whistler wave. This distribution of precipitating electrons is then inserted into the ABS model at three separate longitudes (260 degrees east (1N) and 290 degrees east (2N) in the Northern Hemisphere, and 295 degrees east (2S) in the Southern Hemisphere, corresponding to the Central United States, the East Coast of the United States, and Palmer, Antarctica, respectively) and the deposition results are compared with VLF remote sensing data collected on nearly north-south great circle paths (GCPs) allowing for isolation of longitudinal effects on LEP. Results predicted by the model and confirmed by data indicate that all four primary LEP characteristics exhibit longitudinal and hemispheric dependencies which can be explained in terms of backscatter of precipitating electrons from the atmosphere. The mean observed LEP onset delay exhibits a hemispheric dependence at these longitudes with events in the northern hemisphere delayed by one bounce period relative to direct precipitation and advanced by one-half bounce period in the southern hemisphere. The mean observed onset duration exhibits a longitudinal dependence with events observed at locations 1N and 2S persisting for three bounce periods, and at location 2N for two bounce periods. The amplitude change and recovery time also show a longitudinal and hemispheric dependence based upon the relative sizes of the loss cones at different longitudes with LEP events produced at location 1N consistently larger than at location 2N, and observed recovery times at location 2N longer than at 1N which are still longer than at 2S. All of these results are explained in terms of backscatter of precipitating electrons from the atmosphere and ABS model shows that by accounting for atmospheric backscatter it is possible to accurately predict all the observable characteristics of LEP events. Furthermore, by combining these effects with previously calculated radiation belt electron loss rates due to lightning at a single location, it is possible to estimate the global loss of radiation belt electrons due to lightning.
Book Synopsis The Dynamic Loss of Earth's Radiation Belts by : Allison Jaynes
Download or read book The Dynamic Loss of Earth's Radiation Belts written by Allison Jaynes and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-09-05 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Dynamic Loss of Earth's Radiation Belts: From Loss in the Magnetosphere to Particle Precipitation in the Atmosphere presents a timely review of data from various explorative missions, including the Van Allen Probes, the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (which aims to determine magnetopause losses), the completion of four BARREL balloon campaigns, and several CubeSat missions focusing on precipitation losses. This is the first book in the area to include a focus on loss, and not just acceleration and radial transport. Bringing together two communities, the book includes contributions from experts with knowledge in both precipitation mechanisms and the effects on the atmosphere. There is a direct link between what gets lost in the magnetospheric radiation environment and the energy deposited in the layers of our atmosphere. Very recently, NASA’s Living With a Star program identified a new, targeted research topic that addresses this question, highlighting the timeliness of this precise science. The Dynamic Loss of Earth's Radiation Belts brings together scientists from the space and atmospheric science communities to examine both the causes and effects of particle loss in the magnetosphere. Examines both the causes and effects of particle loss in the magnetosphere from multiple perspectives Presents interdisciplinary content that bridges the gap, through communication and collaboration, between the magnetospheric and atmospheric communities Fills a gap in the literature by focusing on loss in the radiation belt, which is especially timely based on data from the Van Allen Probes, the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission, and other projects Includes contributions from various experts in the field that is organized and collated by a clear-and-consistent editorial team
Book Synopsis Particle Diffusion in the Radiation Belts by : M. Schulz
Download or read book Particle Diffusion in the Radiation Belts written by M. Schulz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The advent of artificial earth satellites in 1957-58 opened a new dimension in the field of geophysical exploration. Discovery of the earth's radiation belts, consisting of energetic electrons and ions (chiefly protons) trapped by the geomagnetic field, followed almost immediately [1,2]' This largely unexpected development spurred a continuing interest in magnetospheric exploration, which so far has led to the launching of several hundred carefully instrumented spacecraft. Since their discovery, the radiation belts have been a subject of intensive theoretical analysis also. Over the years, a semiquantitative understanding of the governing dynamical processes has gradually evol ved. The underlying kinematical framework of radiation-belt theory is given by the adiabatic theory of charged-particle motion [3J, and the interesting dynamical phenomena are associated with the violation of one or more of the kinematical invariants of adiabatic motion. Among the most important of the operative dynamical processes are those that act in a stochastic manner upon the radiation-belt particles. Such stochastic processes lead to the diffusion of particle distributions with respect to the adiabatic invariants. The observational data indicate that some form of particle diffusion plays an essential role in virtually every aspect of the radiation belts.
Book Synopsis Global Estimate of Lightning Energy Injected Into the Earth's Plasmasphere by : Andrew Compston
Download or read book Global Estimate of Lightning Energy Injected Into the Earth's Plasmasphere written by Andrew Compston and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Generated by lightning, 'whistlers' are electromagnetic waves that propagate through the plasma surrounding the Earth in near-Earth space known as the plasmasphere. Electromagnetic waves propagating in the plasmasphere can influence the Van Allen radiation belts, a collection of highly energetic, charged particles surrounding the Earth and trapped by the Earth's magnetic field. In particular, energy from these waves can reduce the number of electrons in the radiation belts by causing them to precipitate into the lower atmosphere. Therefore, an estimate of the amount of energy input into the radiation belts from electromagnetic waves like lightning-generated whistlers is vitally important to our understanding of the nature and dynamics of this important part of our planetary environment. Previous estimates of lightning energy in the plasmasphere failed to take into account such considerations as the distribution of lightning across the globe and the effect of the ionosphere on whistler propagation, both of which we examine here. We first present a method to automatically identify upgoing whistler waves using measurements taken from low Earth orbiting satellites. The algorithm computes cross-correlations of the frequency-time spectrogram of the wave data with the expected shape of an upgoing whistler to determine whether or not a given set of data corresponds to a whistler. The technique is validated using data from the DEMETER satellite, and an FPGA-based real time implementation of the algorithm has been built to fly on board the TARANIS satellite, scheduled to launch in 2018. Next, we provide a calculation of the lightning energy injected into the plasmasphere using a frequency domain finite element electromagnetic full wave simulation known as the full wave method (FWM) to quantitatively model the propagation of electromagnetic waves through any number of horizontally stratified layers of plasma such as the ionosphere. We first compare the FWM predicted amount of lightning energy propagating upward with extensive available measurements from the DEMETER satellite. Our comparisons indicate that the field intensities determined by the FWM tend to underestimate the measured energy from DEMETER by as much as 6 dB, although we also present evidence suggesting that the calibration of the DEMETER data may be inaccurate. Finally, we use the FWM to map the upgoing amount of electromagnetic wave energy propagating from each point on Earth for an arbitrary source. By then scaling with data on lightning occurring at each point on Earth as given by the Vaisala Global Lightning Dataset (GLD360) lightning detection network, we arrive at a global estimate of the lightning energy injected into Earth's plasmasphere. Our estimate is comparable to though slightly lower than previous estimates yet provides a more detailed picture of the distribution of lightning in the plasmasphere.
Download or read book Lightning written by Vladimir A. Rakov and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-01-08 with total page 1485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lightning: Physics and Effects is the first book that covers essentially all aspects of lightning, including lightning physics, lightning protection and the interaction of lightning with a variety of objects and systems as well as with the environment. It is written in a style that will be accessible to the technical non-expert and is addressed to anyone interested in lightning and its effects. This will include physicists, engineers working in the power, communications, computer and aviation industries, meteorologists, atmospheric chemists, foresters, ecologists, physicians working in the area of electrical trauma and architects. This comprehensive reference volume contains over 300 illustrations, 70 tables containing quantitative information and a bibliography of more than 6000 references.
Book Synopsis A Search for Wave Induced Particle Precipitation from Lightning and Transmitter Sources by : Jon Eric Lundberg
Download or read book A Search for Wave Induced Particle Precipitation from Lightning and Transmitter Sources written by Jon Eric Lundberg and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wave induced particle precipitation is introduced and examined for whistlers whose sources are within the plasmapause. The possible correlation between lightning strokes that carry positive charge to the ground and the observed 'Trimpi' events is discussed, sudden phase and/or amplitude shifts of a received VLF signal with gradual return to predisturbed values. The thunderstorm charging mechanisms that lead to the observed charge distribution and the advection of the positively charged cirrus anvil away from the body of the thunderstorm are briefly examined. The comparative current strengths and the relative frequency of positive and negative strokes is studied for different types of thunderstorms. The magnetospheric ducting of the lightning generated whistler wave and the interaction with trapped electrons is examined. The detectable effects the precipitating electrons have on the ionosphere is introduced. Included are testing and design of the x-ray detector and balloon launch considerations. The problems encountered during the x-ray detector's balloon flights are examined. The riometer and x-ray detector data analysis methods are mentioned. The results were negative for the data that was analyzed but the limiting factors severely restricted the usable data. Possible experimental methods are mentioned. Theses. (jhd).
Book Synopsis Coupled Feedback Mechanisms in the Magnetosphere-Ionosphere System by : Scott Alan Thaller
Download or read book Coupled Feedback Mechanisms in the Magnetosphere-Ionosphere System written by Scott Alan Thaller and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-11-14 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Inner Magnetosphere Interactions by : James L. Burch
Download or read book Inner Magnetosphere Interactions written by James L. Burch and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 2005-01-14 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accompanying CD-ROM contains videos of some of the talks given at the first biennial workshop on space physics, held at Yosemite in 1974. -- p. vii-viii.
Book Synopsis Antarctic Journal of the United States by :
Download or read book Antarctic Journal of the United States written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Low Temperature and General Plasma by : M. Milosavljević
Download or read book Low Temperature and General Plasma written by M. Milosavljević and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Twenty invited lectures and progress reports document one subject of the Summer School and International Symposium on the Physics of Ionized gases in Belgrade in September 1993; another volume covers atomic collisions and beam-solid interactions. The perspectives on low-temperature plasmas include the influence of metastables on the breakdown proba
