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Pre Injection Reservoir Characterization For Co2 Storage In The Inner Continental Shelf Of The Texas Gulf Of Mexico
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Book Synopsis Pre-injection Reservoir Characterization for CO2 Storage in the Inner Continental Shelf of the Texas Gulf of Mexico by : Reinaldo Jose Sabbagh
Download or read book Pre-injection Reservoir Characterization for CO2 Storage in the Inner Continental Shelf of the Texas Gulf of Mexico written by Reinaldo Jose Sabbagh and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The injection of CO2 into the subsurface (carbon capture and storage; CCS) is the most viable approach to significantly reduce industrial emissions of greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere. The inner continental shelf of the northern Gulf of Mexico has incredible potential for CO2 storage. This study quantitatively evaluates the CO2 storage capacity of the Lower Miocene brine-filled sandstones in the inner continental shelf of the Texas Gulf of Mexico using 3D seismic and well log data. The first part of this work investigates the relationship between elastic properties and reservoir properties (e.g., porosity, mineralogy, and pore fluid) of the Lower Miocene section using rock physics modeling and simultaneous seismic inversion. The elastic properties are related to porosity, mineralogy and pore fluid using rock physics models. These rock physics transforms are then applied to the seismically derived elastic properties to estimate the porosity and lithology away from the wells. The porosity and lithology distribution derived using this quantitative method can be interpreted to predict the best areas for CO2 storage in the inner continental shelf of the Texas Gulf of Mexico. The second part of this work studies the effect that CO2 has on the elastic properties of the Lower Miocene rocks using fluid substitution, amplitude variation with angle (AVA), and statistical classification to determine the ability of the seismic method to successfully monitor CO2 injected into the subsurface. The velocities and density well logs were modeled with different fluid saturations. To characterize the seismic properties corresponding to these different fluid saturations, the AVA responses and probability density functions were calculated and used for statistical classification. The AVA modeling shows a high sensitivity to CO2 due to the soft clastic framework of the Lower Miocene sandstones. The statistical classification successfully discriminates between brine and CO2 saturation using Vp/Vs and P-impedance. These results shows that the Lower Miocene sandstones have the capacity to host CO2, and that the CO2 injected in these rocks is likely to be successfully monitored using seismic methods.
Book Synopsis Geologic Characterization and Modeling for Quantifying CO2 Storage Capacity of the High Island 10-L Field in Texas State Waters, Offshore Gulf of Mexico by : Omar Ramirez Garcia
Download or read book Geologic Characterization and Modeling for Quantifying CO2 Storage Capacity of the High Island 10-L Field in Texas State Waters, Offshore Gulf of Mexico written by Omar Ramirez Garcia and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is a promising technology for mitigating climate change by reducing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere and injecting captured industrial emissions into deep geologic formations. Deep subsurface storage in geologic formations is similar to trapping natural hydrocarbons and is one of the key components of CCS technology. The quantification of the available subsurface storage resource is the subject of this research project. This study focuses on site-specific geologic characterization, reservoir modeling, and CO2 storage resource assessment (capacity) of a depleted oil and gas field located on the inner continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico, the High Island 10L field. lower Miocene sands in the Fleming Group beneath the regional transgressive Amphistegina B shale have extremely favorable geologic properties (porosity, thickness, extent) and are characterized in this study utilizing 3-D seismic and well logs. Key stratigraphic surfaces between maximum flooding surfaces (MFS-9 to MFS-10) demonstrate how marine regression and transgression impact the stacking pattern of the thick sands and overlying seals, influencing the overall potential for CO2 storage. One of the main uncertainties when assessing CO2 storage resources at different scales is to determine the fraction of the pore space within a formation that is practically accessible for storage. The goal of the modeling section of this project is to address the uncertainty related to the static parameters affecting calculations of available pore space by creating facies and porosity geostatistical models based on the spatial variation of the available data. P50 values for CO2 storage capacity range from 37.56 to 40.39 megatonnes (Mt), showing a narrow distribution of values for different realizations of the geostatistical models. An analysis of the pressure build-up effect on storage capacity was also performed, showing a reduction in capacity. This research further validates the impact of the current carbon tax credit program (45Q), applied directly to the storage resources results for the High Island field 10L using a simple NPV approach based on discounted cash flows. Several scenarios are assessed, where the main variables are the duration of the applicability of the tax credit, number of injection wells, and total storage capacity. Results are measured in terms of the cost of capture required for a project to be economic, given previous assumptions.
Book Synopsis CO2 Injection and Reservoir Characterization by : Kelli A. McGuire
Download or read book CO2 Injection and Reservoir Characterization written by Kelli A. McGuire and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis CO2-Reservoir Oil Miscibility by : Dayanand Saini
Download or read book CO2-Reservoir Oil Miscibility written by Dayanand Saini and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-25 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SpringerBrief critically examines the latest experimental and non-experimental approaches used for the fast and reliable characterization and determination of CO2-reservoir oil miscibility in terms of the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP). This book serves as a one-stop source for developing an enhanced understanding of these available methods, and specifically documents, analyses, and evaluates their suitability and robustness for depicting and characterizing the phenomenon of CO2-reservoir oil miscibility in a fast and cost-effective manner. Such information can greatly assist a project team in selecting an appropriate MMP determination method as per the project’s need at a given project’s stage, be that screening, design, or implementation. CO2-Reservoir Oil Miscibility: Experiential and Non-Experimental Characterization and Determination Approaches will be of interest to petroleum science and engineering professionals, researchers, and undergraduate and graduate students engaged in CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and/or simultaneous CO2-EOR and storage projects and related research. It may also be of interest to engineering and management professionals within the petroleum industry who have responsibility for implementing CO2-EOR projects.
Book Synopsis Pre-injection Reservoir Evaluation at Dickman Field, Kansas by : Son Dang Thai Phan
Download or read book Pre-injection Reservoir Evaluation at Dickman Field, Kansas written by Son Dang Thai Phan and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I present results from quantitative evaluation of the capability of hosting and trapping CO2 of a carbonate brine reservoir from Dickman Field, Kansas. The analysis includes estimation of some reservoir parameters such as porosity and permeability of this formation using pre-stack seismic inversion followed by simulating flow of injected CO2 using a simple injection technique. Liner et at (2009) carried out a feasibility study to seismically monitor CO2 sequestration at Dickman Field. Their approach is based on examining changes of seismic amplitudes at different production time intervals to show the effects of injected gas within the host formation. They employ Gassmann's fluid substitution model to calculate the required parameters for the seismic amplitude estimation. In contrast, I employ pre-stack seismic inversion to successfully estimate some important reservoir parameters (P- impedance, S- impedance and density), which can be related to the changes in subsurface rocks due to injected gas. These are then used to estimate reservoir porosity using multi-attribute analysis. The estimated porosity falls within a reported range of 8-25%, with an average of 19%. The permeability is obtained from porosity assuming a simple mathematical relationship between porosity and permeability and classifying the rocks into different classes by using Winland R35 rock classification method. I finally perform flow simulation for a simple injection technique that involves direct injection of CO2 gas into the target formation within a small region of Dickman Field. The simulator takes into account three trapping mechanisms: residual trapping, solubility trapping and mineral trapping. The flow simulation predicts unnoticeable changes in porosity and permeability values of the target formation. The injected gas is predicted to migrate upward quickly, while it migrates slowly in lateral directions. A large amount of gas is concentrated around the injection well bore. Thus my flow simulation results suggest low trapping capability of the original target formation unless a more advanced injection technique is employed. My results suggest further that a formation below our original target reservoir, with high and continuously distributed porosity, is perhaps a better candidate for CO2 storage.
Book Synopsis CO2 Storage in Deltaic Environments of Deposition by : Emily Christine Beckham
Download or read book CO2 Storage in Deltaic Environments of Deposition written by Emily Christine Beckham and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon sequestration in geologic reservoirs is a proven method for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Deltaic deposits are attractive candidates for CO2 storage projects due to their prominent role as hydrocarbon reservoirs. This research informs subsurface deltaic reservoir characterization and performance for carbon sequestration through integration of geocellular modeling, outcrop analyses, and seismic mapping of prospective offshore CO2 reservoirs. Results emphasize the importance of recognizing sequence stratigraphic architectures for predicting CO2 migration. Initially, a model of a deltaic system was generated from a prior laboratory flume deposit to better understand fundamental (but generalized) aspects of reservoir and seal performance. This model was scaled and assigned geologic properties, generating a novel and extremely high-resolution geologic model. Physical architectures represented in the geologic model are consistent with global examples of deltaic reservoirs as well as the facies, stratal stacking pattern, and grain size variability in outcrops studied in this research. Twenty CO2 injection simulations were run on the geologic model to understand the relationship between reservoir heterogeneity and fluid migration. Baffles affecting migration are identified as the shale layers between sand clinoforms and regressive surfaces in the highstand-lowstand systems tracts. Primary trapping surfaces influencing CO2 migration are the regressive surfaces in the transgressive systems tract (TST), where migration pathways converge along common surfaces. Thesesequence stratigraphic observations are then applied to reservoir characterization in 3D seismic data from offshore Gulf of Mexico. The regional, sequence stratigraphic surfaces are well represented in sub-surface data. Hydrocarbon production data indicate fluid accumulation in TST stratigraphy, similar to the geologic modeling results, suggesting some predictability of fluid flow in deltaic settings. The novel integration of datatypes produces enhanced understanding of subsurface fluid flow in deltaic environments.
Book Synopsis OIL RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION AND CO2 INJECTION MONITORING IN THE PERMIAN BASIN WITH CROSSWELL ELECTROMAGNETIC IMAGING. by : Michael Wilt
Download or read book OIL RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION AND CO2 INJECTION MONITORING IN THE PERMIAN BASIN WITH CROSSWELL ELECTROMAGNETIC IMAGING. written by Michael Wilt and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Substantial petroleum reserves exist in US oil fields that cannot be produced economically, at current prices, unless improvements in technology are forthcoming. Recovery of these reserves is vital to US economic and security interests as it lessens our dependence on foreign sources and keeps our domestic petroleum industry vital. Several new technologies have emerged that may improve the situation. The first is a series of new flooding techniques to re-pressurize reservoirs and improve the recovery. Of these the most promising is miscible CO{sub 2} flooding, which has been used in several US petroleum basins. The second is the emergence of new monitoring technologies to track and help manage this injection. One of the major players in here is crosswell electromagnetics, which has a proven sensitivity to reservoir fluids. In this project, we are applying the crosswell EM technology to a CO{sub 2} flood in the Permian Basin oil fields of New Mexico. With our partner ChevronTexaco, we are testing the suitability of using EM for tracking the flow of injected CO{sub 2} through the San Andreas reservoir in the Vacuum field in New Mexico. The project consisted of three phases, the first of which was a preliminary field test at Vacuum, where a prototype system was tested in oil field conditions including widely spaced wells with steel casing. The results, although useful, demonstrated that the older technology was not suitable for practical deployment. In the second phase of the project, we developed a much more powerful and robust field system capable of collecting and interpreting field data through steel-cased wells. The final phase of the project involved applying this system in field tests in the US and overseas. Results for tests in steam and water floods showed remarkable capability to image between steel wells and provided images that helped understand the geology and ongoing flood and helped better manage the field. The future of this technology is indeed bright with development ongoing and a commercialization plan in place. We expect that this DOE sponsored technology will be a major technical and commercial success story in the coming years.
Book Synopsis Adapted Reservoir Characterization for Monitoring and Uncertainty Analysis of CO2 Storage by : Ekaterina Sergienko
Download or read book Adapted Reservoir Characterization for Monitoring and Uncertainty Analysis of CO2 Storage written by Ekaterina Sergienko and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Risk analysis of CO2 geological storage involves the simulation of the dynamics of the storage process and the evaluation of the probability of the possible leakage events. The approach followed here focuses on Gaussian Process response surface modelling in order to reduce the number of calls to the expensive reservoir simulator. Three major problems related to uncertainty analysis of CO2 storage are addressed: 1. Injection well placement 2. Reliability estimation 3. Reliability sensitivity analysis To tackle the first problem we provide a response surface method to handle discrete parameters (well positions) and discrete functional outputs to treat responses varying trough time (reservoir pressure evolutions). In addition, we introduce a new method for modelling functional outputs based on curves characterization and involving shape invariant model. To address the reliability problem, we introduce a subset simulation algorithm linked with the Gaussian Process model. It involves adaptive experimental design refinement and the model updating. To solve the last problem we suggest a new method for reliability sensitivity analysis. It is based on a perturbation of a probability distribution of input variables in order to evaluate which one contributes the most in the variability of the failure probability. All the proposed methods have been numerically tested on analytical and CO2 storage examples.
Book Synopsis Data-Driven Analytics for the Geological Storage of CO2 by : Shahab Mohaghegh
Download or read book Data-Driven Analytics for the Geological Storage of CO2 written by Shahab Mohaghegh and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-05-20 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data-driven analytics is enjoying unprecedented popularity among oil and gas professionals. Many reservoir engineering problems associated with geological storage of CO2 require the development of numerical reservoir simulation models. This book is the first to examine the contribution of artificial intelligence and machine learning in data-driven analytics of fluid flow in porous environments, including saline aquifers and depleted gas and oil reservoirs. Drawing from actual case studies, this book demonstrates how smart proxy models can be developed for complex numerical reservoir simulation models. Smart proxy incorporates pattern recognition capabilities of artificial intelligence and machine learning to build smart models that learn the intricacies of physical, mechanical and chemical interactions using precise numerical simulations. This ground breaking technology makes it possible and practical to use high fidelity, complex numerical reservoir simulation models in the design, analysis and optimization of carbon storage in geological formations projects.
Book Synopsis Use of 3-dimensional Dynamic Modeling of CO2 Injection for Comparison to Regional Static Capacity Assessments of Miocene Sandstone Reservoirs in the Texas State Waters, Gulf of Mexico by : Kerstan Josef Wallace
Download or read book Use of 3-dimensional Dynamic Modeling of CO2 Injection for Comparison to Regional Static Capacity Assessments of Miocene Sandstone Reservoirs in the Texas State Waters, Gulf of Mexico written by Kerstan Josef Wallace and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geologic sequestration has been suggested as a viable method for greenhouse gas emission reduction. Regional studies of CO2 storage capacity are used to estimate available storage, yet little work has been done to tie site specific results to regional estimates. In this study, a 9,258,880 acre (37469.4 km2) area of the coastal and offshore Texas Miocene interval is evaluated for CO2 storage capacity using a static volumetric approach, which is essentially a discounted a pore volume calculation. Capacity is calculated for the Miocene interval above overpressure depth and below depths where CO2 is not supercritical. The goal of this study is to determine the effectiveness of such a regional capacity assessment, by performing refinement techniques that include simple analytical and complex reservoir injection simulations. Initial refinement of regional estimates is performed through net sand picking which is used instead of the gross thickness assumed in the standard regional calculation. The efficiency factor is recalculated to exclude net-to-gross considerations, and a net storage capacity estimate is calculated. Initial reservoir-scale refinement is performed by simulating injection into a seismically mapped saline reservoir, near San Luis Pass. The refinement uses a simplified analytical solution that solves for pressure and fluid front evolution through time (Jain and Bryant, 2011). Porosity, permeability, and irreducible water saturation are varied to generate model runs for 6,206 samples populated using data from the Atlas of Northern Gulf of Mexico Gas and Oil Reservoirs (Seni, 2006). As a final refinement step, a 3D dynamic model mesh is generated. Nine model cases are generated for homogeneous, statistically heterogeneous, and seismic-based heterogeneous meshes to observe the effect of various geologic parameters on injection capacity. We observe downward revisions (decreases) in total capacity estimation with increasingly refined geologic data and scale. Results show that estimates of storage capacity can decrease significantly (by as much as 88%) for the single geologic setting investigated. Though this decrease depends on the criteria used for capacity comparison and varies within a given region, it serves to illustrate the potential overestimation of regional capacity assessments compared to estimates that include additional geologic complexity at the reservoir scale.
Book Synopsis Design and Implementation of a CO(2) Flood Utilizing Advanced Reservoir Characterization and Horizontal Injection Wells in Shallow Shelf Carbonate Approaching Waterflood Depletion by :
Download or read book Design and Implementation of a CO(2) Flood Utilizing Advanced Reservoir Characterization and Horizontal Injection Wells in Shallow Shelf Carbonate Approaching Waterflood Depletion written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first objective is to utilize reservoir characterization and advanced technologies to optimize the design of a carbon dioxide (CO) project for the South Cowden Unit (SCU) located in Ector County, Texas. The SCU is a mature, relatively small, shallow shelf carbonate unit nearing waterflood depletion. The second objective is to demonstrate the performance and economic viability of the project in the field. All work this quarter falls within the demonstration project.
Book Synopsis APPLICATION OF RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE RECOVERY AND ECONOMICS IN A LOWER QUALITY SHALLOW SHELF SAN ANDRES RESERVOIR. by :
Download or read book APPLICATION OF RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE RECOVERY AND ECONOMICS IN A LOWER QUALITY SHALLOW SHELF SAN ANDRES RESERVOIR. written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The OXY-operated Class 2 Project at West Welch is designed to demonstrate how the use of advanced technology can improve the economics of miscible CO2 injection projects in lower quality Shallow Shelf Carbonate reservoirs. The research and design phase (Budget Period 1) primarily involved advanced reservoir characterization. The current demonstration phase (Budget Period 2) is the implementation of the reservoir management plan for an optimum miscible CO2 flood design based on the reservoir characterization. Although Budget Period 1 for the Project officially ended 12/31/96, reservoir characterization and simulation work continued during the Budget Period 2. During the fifth and sixth annual reporting periods (8/3/98-8/2/00) covered by this report, work continued on interpretation of the cross well seismic data to create porosity and permeability profiles which were distributed into the reservoir geostatistically. The initial interwell seismic CO2 monitor survey was conducted, the acquired data processed and interpretation started. Only limited well work and facility construction was conducted in the project area. The CO2 injection initiated in October 1997 was continued, although the operator had to modify the operating plan in response to low injection rates, well performance and changes in CO2 supply. CO2 injection was focused in a smaller area to increase the reservoir processing rate. By the end of the reporting period three producers had shown sustained oil rate increases and ten wells had experienced gas (CO2) breakthrough.
Download or read book Reservoir Characterization written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 659 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Assessing the Effect of Reservoir Heterogeneity on CO2 Plume Migration Using Pressure Transient Analysis by : Aarti Dinesh Punase
Download or read book Assessing the Effect of Reservoir Heterogeneity on CO2 Plume Migration Using Pressure Transient Analysis written by Aarti Dinesh Punase and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ultimate success of carbon capture and storage project will be ensured only when there is a safe and effective permanent storage of CO2 for a significant amount of time without any leakages. Credible monitoring and verification is one of the most important aspects of CO2 sequestration. Accurate reservoir characterization is an important pre-requisite for the design, operation and economic success of processes like CO2 sequestration. The techniques available include geophysical and geochemical monitoring as well as numerical simulations using models replicating the field. In conducting the numerical simulations, it is required to assess the reservoir heterogeneity correctly. Previous work has shown that the injection data from wells can be utilized for developing models during CO2 sequestration to understand the spatial distribution of heterogeneities in the formation. In this research, we first understand and examine the information contained in the injection data for a wide range of reservoir models demonstrating different kinds of heterogeneities and rate fluctuations. We will confirm that the reservoir heterogeneities have an imprint on the injection pressure response and they influence CO2 plume migration significantly. Later we show that the effect of high or low permeability features along with rate fluctuations can provide considerable information about permeability heterogeneity in the reservoir. The applicability of this observation is made using field data from In-Salah gas field from central Algeria. Thus we demonstrate the feasibility of developing an inexpensive method of modeling reservoir heterogeneity by employing readily available measurements of injection pressure and rate to track CO2 migration. Later we describe method to find out what characteristics of the reservoir heterogeneities can be quantified using injection data (pressure and rate). The injection pressure response during CO2 sequestration will depend strongly on reservoir, fluid and well properties. A 3-D analytical model with infinite acting boundary is developed in CMG-GEM. Compositional reservoir simulation results from CMG-GEM simulator will be obtained and combined with pressure transient analysis and optimization algorithm for the prediction of reservoir parameters. In case of multiple injection wells in a heterogeneous formation, the analysis yield spatial variations in reservoir parameter groups like transmissibility (kh), permeability to porosity ratio ([kappa]/[phi]) in different part of the reservoir. These parameter groups can subsequently be used to constrain models of reservoir thickness, permeability and porosity. Thus, we imply that multiple reservoir attributes affect migration of CO2 plume and there is uncertainty associated with the estimation of these attributes. We present an approach to resolve some of that uncertainty using information extracted from injection well response.
Book Synopsis Geological reservoir characterization of a CO2 storage site by : R.A. Chadwick
Download or read book Geological reservoir characterization of a CO2 storage site written by R.A. Chadwick and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Design and Implementation of a CO2 Flood Utilizing Advanced Reservoir Characterization and Horizontal Injection Wells in a Shallow Shelf Carbonate Approaching Waterflood Depletion by :
Download or read book Design and Implementation of a CO2 Flood Utilizing Advanced Reservoir Characterization and Horizontal Injection Wells in a Shallow Shelf Carbonate Approaching Waterflood Depletion written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Applied Techniques to Integrated Oil and Gas Reservoir Characterization by : Enwenode Onajite
Download or read book Applied Techniques to Integrated Oil and Gas Reservoir Characterization written by Enwenode Onajite and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-04-14 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applied Techniques to Integrated Oil and Gas Reservoir Characterization: A Problem-Solution Discussion with Experts presents challenging questions encountered by geoscientists in their day-to-day work in the exploration and development of oil and gas fields and provides potential solutions from experts working in the field. Covers Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO), well-to-seismic tie, phase of seismic data, seismic inversion studies, pore pressure prediction, rock physics and exploration geological. The text examines challenges in the industry as well as the solutions and techniques used to overcome those challenges. Over the past several years there has been a growing integration of geophysical, geological, and reservoir engineering, production and petrophysical data to predict and determine reservoir properties. This includes reservoir extent and sand development away from the well bore, as well as in unpenetrated prospects, leading to optimization planning for field development. As such, geoscientists now must learn the technology, processes and challenges involved within their specific functions in order to complete day-to-day activities. Presents a thorough understanding of the requirements and issues of various disciplines in characterizing a wide spectrum of reservoirs Includes real-life problems and challenging questions encountered by geoscientists in their day-to-day work, along with answers from experts working in the field Provides an integrated approach among different disciplines (geology, geophysics, petrophysics, and petroleum engineering)
