Practical Notes for Electrical Students, Vol. 1 (Classic Reprint)

Download Practical Notes for Electrical Students, Vol. 1 (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9781332429578
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical Notes for Electrical Students, Vol. 1 (Classic Reprint) by : Arthur E. Kennelly

Download or read book Practical Notes for Electrical Students, Vol. 1 (Classic Reprint) written by Arthur E. Kennelly and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2015-08-08 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Practical Notes for Electrical Students, Vol. 1 I have to thank Mr. Lant Carpenter, Mr. L. Drugman and the Students there who assisted me, amongst whom I recollect with great pleasure Mr. W'ebb-watts, Mr. Ernest Tidd, Mr. Thomson and Mr, Blakeley. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Practical Notes for Electrical Students. Vol. I. Laws, Units and Simple Measuring Instruments

Download Practical Notes for Electrical Students. Vol. I. Laws, Units and Simple Measuring Instruments PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical Notes for Electrical Students. Vol. I. Laws, Units and Simple Measuring Instruments by : Arthur Edwin Kennelly

Download or read book Practical Notes for Electrical Students. Vol. I. Laws, Units and Simple Measuring Instruments written by Arthur Edwin Kennelly and published by . This book was released on 1890 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Home Study Course in Practical Electricity, Vol. 1 of 3

Download Home Study Course in Practical Electricity, Vol. 1 of 3 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780365135968
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (359 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Home Study Course in Practical Electricity, Vol. 1 of 3 by : W. H. Radcliffe

Download or read book Home Study Course in Practical Electricity, Vol. 1 of 3 written by W. H. Radcliffe and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-03-21 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Home Study Course in Practical Electricity, Vol. 1 of 3: An Electrical Catechism Th'e keener competition in engineering, of late years, has forced the need for a more accurate and complete training of those who would succeed in this work. Young men starting in the electrical business without proper training are seriously handicapped, as are also practical workers such as power station men, engineers, electricians and operators of electrical machinery who have not acquired a fundamental knowledge of their work, so that it is no longer a question of choice whether or not they shall thoroughly understand the facts and principles of electricity; it is a matter of necessity. The purpose of the 1400 Questions and Answers given here is to meet this need by providing a simple and easily mastered course of instruction in practical electricity and the elements of electrical engineering. The contents should also prove useful as a reference guide for those who desire to brush up on rusty points and as a source of information for all who have occasion to use electricity in any form. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Electrical Engineering, Vol. 1 (Classic Reprint)

Download Electrical Engineering, Vol. 1 (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780267789771
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (897 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Electrical Engineering, Vol. 1 (Classic Reprint) by : T. C. Baillie

Download or read book Electrical Engineering, Vol. 1 (Classic Reprint) written by T. C. Baillie and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-02-04 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Electrical Engineering, Vol. 1 His volume is designed to serve as a text-book for Elementary Courses in Electrical Engineering in technical institutions. Naturally one of the main purposes of such a book is to teach first principles and while matters of practical utility have been included, an endeavour has been made to avoid overloading it with descriptive details which are more appropriate to oral than to written exposition. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Practical Electricity, Vol. 1

Download Practical Electricity, Vol. 1 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780365442677
Total Pages : 684 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (426 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical Electricity, Vol. 1 by : W. E. Ayrton

Download or read book Practical Electricity, Vol. 1 written by W. E. Ayrton and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-03-23 with total page 684 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Practical Electricity, Vol. 1: Laboratory and Lecture Course, for First Year Students of Electrical Engineering, Based on the International Definitions of the Electrical Units; Current, Pressure, Resistance, Energy, Power and Cells Exactly ten years have elapsed since the preface to the first edition of this book was written - a decade which has seen a'vast development in the applications of elec tricity to industrial purposes, and the springing up in all parts of the kingdom of Technical Schools and Colleges where much attention is devoted to the study of electro technics. Hence, to day it IS far more easy for a student to connect his experimental apparatus with the electric light mains and use a comparatively large current at a pressure of 100 volts, than it was in 1886 to obtain a small current at a much lower pressure from the battery which he had to set up for the purpose. This possibility of carrying out the experiments on a larger scale has led to considerable simplification in certain cases; for ex ample, ih experimentally determining the heat equivalent of electric energy, it 'is no longer necessary to distract the beginner's attention with a variety of corrections for the loss of heat, &c. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Theoretical and Practical Electrical Engineering, Vol. 1

Download Theoretical and Practical Electrical Engineering, Vol. 1 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780282523831
Total Pages : 774 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (238 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Theoretical and Practical Electrical Engineering, Vol. 1 by : Louis Denton Bliss

Download or read book Theoretical and Practical Electrical Engineering, Vol. 1 written by Louis Denton Bliss and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-06-18 with total page 774 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Theoretical and Practical Electrical Engineering, Vol. 1: Comprising a Course of Lectures Given at the Bliss Electrical School Upon the Principles and Applications of Both Direct and Alternating Current Apparatus In connection with this undertaking I wish to make further grateful acknowledgment for the valuable assistance rendered me by members Of the Faculty and others. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Practical Electricity

Download Practical Electricity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780666607935
Total Pages : 554 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (79 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical Electricity by : W. E. Ayrton

Download or read book Practical Electricity written by W. E. Ayrton and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-02-28 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Practical Electricity: Laboratory and Lecture Course, for First Year Students of Electrical Engineering One of the great difficulties experienced by people in mastering the quantitative science of electricity, arises from the fact that we do not number an electrical sense among our other senses, and hence we have no intuitive perception of electrical phenomena. During childhood we did not have years of unconscious experimenting with electrical forces as we had with the forces connected with the sensations of heaviness and lightness, loudness and softness, heat and cold. Beyond a shock or two taken perhaps from some medical galvanic apparatus, or from a Leyden jar, our senses have never been affected by electrical action, and hence we ought to begin the study of electricity as a child begins its early education. Quite an infant has distinct ideas about hot and cold, although it may not be 'able to put its ideas into words, and yet many a student of electricity of mature years has but the haziest notions of the exact meaning of high and low potential, the electrical analogues of hot and cold. That it is desirable that students should learn physics, as they learn to ride the bicycle, by experiment ing themselves, is now generally admitted, and this is especially true in the case of electricity, since it is by experimenting, and only by experimenting, that a student can obtain such a real grasp of electricity that its laws become, so to say, a part of his nature. Hence, in the courses of electricity which I arranged at the City and Guilds of London Technical College, Finsbury, and at their Central Institution, for every hour that a student spends at lecture, he spends several in the laboratory. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Practical Electricity, Vol. 1 (Classic Reprint)

Download Practical Electricity, Vol. 1 (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9781397260710
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (67 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical Electricity, Vol. 1 (Classic Reprint) by : Terrell Croft

Download or read book Practical Electricity, Vol. 1 (Classic Reprint) written by Terrell Croft and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2019-01-03 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Practical Electricity, Vol. 1 Examples of matter are shown in Fig. 1. Other familiar examples: Air, water, butter, a book, the human body, a building, a waste basket, a copper wire, a newspaper, a locomotive, a fish, a suit Of clothes, are all made up of matter, that is, they are matter. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Practical Notes for Electrical Students

Download Practical Notes for Electrical Students PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Legare Street Press
ISBN 13 : 9781019209134
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical Notes for Electrical Students by : Arthur E 1861-1939 Kennelly

Download or read book Practical Notes for Electrical Students written by Arthur E 1861-1939 Kennelly and published by Legare Street Press. This book was released on 2022-10-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

PRAC NOTES FOR ELECTRICAL STUD

Download PRAC NOTES FOR ELECTRICAL STUD PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wentworth Press
ISBN 13 : 9781374292512
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (925 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis PRAC NOTES FOR ELECTRICAL STUD by : Henry David Wilkinson

Download or read book PRAC NOTES FOR ELECTRICAL STUD written by Henry David Wilkinson and published by Wentworth Press. This book was released on 2016-08-29 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Practical Notes for Electrical Students

Download Practical Notes for Electrical Students PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (111 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical Notes for Electrical Students by : Arthur Edwin Kennelly

Download or read book Practical Notes for Electrical Students written by Arthur Edwin Kennelly and published by . This book was released on 1890 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Practical Electricity

Download Practical Electricity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9781333563486
Total Pages : 576 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (634 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical Electricity by : W. E. Ayrton

Download or read book Practical Electricity written by W. E. Ayrton and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2016-09-12 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Practical Electricity: A Laboratory and Lecture Course for First Year Students of Electrical Engineering, Based on the Practical Definitions of the Electrical Units A new edition of the book being required, advantage has been taken of the occasion to bring the work up to date. Also to modify, where convenient, the symbols used, in accordance with the' list adopted by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1913. A copy of this list is given in Appendix vh. The sections on Dry Cells have been rewritten, and that dealing with Storage Cells amplified. The addendum to Appendix I, relating to the practical electrical units, has been revised and extended to include more recent work in this subject. I am again indebted to Mr. Maurice Solomon, of the General Electric Company, for valuable information; to Mr. R. W. Cooper, m.a., Messrs. Benn Brothers, and Edison Accumulators, Limited, for the use of blocks; and to the India Rubber and Gutta Percha Company. My best thanks are also due to Dr. Chas. Chree, m.a., for magnetic data, and to Mr. F. E. Smith, for help in connection with absolute measurements of the primary 'electrical units. The whole world is deeply indebted to Mr. Smith for the masterly way in which he has originated and carried out the researches on electrical standards at the National Physical Laboratory for many years past. His work has placed Britain well ahead of other nations in this branch of precision measurements. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Practical Notes for Electrical Students - Primary Source Edition

Download Practical Notes for Electrical Students - Primary Source Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Nabu Press
ISBN 13 : 9781294646020
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (46 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical Notes for Electrical Students - Primary Source Edition by : Arthur E. 1861-1939 Kennelly

Download or read book Practical Notes for Electrical Students - Primary Source Edition written by Arthur E. 1861-1939 Kennelly and published by Nabu Press. This book was released on 2014-02 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.

Practical Notes For Electrical Students. Vol. I. Laws, Units And Simple Measuring Instruments

Download Practical Notes For Electrical Students. Vol. I. Laws, Units And Simple Measuring Instruments PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Legare Street Press
ISBN 13 : 9781020177477
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (774 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical Notes For Electrical Students. Vol. I. Laws, Units And Simple Measuring Instruments by : Arthur Edwin Kennelly

Download or read book Practical Notes For Electrical Students. Vol. I. Laws, Units And Simple Measuring Instruments written by Arthur Edwin Kennelly and published by Legare Street Press. This book was released on 2023-07-18 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an introduction to the basic principles of electrical engineering, aimed at students and practitioners in the field. It covers topics such as electric circuits, electromagnetic fields, and electrical measurements, and provides practical advice on the use of measuring instruments and the interpretation of data. The authors, Arthur Edwin Kennelly and H. D. Wilkinson, were both prominent electrical engineers and educators in the early 20th century. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Practical Notes for Electrical Students

Download Practical Notes for Electrical Students PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hardpress Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781313045681
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (456 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical Notes for Electrical Students by : HardPress

Download or read book Practical Notes for Electrical Students written by HardPress and published by Hardpress Publishing. This book was released on 2013-01 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Practical Electricity (Classic Reprint)

Download Practical Electricity (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780364838204
Total Pages : 662 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (382 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical Electricity (Classic Reprint) by : Terrell Croft

Download or read book Practical Electricity (Classic Reprint) written by Terrell Croft and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-03-18 with total page 662 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Practical Electricity Seven years in the making, is the record for Practical Elec tricity. Some Of the material was written during the years from 1910 to 1913 for the American Electrician's Handbook, but it developed that the text thus prepared was not suitable for a handbook. Hence, it was stored away temporarily and has been incorporated in the present volume. Since June, 1916, a very considerable portion Of the author's time and effort has been devoted to this work. Practical Electricity was written for certain definite purposes. Primarily, its Object is to present the fundamental facts and theo ries relating to electricity and its present-day applications in a straight-forward, easily-understood way for study by any man, Of little mathematical training, who desires to acquire a working knowledge of the subject. If a man understands arithmetic he should be able to get the meat out of this book. Secondarily, the book was designed for university graduates who desire a medium whereby they can, with minimum efiort, review, refresh and re construct in line with modern theory and practice their concepts Of electric and magnetic phenomena. While it has not been found necessary to use the higher mathematics, the statements and ex planations are technically accurate. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Practical Electricity for Beginners (Classic Reprint)

Download Practical Electricity for Beginners (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780265275917
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (759 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical Electricity for Beginners (Classic Reprint) by : George Alonzo Willoughby

Download or read book Practical Electricity for Beginners (Classic Reprint) written by George Alonzo Willoughby and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-10-13 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Practical Electricity for Beginners Because of its inherent technical nature, this subject has been rather difficult to present in language readily understood by young students and workers in the home. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.