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Potential Inversions And Local Adaptation Among Small Brook Trout Salvelinus Fontinalis Populations
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Book Synopsis Potential Inversions And Local Adaptation Among Small Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Populations by : Caitlin Nemeczek
Download or read book Potential Inversions And Local Adaptation Among Small Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Populations written by Caitlin Nemeczek and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chromosomal inversions can play a role in local adaptation as advantageous alleles become linked by supressed recombination in heterokaryotypes. Understanding the role of inversions in adaptation among small, isolated populations is an important addition for robust conservation strategies. As such, we conducted low-coverage whole genome sequencing on N=192 brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) collected from nine small streams in Nova Scotia. Individuals were sequenced at ~3x depth using paired end sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq and genotype likelihoods calculated with ANGSD. Four potential inversions were discovered only in individuals from western streams that have lower streamflow and higher maximum daily water temperatures. Population genomics methods of LD, admixture and heterozygosity were used to support the detection of potential inversions. Some genes found within these putative inversion regions play a role in biological processes that are linked to thermotolerance and suggest evidence for potential local adaptation.
Book Synopsis Neutral and Adaptive Drivers of Genomic Change in Introduced Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Populations Revealed by Pooled Whole-genome Re-sequencing by : Brent Brookes
Download or read book Neutral and Adaptive Drivers of Genomic Change in Introduced Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Populations Revealed by Pooled Whole-genome Re-sequencing written by Brent Brookes and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the drivers of successful species invasions is important for conserving native biodiversity and for mitigating the economic impacts of introduced species. However, whole genome resolution investigations of the underlying contributions of neutral and adaptive genetic variation to successful colonization in introduced populations are rare. Increased propagule pressure should result in greater neutral genetic variation, while environmental differences should elicit selective pressures on introduced populations, potentially supporting greater adaptive genetic variation. We investigated neutral and adaptive variation among nine introduced brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations using whole-genome sequencing (28,490,618 SNPs based on pool-seq). The populations inhabit different, isolated lakes in western Canada and descend from a common source, with an average of ~19 (range of 7-41) generations since introduction. We found no evidence of bottleneck events nor strong evidence of purifying selection, and little support that varying propagule pressure or differences in local environments shaped neutral genetic variation. Putative outlier analysis revealed non-convergent patterns of adaptive differentiation among lakes with minimal outlier loci (0.001%-0.15%) which did not correspond with tested environmental variables, despite conditions that should facilitate stronger adaptive differentiation (e.g. abiotic and biotic environmental differences, propagule pressure differences). Our whole genome sequencing analysis provides an example of an introduction success not strongly influenced by genetic variation and suggests that observed differentiation among introduced salmonid populations can be idiosyncratic, population-specific, or stochastic.
Book Synopsis Investigating the Conservation Genetics Small Population Paradigm Using the Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) by : Jacquelyn L. A. Wood
Download or read book Investigating the Conservation Genetics Small Population Paradigm Using the Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) written by Jacquelyn L. A. Wood and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The conservation genetics small population paradigm predicts reduced quantitative genetic variation and consequently, adaptive potential, for populations which have become small and isolated due to habitat fragmentation. While these expectations are supported by laboratory studies, their generality in wild populations remain unresolved. In actuality, the evolutionary consequences of fragmentation may depend on whether environmental characteristics– and by extension, selective regimes are (1) shifted in a consistent directional manner as is widely assumed (Directional hypothesis), or (2) become more variable as population and fragment size decrease (Variable hypothesis); this latter possibility has so far received little empirical attention. Implementing field techniques, I explore these two competing hypotheses by relating variability in habitat characteristics to population size in a series of differentially abundant brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations located at Cape Race, Newfoundland. I furthermore use these hypotheses as a foundation to test the assumptions of the conservation genetic small population paradigm by investigating the relationships of population size at Cape Race to additive genetic variation (VA), trait differentiation (QST), and phenotypic plasticity in common garden analyses, and to the extent of natural selection in a meta-analysis using a large number of natural populations and species. Across two years and in relation to two population size metrics, patterns of habitat characteristics among small versus large Cape Race populations supported the Variable hypothesis. However, small brook trout populations did not significantly differ from large populations in either the magnitude or variability of VA, QST, or phenotypic plasticity. Results of the meta-analysis similarly revealed little support for differences in the strength, direction, and form of selection among wild populations differing in population size. The lack of differences might be explained by long term fluctuating environmental conditions which resulted in fluctuating selective pressures and similar outcomes among small compared to large Cape Race populations, and among the species included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the results of this research contradict the assumption that small populations generally inhabit marginal environments and also dispute the major tenets of the conservation genetics small population paradigm. Taken together, they suggest that even very small populations of some species may retain the adaptive potential necessary to cope with future environmental change.
Book Synopsis Exploring the Role of Temperature and Possible Alternative Stable States in Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Population Structure by : Brooke Lynn Hawkins
Download or read book Exploring the Role of Temperature and Possible Alternative Stable States in Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Population Structure written by Brooke Lynn Hawkins and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most organisms undergo ontogenetic changes, leading to complex life histories. An organism’s prey and habitat preferences change as they age, as may their responses to the same environmental stressors. Therefore, a changing environment may confer a competitive advantage to a particular life stage, leading to population structures dominated by one stage or another. I used survey data of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in lakes across the Sierra Nevada to investigate if there was evidence for (1) alternative stable states between populations dominated by small or large fish, and (2) trends in population structure across elevation to suggest that temperature plays a key role in determining size structure. I characterized the average fish size, number of size classes, and the evenness of the size class distribution for 42 populations. I found these features by fitting a Bayesian normal mixture model using Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations. I tested for alternative stable states by looking for bimodality in each feature, and I analyzed each feature’s relationship with elevation using Spearman’s rank correlation. I found that that populations are most often dominated by small individuals, rarely by large individuals, and most often contain either one or two distinct size classes. If large individual body sizes occur as an alternative population state, my results show that such populations occurred rarely, or were not well sampled by these surveys. High elevation was associated with reduced average size and greater numbers of size classes, suggesting that temperature does affect size distributions.
Book Synopsis Spatial Variation in Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Population Dynamics and Juvenile Recruitment Potential in an Appalachian Watershed by :
Download or read book Spatial Variation in Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Population Dynamics and Juvenile Recruitment Potential in an Appalachian Watershed written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis CONSERVATION GENETICS OF SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BROOK TROUT (Salvelinus Fontinalis). by : Thomas Casey Weathers
Download or read book CONSERVATION GENETICS OF SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BROOK TROUT (Salvelinus Fontinalis). written by Thomas Casey Weathers and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many range-restricted species, particularly mountaintop species, are often the first groups in which entire species experience extinction due to range contractions and perturbations. Rear-edge, lower latitude, salmonid populations often occupy fragmented habitats and may in turn exhibit more pronounced signatures of isolation than higher latitude conspecifics. Therefore, rear-edge populations present significant conservation challenges to biologists interested in identifying and maintaining ecological and evolutionary processes within and among such populations. Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), the only endemic salmonid to southern Appalachia, are rich in ecologically and evolutionarily interesting traits such as multiple life history forms, broad latitudinal and elevational distribution, and prodigious neutral genetic differentiation. Causes of continual Brook Trout population and range declines include overharvest, acid precipitation, habitat degradation, competition with non-native species, and climate change. Such declines have led to the increased isolation of many populations of Brook Trout. In the absence of gene flow many isolated populations of Brook Trout may exhibit rapid genetic drift or inbreeding, thus resulting in subsequent losses of adaptive potential. Consequently, there is considerable demand for the implementation of restoration programs that maximize population recovery and resilience of wild Brook Trout. As such, resource managers must plan for an evolutionary future for such a trust species. While the current paradigm of conservation places emphasis on recognition and protection of irreplaceable evolutionarily distinct lineages, the precise and accurate delineation of populations must become a priority. Once populations are identified the best strategy for future conservation may be to enhance connectivity via restoration or translocation efforts rather than protecting specific genotypes. Elucidating spatial clusters of Brook Trout is critical to their conservation, particularly regarding unprecedented environmental change. Therefore, I have combined informative microsatellite data with riverscape genetics approaches to assess whether functional (meta)population assemblages exist among rear-edge populations of Brook Trout sampled across southern Appalachia in the following research chapters. My research elucidates the effects of isolation and fragmentation on Brook Trout genetic and phenotypic (i.e., morphometric and meristic) differentiation, whether neighboring populations exhibit enough gene flow to warrant being considered metapopulations, and the effect of potential barriers to gene flow upon subsequent metapopulation dynamics and genetic diversity. My research largely suggests that rear-edge populations of Brook Trout exhibit extensive neutral genetic differences and appear to be prodigiously isolated. My findings provide biologists a reference when setting management and conservation priorities and may foster more aggressive efforts focused on restoring connectivity among many populations of rear-edge Brook Trout. Further, by demarcating population and subpopulation clusters across riverscapes I provide resource managers information needed to enhance future Brook Trout conservation outcomes.I sought to document existing patterns of genetic variation within and among populations of Brook Trout and then translate my results into an approachable format for managers to access for future management and conservation decision making and to further encourage managers to implement population genetic monitoring programs. My work supports that non-native trout removals combined with habitat restorations could improve connectivity and enhance the outlook for many fragmented populations of wild, native brook trout across southern Appalachia. Moreover, it is my hope that the results from these studies can be used by Brook Trout biologists to select local restoration source stocks used to potentially bolster the effectiveness of different conservation strategies (i.e., founder translocations and genetic rescue).
Book Synopsis Brook Trout Populations in Headwater Stream Networks by : Yoichiro Kanno
Download or read book Brook Trout Populations in Headwater Stream Networks written by Yoichiro Kanno and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Influence of Hydrological Patterns on Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Population Dynamics in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park by :
Download or read book The Influence of Hydrological Patterns on Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Population Dynamics in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrologic processes impact the functioning of aquatic ecosystems and influence fish population dynamics. The flow regime of a stream affects the structure, composition, and productivity of fish communities by regulating abiotic habitat conditions and biotic community processes. In the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM), native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations have declined in some watersheds over the past decade, believed to be primarily due to episodic acidification. The potential affects long-term hydrologic patterns, temporal hydrologic trends, and hydrologic extremes have on brook and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) populations were explored in this study. The current GRSM fish sampling program began nearly two decades ago; a total of 69 streams, including 369 sites, are routinely sampled by GRSM fisheries biologists with standard methods. Detailed data is collected on the trout populations. The Nature Conservancy's Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) was used to quantify the flow regime of each stream into 67 ecological relevant parameters. Because the trout sites were located in remote ungaged streams, the Hydrologic Simulation Program FORTRAN (HSPF) was used to simulate flows at each trout site for a study period lasting 18 years (1990-2007). Using local climate data the model was calibrated by adjusting parameters including storage, infiltration, runoff, and ground water for three elevation classes (low
Book Synopsis Comparison of Two Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Populations in Two Adjacent Streams by : Robert Alan Sadzinski
Download or read book Comparison of Two Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Populations in Two Adjacent Streams written by Robert Alan Sadzinski and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) in a Remote Adirondack Watershed by : Spencer Bruce
Download or read book Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) in a Remote Adirondack Watershed written by Spencer Bruce and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Experimental Test of Genetic Rescue in Isolated Populations of Brook Trout by : Zachary L. Robinson
Download or read book Experimental Test of Genetic Rescue in Isolated Populations of Brook Trout written by Zachary L. Robinson and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Translocations are an important aspect of the management of natural populations in an increasingly fragmented landscape. Maintaining connectivity and gene flow is beneficial for both contemporary fitness and adaptive potential in the face of environmental change. Genetic rescue (GR) can alleviate inbreeding depression, genetic load, and increase adaptive potential of populations. Here, I have translocated 10 (5 of each sex) brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) to four geographically proximate and environmentally similar fragmented stream-dwelling populations of brook trout in Virginia to test for genetic rescue. The translocated brook trout contributed to more families than would be expected under neutral introgression, and hybridization resulted consistently in larger full-sibling family sizes. In the cohort immediately following translocation I observed relatively high (>20%) introgression in 3 of the 4 recipient sites, and in one recipient population 57.7 % of the offspring had at least one migrant parent. During the post-translocation period favorable regional climatic conditions resulted in large cohorts across recipient sites and controls, however the percent increase in juvenile abundance scales to initial genetic diversity and patch size. I observe strong evidence of hybrid vigor through consistently larger body sizes of hybrid offspring. At this point I cannot rule out potential negative effects of translocations such as outbreeding depression with out sampling more cohorts following genetic recombination. However, I provide an empirical and replicated foundation to begin assessing the efficacy of GR-motivated translocations for headwater fish conservation, and make a substantial contribution to the growing body of GR-literature.
Book Synopsis Assessment and Predictive Model for Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Population Status in the Eastern United States by :
Download or read book Assessment and Predictive Model for Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Population Status in the Eastern United States written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Conservation Applications of Watershed-Level Brook Trout Riverscape Genetics by : Lucas Nathan
Download or read book Conservation Applications of Watershed-Level Brook Trout Riverscape Genetics written by Lucas Nathan and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contemporary Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis populations are often fragmented due to anthropogenic influences. Although research and conservation actions have traditionally focused at the stream-reach level, inter-stream movements may connect seemingly isolated populations to form larger metapopulations. The overall goal of my research was to use watershed-level riverscape genetics to inform Brook Trout conservation. Specifically, my objectives were to 1) present a synthesis of existing Brook Trout literature and identify future research directions, 2) evaluate Brook Trout genetic population structuring and identify gene flow barriers at the watershed level, 3) validate and modify a pre-existing Brook Trout habitat patch spatial layer that can be used to predict extant Brook Trout metapopulations, and 4) develop decision support tools to identify Brook Trout conservation opportunity areas (COAs) at watershed levels. Using empirical data, I found evidence of genetic connectivity among streams spanning 5 - 15 km of mainstem habitat. Watersheds with high levels of development were associated with increased differentiation, suggesting that development acts a barrier to gene flow at the watershed level. The pre-existing patch layer adequately predicted many genetic metapopulations, however patches with dams or high levels of development often exhibited higher levels of genetic structuring. Modifying the patches reduced evidence of genetic structuring, which suggested a better representation of existing genetic patterns. Using the set of COA tools, I identified patches and watersheds across Connecticut to target for specific conservation actions. Simulating barrier removals, I found rapid (1 - 10 years) increases in genetic diversity, however barrier severity and monitoring location strongly influenced the observed effects. Through this research, I have demonstrated that Brook Trout, despite being isolated by unsuitable mainstem habitat, exist in metapopulations at the watershed level. Such dynamics are important for long term population viability, and thus conservation actions should take watershed-level processes into consideration. Using the modified patch layer and the set of COA tools I developed as part of this research, resource managers can visualize and identify areas across broad landscapes to target for Brook Trout conservation. Doing so will promote the long-term resilience and adaptive potential of Brook Trout metapopulations.
Book Synopsis Sensitivity and Exposure of Brook Trout Salvelinus Fontinalis Habitat to Climate Change by :
Download or read book Sensitivity and Exposure of Brook Trout Salvelinus Fontinalis Habitat to Climate Change written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Predicting coldwater fisheries distributions under various climate scenarios is of interest to many fisheries managers and researchers. Larger scale models have been useful in highlighting the potential large scale threat. However, the error associated with these models makes predictions of the persistence of individual cold water fisheries problematic. Most of this error is associated with predicted air and water temperatures which typically are simple elevation and location (latitude/longitude) models with simple caveats such as 1°C increase in air temperature equals 0.8°C increase in water temperatures. I directly measured paired air and water temperatures in watersheds containing reproducing populations of brook trout in Virginia during the critical summer period (July 1 to September 30) in both 2009 and 2010. I developed a classification system using sensitivity (change in the daily maximum water temperature from a 1°C increase in the daily maximum air temperature) and exposure metrics (frequency; duration; and magnitude of daily maximum water temperatures> 21°C) that classified brook trout populations into four categories: High Sensitivity-High Exposure; High Sensitivity-Low Exposure; Low Sensitivity-High Exposure and Low Sensitivity- Low Exposure. I found that my paired air and water temperature relationships were highly variable among sites and were a useful metric for classifying the sensitivity and exposure of individual brook trout populations to various climate change scenarios. I identified many (25%) Low Sensitivity- Low Exposure brook trout populations that appear to be resilient to climate change. The median sensitivity (0.39°C) in this study was much lower than the assumed rate (0.80°C) used in many regional models that predicted a complete extirpation of brook trout in Virginia. Several GIS generated metrics (sample area; % riparian canopy; solar insolation ; % groundwater; elevation; % watershed in forest cover) were useful for predicting (accuracy approximately 75%) sensitivity and exposure values. Directly measuring paired air and water temperature relationships can reduce the error of large scale models. I recommend that managers making investment decisions in protecting and restoring brook trout use my direct measurement approach when they cannot afford to make a Type I or Type II error.
Book Synopsis Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Thermal Adaptive Potential by : Bradley Creighton Stitt
Download or read book Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Thermal Adaptive Potential written by Bradley Creighton Stitt and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Diadromy in Fishes by : Robert Montgomery McDowall
Download or read book Diadromy in Fishes written by Robert Montgomery McDowall and published by Timber Press (OR). This book was released on 1988 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the fish which exhibit diadromy, their life history strategies and the implications for fisheries. The book should therefore represent an important volume for workers in fish biology, animal physiology and behaviour, and fisheries.
Book Synopsis Ecological Speciation by : Patrik Nosil
Download or read book Ecological Speciation written by Patrik Nosil and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2012-03-15 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The origin of biological diversity, via the formation of new species, can be inextricably linked to adaptation to the ecological environment. Specifically, ecological processes are central to the formation of new species when barriers to gene flow (reproductive isolation) evolve between populations as a result of ecologically-based divergent natural selection. This process of 'ecological speciation' has seen a large body of particularly focused research in the last 10-15 years, and a review and synthesis of the theoretical and empirical literature is now timely. The book begins by clarifying what ecological speciation is, its alternatives, and the predictions that can be used to test for it. It then reviews the three components of ecological speciation and discusses the geography and genomic basis of the process. A final chapter highlights future research directions, describing the approaches and experiments which might be used to conduct that future work. The ecological and genetic literature is integrated throughout the text with the goal of shedding new insight into the speciation process, particularly when the empirical data is then further integrated with theory.
