Populations of the Green Porcelain Crab, Petrolisthes Armatus, Vary in Cold Tolerance Within the Species' Northernmost Invaded Range

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Book Synopsis Populations of the Green Porcelain Crab, Petrolisthes Armatus, Vary in Cold Tolerance Within the Species' Northernmost Invaded Range by : Kevin Mack

Download or read book Populations of the Green Porcelain Crab, Petrolisthes Armatus, Vary in Cold Tolerance Within the Species' Northernmost Invaded Range written by Kevin Mack and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The green porcelain crab, Petrolisthes armatus, is a highly abundant invader of intertidal oyster reef habitats in Atlantic waters of the southeastern US. Cold water temperatures likely limit the species' poleward range, which is predicted to shift as water temperatures rise. I established five study locations along the species' poleward expansion front from Savannah, GA (Skidaway Island) to Wilmington, NC. Trends in P. armatus populations and resident crab assemblages were assessed seasonally at each location, and live crabs were collected for cold tolerance incubation trials. The taxonomic composition of crab assemblages differed between locations within each season, with obvious dissimilarities between northern and southern locations in the summer and fall, primarily driven by differences in P. armatus abundance. Abundances were highest in the summer and decreased from southern to northern locations. Sex ratios varied seasonally; becoming male biased in the fall. Adult-sized crabs were collected in the spring, indicating that overwintering of adults does occur. Chronic cold temperature trials were conducted seasonally to expose crabs from each location to decreasing water temperatures and assess sublethal and lethal effects. Crabs from northern locations were more tolerant of cold water temperatures in the fall, possibly due to increased acclimatization plasticity present in individuals from northern populations in response to a comparatively colder environment. Females were more tolerant than males in the summer and spring, possibly due to differences in male and female reproductive stressors. Smaller crabs were more tolerant than larger crabs regardless of season indicating molt cycle may play a role in cold tolerance. Given the trend of warming ocean waters, which may move thermal barriers to P. armatus range expansion to higher latitudes, and apparent higher cold tolerance in poleward populations, there is potential that this species will continue its poleward range expansion.

Population Characteristics and Reproductive Trends of the Green Porcelain Crab, Petrolisthes Armatus, in Its Introduced Range

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Book Synopsis Population Characteristics and Reproductive Trends of the Green Porcelain Crab, Petrolisthes Armatus, in Its Introduced Range by : Teresa Popp

Download or read book Population Characteristics and Reproductive Trends of the Green Porcelain Crab, Petrolisthes Armatus, in Its Introduced Range written by Teresa Popp and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The green porcelain crab, Petrolisthes armatus, is a highly abundant invader on intertidal oyster reefs along the southeastern coast of the US. Its poleward range expansion is thought to be thermally limited, and predicted to shift as water temperatures rise. Along with its thermal tolerance in the invasive range, several of its reproductive characteristics favor expansion. What remains unclear is whether this thermal intolerance for cold temperatures affects the reproductive potential of invasive populations. I conducted a field study monitoring the invasive population in Charleston, SC, a laboratory experiment determining the time between broods, and examined specimens from a long-term collection to determine if timing of larval recruitment to an area is related to the severity of the previous winter. Petrolisthes armatus abundances varied seasonally, with highest abundances during summer months and lowest during winter months. After a mild winter, adult-sized overwintering crabs began the reproductive season in spring as water temperatures increased. After recruits were first observed, they became part of the reproductive population 6-8 weeks later. Conversely, after a harsh winter, crabs were not present on the oyster reef and abundances were low throughout spring and early summer. However, 5-7 weeks after recruits were observed in June, adult abundances recovered to similarly high-densities observed the prior year. Both the field and laboratory data indicate that females are able to turn over broods within 4-6 days after releasing eggs. By examining P. armatus larvae in samples collected over a 24-year period in an estuary near the species’ range limit, I determined that larval recruitment started later in years after winters with several consecutive cold days where water temperatures declined to 5-6°C. In addition, earlier starts to recruitment were positively correlated with the duration or recruitment. It appears that if the frequency of harsh winters decreases, the thermal barrier inhibiting further range expansion for P. armatus will become less effective.

The Reproductive Response of Petrolisthes Armatus to Cold Temperatures in Its Non-native Range

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Book Synopsis The Reproductive Response of Petrolisthes Armatus to Cold Temperatures in Its Non-native Range by : Juliana Ventresca

Download or read book The Reproductive Response of Petrolisthes Armatus to Cold Temperatures in Its Non-native Range written by Juliana Ventresca and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The green porcelain crab (Petrolisthes armatus) is an anomuran crab that, since the mid-1990s, has expanded its range on intertidal oyster reefs from Florida to as far north as Wilmington, North Carolina, USA. Little is known about how this range expansion is occurring, although warming ocean waters may be involved, and cold winter temperatures are thought to be limiting further range expansion. One factor that could be limited by cold temperature is reproductive ability. Reproduction of this species in its non-native range does not occur year-round as it does in the native range. To test whether low temperatures affect reproductive seasonality through embryo development, hatching, or larval survival, experiments were conducted in conjunction with bi-weekly, year-round sampling of resident crab assemblages on an intertidal oyster reef in Charleston, SC. These studies document ovigery rates in relation to ambient temperature variation. Results of this study display how embryo development and hatching severely decline once temperatures reach below eighteen degrees Celsius. Additionally, larval physiology is negatively affected as water temperatures decrease, as seen through the linear relationship between larval heartrate and temperature. Results of this study are vital to forming more accurate predictions of the species’ further range expansion through the establishment of self-sustaining populations as climate change affects water temperatures.

Reproductive Characteristics and Behavior of the Green Porcelain Crab (Petrolisthes Armatus) in Its Introduced Range

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Book Synopsis Reproductive Characteristics and Behavior of the Green Porcelain Crab (Petrolisthes Armatus) in Its Introduced Range by : Ann Wassick

Download or read book Reproductive Characteristics and Behavior of the Green Porcelain Crab (Petrolisthes Armatus) in Its Introduced Range written by Ann Wassick and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Invasive species are one of the many threats faced by marine habitats today and there are many characteristics that successful invaders share, including high reproductive output potential and small size at sexual maturity. One invasive species, the green porcelain crab (Petrolisthes armatus) is common in its introduced range, however its reproductive characteristics including mating behaviors are not known or have not been directly assessed. Crabs were collected from five locations in the introduced range (Wilmington, NC; Georgetown, SC; Charleston, SC; Bluffton, SC; and Savannah, GA) at two sites at each location, with small sample sizes at the Wilmington sites precluding their inclusion in analyses. At each site, ovigerous female abundances, reproductive output, and egg number and egg quality measurements were calculated. At two sites, Town Creek and Pinckney Landing, allometric relationships, based on eight body measurements, were assessed to determine size at sexual maturity. I compared fecundity estimates and size at sexual maturity among populations along a latitudinal gradient and reproductive output and smallest ovigerous female to estimates in the native range. At Grice only, I hand collected crabs to conduct a laboratory experiment to examine the effects of sex ratio (all-male, all-female and mixed-sex) on crab spacing measured by nearest-neighbor (NN) distances and inferred potential mate acquisition behaviors. Crabs held in aerated tanks under a constant density and three sex ratio treatments and were observed twice daily for position and interactions for five day durations. Mean NN distances calculated for focal crabs in each tank were compared between mixed-sex and single-sex treatments. Crabs at the northern locations, which are at the range limit of P. armatus within the introduced range, appear to be maximizing reproductive potential and NN results are consistent with male P. armatus protecting access to prospective mates. Results of this study have helped fill knowledge gaps for this species in its introduced range.

The Role of Biotic Resistance Through Predation on the Invasion Success of the Green Porcelain Crab (Petrolisthes Armatus) Into Nearshore Oyster Reef Communities

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Book Synopsis The Role of Biotic Resistance Through Predation on the Invasion Success of the Green Porcelain Crab (Petrolisthes Armatus) Into Nearshore Oyster Reef Communities by : Kaitlin Alyse Kinney

Download or read book The Role of Biotic Resistance Through Predation on the Invasion Success of the Green Porcelain Crab (Petrolisthes Armatus) Into Nearshore Oyster Reef Communities written by Kaitlin Alyse Kinney and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The northward spread of the non-native, invasive filter feeding crab Petrolisthes armatus into oyster reef communities along the Southeastern US is hypothesized to be limited by cold snaps associated with northern winters. However, several native predators in oyster reefs have been shown to consume this abundant and profitable prey item, suggesting that biotic resistance through predation may be an additional factor limiting its northward spread. My objectives were to 1) determine if the per capita predation risk exerted by native predators might be a factor that explains the current distribution of P. armatus, and 2) test whether the relative abundance of alternative native prey affects the consumption and preference of P. armatus by a native predatory crab Panopeus herbstii. I conducted a field study to quantify predation risk across 8 invaded estuary sites from St. Augustine, FL to North Inlet, SC and conducted a lab experiment to quantify the consumption of P. armatus when in low to high abundance relative to alternative native prey. While predation rates were high (68.2 – 98.2%) across sites, there was no relationship between predation and latitude across the 8 invaded estuaries. Furthermore, while P. herbstii increased consumption of P. armatus in response to increased abundance in the tank, P. herbstii always showed a preference for native prey regardless of its relative abundance. Overall, I found no evidence of biotic resistance through predation, suggesting that native predators do not prevent the spread of P. armatus and this species is likely to continue its expansion into northern waters as sea temperatures increase with climate change.

The Effect of Temperature on Phenotypes of the Invasive European Green Crab

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Total Pages : 179 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effect of Temperature on Phenotypes of the Invasive European Green Crab by :

Download or read book The Effect of Temperature on Phenotypes of the Invasive European Green Crab written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Invasion physiology is an emerging field that endeavors to understand the influence of physiological traits on the establishment of non-native species in novel environments. The invasive European green crab,Carcinus maenas, is one of the world's most successful aquatic invaders, and is currently distributed across temperate marine ecosystems globally. The work presented here explored the thermal physiology of this species, and has highlighted several physiological traits that have likely influenced establishment success. Intraspecific comparisons of crabs sampled from the northern and southern edges of their recipient, or invaded range on the west coast of North America have identified both organismal and cellular physiological difference with respect to upper and lower thermal tolerances. Crabs sampled from British Columbia, Canada (BC) had a significantly lower mean upper thermal tolerance threshold and heat shock protein synthesis, Hsp70, compared to their warm acclimated conspecifics sampled from California (CA). These differential physiologic responses may be rooted in the disparate natural thermal habitats that each population occupies within their respective environments. The ability of this species to extend its current range limits was also investigated. Range expansion to the south has been limited, and is likely restricted by this species lack of adaptation to warmer temperatures. Because range expansion has been chiefly northward, characterizing this species' response to cold stress can identify whether colder temperatures poleward may limit further range expansion. Cold tolerance capacity was determined in the laboratory, and crabs sampled from Vancouver Island, British Columbia were able to withstand the over-wintering thermal regime that occurs in Sitka, Alaska, a site that is currently beyond the range limits of this species. Furthermore, intraspecific assessments found that the cold acclimated BC population exposed to cold shock significantly down regulated protein levels of cyclin D1, cell cycle modulator. Distinct differences in carapace width (CW) were detected along the thermal gradient present in the green crabs' range. This variation in body size was utilized to the test the temperature size rule hypothesis for ectotherms. Simply stated, the temperature size rule is the tendency for ectotherms to develop slower but mature to a larger body sizes at cooler temperatures. The results supported this hypothesis as crabs sampled from the warm portion of the range were found to be smaller than crabs sampled from the colder portion of the range. This pattern was detected along the native range as well. Differences in body size have the potential to influence the scope of invasion; larger individuals are generally more fecund and longer lived, which can increase both the intensity and frequency of larval dispersal that could further propel range expansion. The physiologic properties that the green crab possesses which may influence invasion success were examined using peer-reviewed literature with the aim of determining if these physiological traits confer invasion success across taxa. This analysis tested four hypotheses: 1) Broad geographic temperature tolerances (thermal width) confer a higher upper thermal tolerance threshold when comparing invasive and native species. 2) The upper thermal extreme experienced in nature is correlated with upper thermal tolerance threshold. 3) Protein chaperone expression, a cellular mechanism underlying thermal tolerance threshold, is greater in invasive organisms than in native ones. 4) Acclimation to higher temperatures can promote a greater range of thermal tolerance for invasives compared to natives. These preliminary results generally support the four stated hypotheses, and provide a solid foundation for further studies to explore and identify physiologic traits that facilitate invasion success. Overall, these studies investigated the thermal physiology of Carcinus maenasfrom an invasive metapopulation and have brought about significant advances in our understanding of what physiologic traits correlate to invasion success in this species. In addition, the data presented here can aid resource managers in identifying habitats, based on thermal tolerance measurements that fit the criteria for invasion. Understanding how invasive organisms vary with respect to thermal tolerance can aid our understanding the patterns and processes of species invasions.

An Invasive Crab in the South Atlantic Bight

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 114 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis An Invasive Crab in the South Atlantic Bight by : Amanda L. Hollebone

Download or read book An Invasive Crab in the South Atlantic Bight written by Amanda L. Hollebone and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The green porcelain crab, Petrolisthes armatus, has recently invaded oyster reefs of the South Atlantic Bight at mean densities of up to several thousand individuals m−2. Despite the crab's tremendous densities and wide-spread occurrence, its population dynamics, the reasons for its success, and its ecological impacts have remained unknown. We used field monitoring in two estuaries of coastal Georgia to assess spatial and temporal patterns of distribution, demographics, reproduction, and effects on native crabs. We used field and mesocosm experiments with constructed oyster reef communities of varying native species richness and adult porcelain crab additions to assess why the invader is successful and how it impacts native species and communities. We found P. armatus distributed throughout the estuaries, primarily in the lower regions and low intertidal. Sex ratios were 1:1 throughout the year. During warmer months mean densities ranged from 1,000-11,000 crabs m−2, 20-90% of mature females were gravid, and numerous recruits were present. Despite decreases in density of 64->99% in the winter, populations rebounded in the spring. Maximum mean densities were 37 times the highest densities ever recorded and population fecundity exceeded that of the native range by an order of magnitude, but correlations did not show significant negative effects of P. armatus on native crabs. Field experiments suggested that invasion was successful due to tremendous recruitment overwhelming biotic resistance by native species richness or predation. The crab only needed structure to invade, but the presence of adult conspecifics significantly enhanced recruitment (i.e., intraspecific invasional meltdown). We documented several impacts on native biota, including the (1) suppression of oyster growth, benthic algal biomass, native crab recruitment, and native goby densities and the (2) enhancement of bivalve recruitment, macroalgal cover, and survivorship of oyster drills. We did not, though, see an effect on native taxonomic richness. The large direct and indirect effects of P. armatus on growth, survivorship, and recruitment of virtually all of the most common native species on oyster reefs in the short-term (4-12 weeks) and at relatively low experimental densities (750-1500 crabs m−2) imply considerable long-term consequences for a major hard-substrate habitat of the South Atlantic Bight.

The Role of Individual Learning and Dietary Preference in the Consumption of the Invasive Green Porcelain Crab, Petrolisthes Armatus, by Native Crab Predators

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Total Pages : 152 pages
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Book Synopsis The Role of Individual Learning and Dietary Preference in the Consumption of the Invasive Green Porcelain Crab, Petrolisthes Armatus, by Native Crab Predators by : Chelsea Helene Crosby

Download or read book The Role of Individual Learning and Dietary Preference in the Consumption of the Invasive Green Porcelain Crab, Petrolisthes Armatus, by Native Crab Predators written by Chelsea Helene Crosby and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I further examined patterns of diet and prey preference in a population of native C. sapidus that has co-occurred with invasive P. armatus for 24 years. Although C. sapidus readily consumes P. armatus when given no-choice of alternative prey, when given a choice between alternative native prey and P. armatus, I found that C. sapidus rarely incorporated P. armatus into its diet. In addition, I found very limited within- population, individual variation in diet of C. sapidus. This is in contrast to previous work demonstrating that native P. herbstii predators exhibit considerable individual variation in diet, with some individual predators beginning to specialize on the invasive P. armatus, but others avoiding the species completely. These findings suggest that both native predators exert limited predation pressure (i.e. partial enemy release) on P. armatus, which likely contributes to its continued invasion success.

Larval Behavior and Hatching in the Green Porcelain Crab Petrolisthes Armatus

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 142 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (831 download)

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Book Synopsis Larval Behavior and Hatching in the Green Porcelain Crab Petrolisthes Armatus by : Meghan Elizabeth Buckley

Download or read book Larval Behavior and Hatching in the Green Porcelain Crab Petrolisthes Armatus written by Meghan Elizabeth Buckley and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Reproduction in a Recently Established Population of Green Crab, Carcinus Maenas, in Placentia Bay and Juvenile Targeted Mitigation to Prevent Mussel Aquaculture as a Vector for Introduction and Spread

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Book Synopsis Reproduction in a Recently Established Population of Green Crab, Carcinus Maenas, in Placentia Bay and Juvenile Targeted Mitigation to Prevent Mussel Aquaculture as a Vector for Introduction and Spread by : Kiley Morgan Best

Download or read book Reproduction in a Recently Established Population of Green Crab, Carcinus Maenas, in Placentia Bay and Juvenile Targeted Mitigation to Prevent Mussel Aquaculture as a Vector for Introduction and Spread written by Kiley Morgan Best and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Invasive species are organisms that are introduced to a new environment via natural or anthropogenic means and cause damage to the native biota through interactions with the native species and habitat. Aquatic invasive species (AIS) in marine coastal ecosystems can thrive in coastal areas in their native and non-native ranges as they have fewer natural barriers to contain spread versus terrestrial environments. AIS spread via vessel traffic, movement of industrial and recreational equipment and currents, weather events, and other organisms in their fluid environment. Generally, invasive species have the ability to tolerate extreme and restrictive conditions with means to make adjustments to their survival strategies to survive and establish populations in areas outside of their native ranges. In this study, we look at the reproductive strategies of the European green crab (Carcinus maenas) in recently invaded cold-tolerant populations in Newfoundland. We estimate size minimums for physiological maturity in males and females, timing for mating behaviors, duration of each stage of egg development and timing of larval release in females. This information has been used to establish minimum size thresholds for pilot mitigation efforts in the area and will continue to help pinpoint the best times of year to target a particular life stage for this region. Comparisons to other non-native green crab populations in Atlantic Canada are made to elucidate some of the strategic changes they have made in these environments. This information can be used in targeting different life stages in efforts to control already established populations in Newfoundland and prevent spread and establishment to new areas. This information is then used to pinpoint a vulnerable (likely to settle in and around mussel seed lines of the aquaculture industry) life stage of juvenile green crab to target via mitigation. This was investigated by exposing juveniles to a series of heated salt water immersion treatments. Experiments confirmed that exposing juvenile green crab to heated salt water for no longer than 1 minute at 45°C is sufficient to cull the crab while not causing any significant physiological stress to mussel seed. This information and subsequent control measures are valuable to the mussel aquaculture industry, stakeholders and managers for designing plans for future control of this invasive species.

Temperature and Predator Effects on Green Crabs (Carcinus Maenas) and Their Distribution in South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve

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Book Synopsis Temperature and Predator Effects on Green Crabs (Carcinus Maenas) and Their Distribution in South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve by :

Download or read book Temperature and Predator Effects on Green Crabs (Carcinus Maenas) and Their Distribution in South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve written by and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The invasive green crab (Carcinus maenas) has increased in abundance and distribution among Oregon's estuaries. Its global success in establishing in new environments and tolerance for abiotic stressors, such as temperature, raises concern for C. maenas to negatively influence native crab species, especially given global climate change. To improve in predicting invasion impacts, this work analyzed the results from a controlled tank experiment at Portland State University and the field data on a population of C. maenas in South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (SSNERR). The aquarium experiment documented predation pressure on C. maenas across a range of temperatures (9° to 30°C) and predatory crabs Callinectes sapidus, Cancer productus, and, as a control C. maenas. The behavioral responses of prey C. maenas were observed across temperature and predator combinations. There were five categories of behavioral responses measured in time duration. The west Atlantic C. sapidus preyed heavily on C. maenas, especially at warmer water temperatures; however, east Pacific C. productus preyed much less on C. maenas and only at the cold temperatures, suggesting different trajectories of biotic resistance across the coasts as waters warm. Crab behavior aligned with the predation findings. For example, C. productus were most active at 9°C and all died at 27°C and higher. In tanks with C. productus, C. maenas were most aggressive at warm temperatures. In contrast C. maenas spent more time feeding at 9°C when in tanks with C. sapidus and, surprisingly, also with C. productus. Crab trap data from SSNERR was plotted on a map to identify surrounding habitat and bottom substrate of areas with high catch per unit effort (CPUE) of C. maenas in the last six years. Mean CPUE of C. maenas was below five throughout the SSNERR region with sites closest to the mouth of the estuary having the highest CPUE rates. Little structure was surrounding trapping sites; however, there was seagrass at sites with the highest CPUE of C. maenas. The mean CPUE difference of native species prior to (2002-2016) and following (2016-2021) C. maenas abundance increase in 2016 was compared to the mean CPUE of C. maenas in the last six years. Results indicated no correlation between the CPUE of C. maenas influencing the difference of CPUE of native crab species. The tolerance and predation avoidance demonstrated from prey C. maenas in warmer temperatures indicate their ability to acclimate and/or adapt in stressful climate change conditions of higher water temperatures. This is of concern due to the increasing potential to negatively affect Oregon native crab species, such as C. productus over time.

Global Invader

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 146 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Invader by : Sylvia Behrens Yamada

Download or read book Global Invader written by Sylvia Behrens Yamada and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Writing to educate those concerned with sea life in the Pacific Northwest, Yamada (zoology, Oregon State U., Corvallis) traces the generally devastating impact of the invasive European green crab with reference to research carried out in New England, California, Oregon, South Africa, Australia, and Tasmania. A full description of the biology and life history of the European green crab is provided, along with photos, glossary, list of references, and descriptive table of Pacific Northwest crabs. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.

Biogeographic Variation in Abundance, Habitat, and Behavior of the European Green Crab, Carcinus Maenas

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Biogeographic Variation in Abundance, Habitat, and Behavior of the European Green Crab, Carcinus Maenas by : Rikke Kvist Preisler

Download or read book Biogeographic Variation in Abundance, Habitat, and Behavior of the European Green Crab, Carcinus Maenas written by Rikke Kvist Preisler and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Comparative Analysis of Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Adaptation to Abiotic Stress in Intertidal Porcelain Crabs, Genus Petrolisthes

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (414 download)

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Book Synopsis A Comparative Analysis of Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Adaptation to Abiotic Stress in Intertidal Porcelain Crabs, Genus Petrolisthes by : Jonathon Harris Stillman

Download or read book A Comparative Analysis of Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Adaptation to Abiotic Stress in Intertidal Porcelain Crabs, Genus Petrolisthes written by Jonathon Harris Stillman and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Organismal tolerance to abiotic environmental stresses contributes significantly to setting the distribution limits of organisms, as demonstrated by vertical zonation patterns in the marine intertidal zone. In this thesis, the ultimate (evolutionary) and proximate (mechanistic) causes of tolerance to temperature and emersion stresses associated with the intertidal zone were examined using porcelain crabs, genus Petrolisthes. Species of Petrolisthes from intertidal and subtidal microhabitats of four biogeographic regions of the Eastern Pacific were used in phylogenetically-based comparative analyses of morphological, physiological, and biochemical adaptation to environmental stress. A phylogenetic tree based on the sequence of the 16sRNA gene was developed to facilitate these analyses. Organismal thermal tolerance limits are adapted to match maximal microhabitat temperatures. Acclimation of thermal tolerance limits suggests that temperate intertidal zone species are living close to their thermal maximum in nature. Respiratory responses to emersion vary among species from different vertical zones. Experimental examination of oxygen consumption rates and lactate accumulation during emersion suggests that intertidal species are able to respire in air using thin membranous regions on the ventral meral segments of their legs (leg membranes). Leg membrane size is positively correlated with body size across species, but not within a single species. Evolutionary analyses indicate that leg membranes may not have evolved for purposes of aerial respiration, but their presence may have allowed intertidal and subtidal species to achieve larger body sizes and higher metabolic rates. The thermal stabilities of an enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), from 22 species of Petrolisthes varied widely, but were not correlated with maximal habitat temperatures. Comparative analyses did not indicate any evolutionary relationship between LDH thermal stability and microhabitat conditions. Experimental evidence suggests that interspecific differences in LDH stability are genetically based, and are due both to intrinsic properties of the LDH molecules and extrinsic protein stabilizers. Elucidation of the mechanism(s) of LDH stabilization in Petrolisthes may provide novel insight to the field of protein stabilization. These results studies suggest that individual traits may be subjected to differing levels of selection, and thus the analysis of environmental adaptation requires careful consideration of the biological significance of the traits being examined.

Projecting Range Expansion of Invasive European Green Crabs (Carcinus Maenas) to Alaska

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Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Projecting Range Expansion of Invasive European Green Crabs (Carcinus Maenas) to Alaska by : Anson Hemingway Hines

Download or read book Projecting Range Expansion of Invasive European Green Crabs (Carcinus Maenas) to Alaska written by Anson Hemingway Hines and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The establishment of self-sustaining populations of the invasive species Carcinus maenas, or European green crab, in Alaska may be prevented by environmental conditions. Laboratory experiements measured temperature and salinity conditions required for successful development of green crab larvae to test this hypothesis.

Exploring the Expansion, Impact and a Control Option for European Green Crab Populations in Prince Edward Island, Atlantic Canada

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Book Synopsis Exploring the Expansion, Impact and a Control Option for European Green Crab Populations in Prince Edward Island, Atlantic Canada by : Luke Anthony Poirier

Download or read book Exploring the Expansion, Impact and a Control Option for European Green Crab Populations in Prince Edward Island, Atlantic Canada written by Luke Anthony Poirier and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the world's most successful marine invaders, the European green crab (Carcinus maenas), continues to spread and invade the coastlines of Atlantic Canada. In Prince Edward Island in particular, populations have continued to expand since the late 1990s. In areas like these, there is a distinct need to document this species' expansion into new habitats, to monitor its impacts on important native species, and to develop innovative mitigation strategies to control some of its effects. This thesis addressed the large information gap that still exists on this species' effect in the Atlantic Canadian region by focusing on four main areas: First, I explored over a decade of green crab population expansion records along Prince Edward Island's main shorelines. Second, I surveyed and examined the effects of green crabs on vulnerable size classes of an important shellfish species, the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Third, I performed a preliminary study into the occurrence and synchrony of molting in green crabs, identifying suitable physical features of pre-molting crabs as a first step for developing a soft-shell crab industry. And fourth, I developed and tested a novel bycatch reduction device to be used with fyke nets to facilitate the implementation of the aforementioned directed fishery for this species. Samples collected during the years 2000-2013 indicated that green crab expansion rates on Prince Edward Island vary spatially and temporarily. Expansion rates were higher along the south shore than the north shore of the island, and it was hypothesized that this dissimilarity was possibly related to the higher availability of suitable habitat along the south shore. The speed of the spread was such that it seemed more likely related to the benthic movement of juvenile and adult crabs than associated to larval spread or new anthropogenic vectors. With regards to green crab impacts, multiple oyster bed surveys conducted in 2014 measured mortality levels of vulnerable size classes of oysters. These surveys revealed that the probability of mortality of small oysters was higher in areas where green crabs were present. This probability decreased in the presence of other food sources (i.e. mussel beds), a result likely linked to green crab prey preferences. Field experiments using inclusion/exclusion cages indicated that the odds of oyster mortality was higher in inclusion cages than in the open environment and exclusion cages. These results suggested that at least some of the mortality of oysters could be attributed to green crab predation. With the recent implementation of a fishery for green crab as a potential mitigation strategy, there is a need for a marketable product to prompt fishermen to harvest green crabs. A soft-shell green crab product modelled after the Venetian "moleche" is expected to provide a lucrative incentive beyond the existing hard shell bait market. The examination of the timing and characteristics of molting revealed that synchronized "molting windows" or times of increased molting occur in the early summer for male green crabs. Recorded molting rates in the laboratory and the field were as high as 75% and 60%, respectively. External physical characteristics such as the presence of a "halo" on the episternites of the carapace, were deemed a reliable indicator that a crab would molt within 3 weeks. Although these results were preliminary in nature, they were promising and suggested that further studies be performed on the potential scaling up of these results. Fyke nets are a natural choice for a directed fishery of green crabs, as this type of gear is readily available and used locally, primarily for American eel (Anguilla rostrata). These nets are also a variant of the fyke net used in Italy to fish for a similar species of crab (Carcinus aestuarii) during its molting season. However, before fyke nets can be used in a directed fishery for green crab in Atlantic Canada, bycatch must be reduced. A novel Bycatch Reduction Device (BRD) for fyke nets was therefore developed and evaluated. Bycatch numbers and diversity, including three key commercial species, were significantly lower in the BRD equipped nets. Overall, the results of this thesis advance green crab research in the region, especially with regards to the quantification of impacts and development of mitigation measures. Further research questions as a result of my thesis work are identified and briefly discussed.

A Biological Synopsis of the European Green Crab, Carcinus Maenas

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Total Pages : 75 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis A Biological Synopsis of the European Green Crab, Carcinus Maenas by : Gregory John Klassen

Download or read book A Biological Synopsis of the European Green Crab, Carcinus Maenas written by Gregory John Klassen and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: