Phylogenetics And Biogeography Of Mouse Opossums Didelphidae Marmosa

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Phylogenetics and Biogeography of Mouse Opossums (Didelphidae: Marmosa)

Author : Eliecer Eduardo Gutierrez
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (861 download)

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Book Synopsis Phylogenetics and Biogeography of Mouse Opossums (Didelphidae: Marmosa) by : Eliecer Eduardo Gutierrez

Download or read book Phylogenetics and Biogeography of Mouse Opossums (Didelphidae: Marmosa) written by Eliecer Eduardo Gutierrez and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research focused on the systematics and biogeography of mouse opossums of the genus Marmosa (Mammalia: Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae), with special emphasis on species found in the complicated geography of north-central South America. Via the four chapters of this dissertation, I presented information obtained through fieldwork, examination of museum specimens, DNA sequencing, phylogenetic analyses, georeferencing (including consultation of field notes and collectors), and ecological niche modeling. In Chapter 1, I conducted phylogenetic analyses of species of Marmosa based on sequence data of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene (CYTB), in part to test the monophyly of species previously recognized based on morphological criteria. This study revealed the existence of unrecognized species and identified novel interspecific relationships. All trans-Andean species of the subgenus Marmosa were recovered as a clade, suggesting that the uplift of the Andes might have played an important role in the diversification of the genus. In Chapter 2, I documented the presence of M. waterhousei in the Venezuelan Andes. This finding implied that the species might have crossed the dry Depresion del Tachira during a glacial period. In Chapter 3, I investigated the phylogeography of M. robinsoni , a species predominately distributed across the dry forests of northern South America. I conducted phylogenetic analyses based on sequence data of one mitochondrial and one nuclear gene. The results confirmed the monophyly of a dry-forest clade formed by M. robinsoni and M. xerophila and showed the existence of two major clades within M. robinsoni that corresponded roughly to an east/west division. Results of ancestral area reconstructions identified multiple dispersal events out of the greater Maracaibo basin. Lastly, in Chapter 4 I used ecological niche modeling to test the geographic predictions of competition between a sister species pair, M. robinsoni and M. xerophila . The results strongly suggest that M. xerophila may isolate populations of M. robinsoni in the Peninsula de Paraguana of northern Venezuela---representing a novel example of geographic isolation caused by competition. Together, these studies contributed to a better understanding of the taxonomy, phylogenetics, and biogeography of the genus Marmosa; provide novel information relevant to the biogeography of dry-forest species in northwestern South America; and propose a refinement of the concept of ecological vicariance to incorporate the possibility that biotic interactions could lead to geographic isolation.

Molecular Systematics of Mouse Opossums (Didelphidae, Marmosa)

Author : Eliécer E. Gutiérrez
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (645 download)

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Book Synopsis Molecular Systematics of Mouse Opossums (Didelphidae, Marmosa) by : Eliécer E. Gutiérrez

Download or read book Molecular Systematics of Mouse Opossums (Didelphidae, Marmosa) written by Eliécer E. Gutiérrez and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The genus Marmosa contains 15 currently recognized species, of which nine are referred to the subgenus Marmosa, and six to the subgenus Micoureus. Recent revisionary research based on morphological data, however, suggests that the subgenus Marmosa is more diverse than the currently accepted taxonomy indicates. Herein we report phylogenetic analyses of sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene representing 12 of the 14 morphologically defined taxa recently treated as valid species of Marmosa (Marmosa) in the aforementioned revisionary work. These data provide a basis for testing the monophyly of morphologically defined taxa in the subgenus Marmosa, and they afford the first opportunity to assess phylogenetic relationships among the majority of species currently referred to the genus. Ten of 11 species of Marmosa (Marmosa) represented by multiple sequences in our analyses were recovered as monophyletic. In contrast, our samples of M. mexicana were recovered as two deeply divergent haplogroups that were not consistently associated as sister taxa. Among other results, our analyses support the recognition of M. isthmica and M. simonsi as species distinct from M. robinsoni, and the recognition of M. macrotarsus and M. waterhousei as species distinct from M. murina. The validity of three other species long recognized as distinct (M. rubra, M. tyleriana, and M. xerophila) is also clearly supported by our results. Although cytochrome-b sequence data are not consistently informative about interspecific relationships in this study, we found strong support for several clades, including (1) the subgenus Micoureus; (2) a group comprised of Marmosa macrotarsus, M. murina, M. tyleriana, and M. waterhousei; (3) a group comprised of M. robinsoni and M. xerophila; and (4) a group comprising all of the species in the subgenus Marmosa that occur north and west of the Andes (M. isthmica, M. mexicana, M. robinsoni, M. simonsi, M. xerophila, and M. zeledoni). Our discovery of the latter clade suggests that the Andes may have played a major role in the early diversification of this speciose radiation of small Neotropical marsupials.

Molecular Systematics of Mouse Opossums (Didelphidae, Marmosa)

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (944 download)

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Book Synopsis Molecular Systematics of Mouse Opossums (Didelphidae, Marmosa) by :

Download or read book Molecular Systematics of Mouse Opossums (Didelphidae, Marmosa) written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Phylogenetic Relationships of Mouse Opossums (Didelphidae, Marmosa) with a Revised Subgeneric Classification and Notes on Sympatric Diversity. (American Museum Novitates, No. 3817).

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
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Book Synopsis Phylogenetic Relationships of Mouse Opossums (Didelphidae, Marmosa) with a Revised Subgeneric Classification and Notes on Sympatric Diversity. (American Museum Novitates, No. 3817). by :

Download or read book Phylogenetic Relationships of Mouse Opossums (Didelphidae, Marmosa) with a Revised Subgeneric Classification and Notes on Sympatric Diversity. (American Museum Novitates, No. 3817). written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Phylogenetic Relationships of Mouse Opossums (Didelphidae, Marmosa) with a Revised Subgeneric Classification and Notes on Sympatric Diversity

Author : Robert S. Voss
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis Phylogenetic Relationships of Mouse Opossums (Didelphidae, Marmosa) with a Revised Subgeneric Classification and Notes on Sympatric Diversity by : Robert S. Voss

Download or read book Phylogenetic Relationships of Mouse Opossums (Didelphidae, Marmosa) with a Revised Subgeneric Classification and Notes on Sympatric Diversity written by Robert S. Voss and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To resolve phylogenetic relationships among species of Marmosa we analyzed DNA sequences from one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes for every member of the nominotypical subgenus and from four species of the subgenus Micoureus. As reported in previous studies, the subgenus Marmosa was found to be paraphyletic, whereas Micoureus was recovered as a robustly supported clade. Species currently referred to the subgenus Marmosa form four strongly supported and morphologically diagnosable groups. Based on these results we recognize a total of five subgenera: Marmosa Gray, 1821 (for macrotarsus, murina, tyleriana, and waterhousei); Micoureus Lesson, 1842 (for alstoni, constantiae, demerarae, paraguayana, phaea, and regina); Stegomarmosa Pine, 1972 (for andersoni and lepida); Eomarmosa, new subgenus (for rubra); and Exulomarmosa, new subgenus (for isthmica, mexicana, robinsoni, simonsi, xerophila, and zeledoni). The best-supported hypothesis of relationships among these clades is ((Stegomarmosa (Marmosa + Micoureus)) (Eomarmosa + Exulomarmosa)), and our results additionally resolve many interspecific relationships within each subgenus. These clades have broadly overlapping geographic distributions, especially in western Amazonia, where the arboreal insectivorous-frugivorous niche of Marmosa is apparently partitioned among multiple sympatric congeners.

Phylogenetic Relationships of Mouse Opossums (Didelphidae, Marmosa) with a Revised Subgeneric Classification and Notes on Sympatric Diversity

Author : Robert S. Voss
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 27 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis Phylogenetic Relationships of Mouse Opossums (Didelphidae, Marmosa) with a Revised Subgeneric Classification and Notes on Sympatric Diversity by : Robert S. Voss

Download or read book Phylogenetic Relationships of Mouse Opossums (Didelphidae, Marmosa) with a Revised Subgeneric Classification and Notes on Sympatric Diversity written by Robert S. Voss and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To resolve phylogenetic relationships among species of Marmosa we analyzed DNA sequences from one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes for every member of the nominotypical subgenus and from four species of the subgenus Micoureus. As reported in previous studies, the subgenus Marmosa was found to be paraphyletic, whereas Micoureus was recovered as a robustly supported clade. Species currently referred to the subgenus Marmosa form four strongly supported and morphologically diagnosable groups. Based on these results we recognize a total of five subgenera: Marmosa Gray, 1821 (for macrotarsus, murina, tyleriana, and waterhousei); Micoureus Lesson, 1842 (for alstoni, constantiae, demerarae, paraguayana, phaea, and regina); Stegomarmosa Pine, 1972 (for andersoni and lepida); Eomarmosa, new subgenus (for rubra); and Exulomarmosa, new subgenus (for isthmica, mexicana, robinsoni, simonsi, xerophila, and zeledoni). The best-supported hypothesis of relationships among these clades is ((Stegomarmosa (Marmosa + Micoureus)) (Eomarmosa + Exulomarmosa)), and our results additionally resolve many interspecific relationships within each subgenus. These clades have broadly overlapping geographic distributions, especially in western Amazonia, where the arboreal insectivorous-frugivorous niche of Marmosa is apparently partitioned among multiple sympatric congeners.

Opossums

Author : Robert S. Voss
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421439794
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis Opossums by : Robert S. Voss

Download or read book Opossums written by Robert S. Voss and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2021-03-09 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive volume on opossums, a group of ecologically and scientifically important mammals, covering natural history, evolution, behavior, and biogeography. Opossums are the most diverse and ecologically important group of New World marsupials, although only the Virginia opossum is familiar to North American residents. In fact, many species of opossums are found in Neotropical rainforests, savannas, and other habitats, where they are key participants in food webs and other ecological relationships. One species, the short-tail opossum (Monodelphis domestica), has recently become a model organism for biomedical researchers. Eclipsed in the public imagination by their Australian relatives, opossums remained for many years a somewhat obscure group, of interest primarily to taxonomists and students of mammalian reproduction. While thousands of scientific articles have appeared in recent years on opossum systematics, morphology, behavior, physiology, genetics, and ecology, this important but widely scattered literature has never been effectively summarized—until now. In Opossums, the first book-length treatment of these fascinating organisms, recognized authorities Robert S. Voss and Sharon A. Jansa synthesize a wide range of available information about the diversity, comparative biology, and natural history of the opossum. Peering into every biological facet of the lives of these long-neglected mammals, the volume includes • introductory chapters explaining the paleontological and biogeographic context for opossum evolution • an overview of the extant fauna, which includes over 100 species in 18 genera • a section devoted to opossum phenotypes: morphology, physiology, and behavior • detailed information on opossum natural history, including habitats, diets, predators, and parasites • in-depth and novel interpretations of opossums' adaptive radiation in a phylogenetic context Intended for undergraduate biology majors, graduate students, and research professionals, this coherent and original portrait of opossums will be of particular interest to mammalogists, evolutionary biologists, and Neotropical field biologists as well as biomedical researchers working with Monodelphis domestica as a model organism.

Historical Relationships of South American Mouse Opossums (Thylamys, Didelphidae)

Author : R. Eduardo Palma
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (326 download)

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Book Synopsis Historical Relationships of South American Mouse Opossums (Thylamys, Didelphidae) by : R. Eduardo Palma

Download or read book Historical Relationships of South American Mouse Opossums (Thylamys, Didelphidae) written by R. Eduardo Palma and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Bones, Clones, and Biomes

Author : Bruce D. Patterson
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226649210
Total Pages : 427 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (266 download)

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Book Synopsis Bones, Clones, and Biomes by : Bruce D. Patterson

Download or read book Bones, Clones, and Biomes written by Bruce D. Patterson and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2012-05-01 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As explorers and scientists have known for decades, the Neotropics harbor a fantastic array of our planet’s mammalian diversity, from capybaras and capuchins to maned wolves and mouse opossums to sloths and sakis. This biological bounty can be attributed partly to the striking diversity of Neotropical landscapes and climates and partly to a series of continental connections that permitted intermittent faunal exchanges with Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and North America. Thus, to comprehend the development of modern Neotropical mammal faunas requires not only mastery of the Neotropics’ substantial diversity, but also knowledge of mammalian lineages and landscapes dating back to the Mesozoic. Bones, Clones, and Biomes offers just that—an exploration of the development and relationships of the modern mammal fauna through a series of studies that encompass the last 100 million years and both Central and South America. This work serves as a complement to more taxonomically driven works, providing for readers the long geologic and biogeographic contexts that undergird the abundance and diversity of Neotropical mammals. Rather than documenting diversity or distribution, this collection traverses the patterns that the distributions and relationships across mammal species convey, bringing together for the first time geology, paleobiology, systematics, mammalogy, and biogeography. Of critical importance is the book’s utility for current conservation and management programs, part of a rapidly rising conservation paleobiology initiative.

On the Identity of Victoria's Mouse Opossum, Marmosa Regina Thomas, 1898

Author : Thomas C. Giarla
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis On the Identity of Victoria's Mouse Opossum, Marmosa Regina Thomas, 1898 by : Thomas C. Giarla

Download or read book On the Identity of Victoria's Mouse Opossum, Marmosa Regina Thomas, 1898 written by Thomas C. Giarla and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Phylogenetic analyses of molecular sequence data obtained from the holotype of Marmosa regina Thomas, 1898, together with a reassessment of its morphological characters indicate that this species does not belong to the subgenus Micoureus as previously believed. Instead, both molecular and phenotypic data are consistent with the hypothesis that M. regina is a senior synonym of M. isthmica Goldman, 1912, in the subgenus Exulomarmosa. Because replacing isthmica with regina would create nomenclatural confusion, we recommend maintaining current usage of the former name and suppressing usage of the latter.

Phylogeography and Systematics of the Slender Mouse Opossum Marmosops (Marsupialia, Didelphidae)

Author : Meika A. Mustrangi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780520098152
Total Pages : 86 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (981 download)

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Book Synopsis Phylogeography and Systematics of the Slender Mouse Opossum Marmosops (Marsupialia, Didelphidae) by : Meika A. Mustrangi

Download or read book Phylogeography and Systematics of the Slender Mouse Opossum Marmosops (Marsupialia, Didelphidae) written by Meika A. Mustrangi and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph details molecular (DNA sequence) and morphological variation of slender mouse opposums of the genus Marmosops, a diverse but biologically poorly known group of insectivorous marsupials of the neotropical wet forests. Emphasis is placed on taxa of the Atlantic rainforest of coastal Brazil, with comparisons made to those of Amazonia. Lineages of these opossums are quite old, likely dating fromthe late Tertiary, and the acutal number of species in the genus is considerably higher than presently believed. Both of these findings are important to issues of meaasurement and management of biodiversity in threatened ecosystems.

American and Australasian Marsupials

Author : Nilton C. Cáceres
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031084195
Total Pages : 1648 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis American and Australasian Marsupials by : Nilton C. Cáceres

Download or read book American and Australasian Marsupials written by Nilton C. Cáceres and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-06-30 with total page 1648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the evolution, biogeography, systematics, taxonomy, and ecology of New World and Australasian marsupials, greatly expanding the current knowledge base. There are roughly 140 species of New World marsupials, of which the opossum is the best known. Thanks to recent research, there is now an increasing amount of understanding about their evolution, biogeography, systematics, ecology, and conservation in the Americas, especially in South America. There are also some 270 marsupial species in the Australasian region, many of which have been subject to research only in recent years. Based on this information and the authors’ extensive research, this book provides comprehensive insights into the world's marsupials. It will appeal to academics and specialized researchers, students of zoology, paleontology, evolutionary biology, ecology, physiology and conservation as well as interested non-experts.

Mammalogy

Author : George A. Feldhamer
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421415895
Total Pages : 764 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis Mammalogy by : George A. Feldhamer

Download or read book Mammalogy written by George A. Feldhamer and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2015-01-15 with total page 764 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reflecting the expertise and perspective of five leading mammalogists, the fourth edition of Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology significantly updates taxonomy, includes a new chapter on mammalian molecular phylogenetics, and highlights several recently described species. There are close to 5,500 species in the class Mammalia, including the blue whaleâ€”the largest animal that has ever livedâ€”and the pygmy shrew, which weighs little more than a penny. The functional diversity of mammals has allowed them to play critical roles in every ecosystem, whether marine, freshwater, alpine, tundra, forest, or desert. Many mammal species are critically endangered and present complex conservation and management challenges. This book touches on those challenges, which are often precipitated by overharvesting and habitat loss, as well as emerging threats, such as the impact of wind turbines and white nose syndrome on bats and chronic wasting disease on deer. Among the updates and additions to the fourth edition of Mammalogy are numerous new photos, figures, and cladograms, over 4,200 references, as well as • A completely new chapter on mammalian phylogeny and genomics • Current taxonomyâ€”including major changes to orders, suborders, and superfamilies of bats and rodents • An explanation of the recent inclusion of whales with terrestrial even-toed ungulates • Updates on mammalian structural, functional adaptations, and fossil history • recent advances in our understanding of phylogeny, biogeography, social behavior, and ecology • A discussion of two new orders and thirteen newly recognized extant families • Reflections on the implications of climate change for mammals • Thorough examinations of several recently described species, including Durrell's vontsira (Salanoia durrelli) and the Laotian rock rat (Laonastes aenigmamus) • An explanation of mammalian biomechanics, such as that seen in lunge feeding of baleen whales • Breakout boxes on unique aspects of mammals, including the syntax of bat songs, singing mice, and why there are no green mammals (unless we count algae-covered sloths) Maintaining the accessible, readable style for which Feldhamer and his coauthors are well known, this new edition of Mammalogy is the authoritative textbook on this amazingly diverse class of vertebrates.

Walker's Mammals of the World

Author : Ronald M. Nowak
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421424673
Total Pages : 785 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis Walker's Mammals of the World by : Ronald M. Nowak

Download or read book Walker's Mammals of the World written by Ronald M. Nowak and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2018-06-15 with total page 785 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Walker's vision, the text smoothly combines in-depth scholarship with a popular, readable style to preserve and enhance what the Washington Post called a landmark of zoological literature.

Predators with Pouches

Author : Menna Jones
Publisher : CSIRO PUBLISHING
ISBN 13 : 0643099484
Total Pages : 504 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Predators with Pouches by : Menna Jones

Download or read book Predators with Pouches written by Menna Jones and published by CSIRO PUBLISHING. This book was released on 2003-04-30 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Predators with Pouches provides a unique synthesis of current knowledge of the world’s carnivorous marsupials—from Patagonia to New Guinea and North America to Tasmania. Written by 63 experts in each field, the book covers a comprehensive range of disciplines including evolution and systematics, reproductive biology, physiology, ecology, behaviour and conservation. Predators with Pouches reveals the relationships between the American didelphids and the Australian dasyurids, and explores the role of the marsupial fauna in the mammal community. It introduces the geologically oldest marsupials, from the Americas, and examines the fall from former diversity of the larger marsupial carnivores and their convergent evolution with placental forms. The book covers all aspects of carnivorous marsupials, including interesting features of life history, their unique reproduction, the physiological basis for early senescence in semelparous dasyurids, sex ratio variation and juvenile dispersal. It looks at gradients in nutrition—from omnivory to insectivory to carnivory—as well as distributional ecology, social structure and conservation dilemmas.

A Manual of the Mammalia

Author : Douglas A. Kelt
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022653314X
Total Pages : 349 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (265 download)

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Book Synopsis A Manual of the Mammalia by : Douglas A. Kelt

Download or read book A Manual of the Mammalia written by Douglas A. Kelt and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2020-09-01 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “An outstanding contribution. . . . The glossary and illustrations are excellent and most helpful. This book will be the standard for years to come.” —Robert M. Timm, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, and past president, American Society of Mammalogists Douglas A. Kelt and James L. Patton provide a long-overdue update to Timothy E. Lawlor’s Handbook to the Orders and Families of Living Mammals in their new, wholly original work, A Manual of the Mammalia. Complemented by global range maps, high-resolution photographs of skulls and mandibles by Bill Stone, and the outstanding artwork of Fiona Reid, this book provides an overview of biological attributes of each higher taxon while highlighting key and diagnostic characters needed to identify skulls and skins of all recent mammalian orders and most families. Kelt and Patton also place taxa in their currently understood supra-familial clades, and discuss current challenges in higher mammal taxonomy. Including a comprehensive review of mammalian anatomy to provide a foundation for understanding all characters employed throughout, A Manual of the Mammalia is both a handbook for students learning to identify higher mammal taxa and a uniquely comprehensive reference for mammalogists from across the globe. “[A] comprehensive, lavishly illustrated reference book.” —Nature “A success overall. Recommended.” —Choice “There is hardly a better manual for comparing old and new taxonomic and phylogenetic constructs for the Class Mammalia.” —Michael A. Mares, director, curator, and professor emeritus, Sam Noble Museum, University of Oklahoma, and past president, American Society of Mammalogists “Kelt and Patton take mammalogy from a 1990’s flip phone to iPhone 13. A Manual of the Mammalia is entirely on a higher plane.” —Journal of Mammalogy

The Great American Biotic Interchange

Author : Alberto Luis Cione
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9401797927
Total Pages : 106 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis The Great American Biotic Interchange by : Alberto Luis Cione

Download or read book The Great American Biotic Interchange written by Alberto Luis Cione and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-04-24 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: South American ecosystems suffered one of the greatest biogeographical events, after the establishment of the Panamian land bridge, called the “Great American Biotic Interchange” (GABI). This refers to the exchange, in several phases, of land mammals between the Americas; this event started during the late Miocene with the appearance of the Holartic Procyonidae (Huayquerian Age) in South America and continues today. The major phases of mammalian dispersal occurred from the Latest Pliocene (Marplatan Age) to the Late Pleistocene (Lujanian Age). The most important and richest localities of Late Miocene-Holocene fossil vertebrates of South America are those of the Pampean region of Argentina. There are also several Late Miocene and Pliocene localities in western Argentina and Bolivia. Other important fossils have been collected in localities of Pleistocene age outside Argentina: Tarija (Bolivia), karstic caves of Lagoa Santa and the recently explored caves of Tocantins (Brasil), Talara (Perú), La Carolina (Ecuador), Muaco (Venezuela), and Cueva del Milodon (Chile), among others. The book discusses basic information for interpreting the GABI such as taxonomic composition (incorporating the latest revisions) at classical and new localities for each stage addressing climate, environments, and time boundaries for each stage. It includes the chronology and dynamics of the GABI, the integration of South American mammalian faunas through time, the Quaternary mammalian extinctions and the composition of recent mammalian fauna of the continent.