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Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants
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Book Synopsis Draft toxicological profile for phosphate ester flame retardants by :
Download or read book Draft toxicological profile for phosphate ester flame retardants written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants by :
Download or read book Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Draft Toxicological Profile for Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants by :
Download or read book Draft Toxicological Profile for Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals by : National Research Council
Download or read book Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-07-06 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames from matches, cigarette lighters, and candles is one of the leading causes of residential-fire deaths in the United States. These fires accounted for about 16% of civilian fire deaths in 1996. On average, each year since 1990, about 90 deaths (primarily of children), 440 injuries, and property losses amounting to 50 million dollars have resulted from fires caused by the ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames. Certain commercial seating products (such as aircraft and bus seats) are subject to flammability standards and sometimes incorporate FR-treated upholstery cover materials, but there is no federal-government requirement for residential upholstered furniture, and it is generally not treated with FR chemicals. It is estimated that less than 0.2% of all U.S. residential upholstery fabric is treated with flame-retardant (FR) chemicals. The Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 created the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as an independent federal regulatory agency whose mission is to protect the public from unreasonable risks of injury and death associated with consumer products. CPSC also administers the Flammable Fabrics Act, under which it regulates flammability hazards and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), which regulates hazardous substances including chemicals. In 1993, the National Association of State Fire Marshals petitioned CPSC to issue a performance-based flammability standard for upholstered furniture to reduce the risk of residential fires. The Commission granted that portion of the petition relating to small open flame ignition risks. In response to concerns regarding the safety of FR chemicals, Congress, in the fiscal year 1999 appropriations report for CPSC, requested that the National Research Council conduct an independent study of the health risks to consumers posed by exposure to FR chemicals that are likely to be used in residential upholstered furniture to meet a CPSC standard. The National Research Council assigned the project to the Committee on Toxicology (COT) of the Commission on Life Sciences' Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. COT convened the Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, which prepared this report. Subcommittee members were chosen for their recognized expertise in toxicology, pharmacology, epidemiology, chemistry, exposure assessment, risk assessment, and biostatistics. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals is organized into 18 chapters and two appendices. Chapter 2 describes the risk assessment process used by the subcommittee in determining the risk associated with potential exposure to the various FR chemicals. Chapter 3 describes the method the subcommittee used to measure and estimate the intensity, frequency, extent, and duration of human exposure to FR chemicals. Chapters 4-19 provide the subcommittee's review and assessment of health risks posed by exposure to each of the 16 FR chemicals. Data gaps and research needs are provided at the end of these chapters.
Book Synopsis Toxicological Profile for Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants by : Jewell Crawford
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants written by Jewell Crawford and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book ATSDR Toxzine written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Non-halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook by : Alexander B. Morgan
Download or read book The Non-halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook written by Alexander B. Morgan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-04-07 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A one-stop, practical handbook containing all of the current commercial non-halogenated flame retardant technologies as well as experimental systems near commercialization In response to the emphasis on replacing halogenated flame retardants with alternate technologies, this handbook focuses on existing non-halogenated flame retardants and the experimental close-to-production systems that are available today. The Non-Halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook starts with an overview of the regulations and customer perceptions driving non-halogenated flame retardant selections over older halogenated technologies. It then moves on to cover the known major classes of non-halogenated flame retardants, before concluding with the current niche-performing technologies and untried commercial contenders of the future. The Non-Halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook: Takes a practical approach to addressing the narrow subject of non-halogenated flame retardancy—placing more emphasis on flame retardant selection for specific plastics, practical considerations in flame retardant material design, and the various technologies’ strengths and limits Focuses on the proper use of non-halogenated flame retardants, rather than the mechanics of how they work Discusses important future trends in flame retardancy Features sections written by industrial and chemical experts who know how to apply the technology to polymers for fire safety needs
Book Synopsis Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials by : Charles A. Wilkie
Download or read book Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials written by Charles A. Wilkie and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-07-29 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third edition of Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials provides a single source for all aspects of this highly challenging field of applied research. This authoritative book covers design and non-fire requirements that drive how these materials are fire protected. Detailed study and consideration of chemistry, physics, materials science, economic issues and fire safety science is necessary to address considerations of mechanical, thermal, environmental, and end-use requirements on top of fire protection means that the field requires. This thoroughly revised new edition continues to offer comprehensive coverage of the scientific approach for those developing fire safe materials. It covers new topics such as bio-based materials, regulatory issues, recycling, newer flame retardant chemical classes, and more details on how to flame retard materials for specific market applications. Written by a team of experts, this book covers the fundamentals of polymer burning and combustion and how to apply fire protection or flame-retardant chemistries to specific material classes and applications. The book is written for material scientists and fire safety scientists who seek to develop new fire safe materials or understand why materials burn in our modern environment. Features Connects fundamentals of material flammability to practical fire safety needs Covers current fire safety requirements and regulations affecting flame retardant selection Provides information on chemical structure-property relationships for flame retardancy Provides practical guidance on how to design fire safe materials for specific fire risk scenarios The new edition is expanded to 32 chapters and all chapters are updated and revised with the newest information
Book Synopsis Toxicological Profile for Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants by :
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Review of Phosphate Ester Fire Resistance Mechanisms and Their Relevance to Fluid Testing by : TA. Marolewski
Download or read book A Review of Phosphate Ester Fire Resistance Mechanisms and Their Relevance to Fluid Testing written by TA. Marolewski and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fire resistance of phosphate esters is primarily a result of properties imparted by the phosphate nucleus. These properties make triaryl phosphate esters difficult to ignite and cause them to self-extinguish. Fluid fire resistance is a function of different chemical and/or physical characteristics depending on fire test configuration. Studies performed on phosphate esters for flame retardant and fire extinguishing applications provide useful analogies to fluid fire resistance. The soaked cube fire test predicts the oxidation exotherm temperature of a fluid on steam pipe lagging. The impact of fluid properties on the decomposition and ignition temperature is discussed. A simple extension of the fire point test was used to illustrate the fire resistance of various phosphate ester/polyol ester mixtures. The transition to a self-extinguishing mixture occurs over a narrow phosphate ester concentration range.
Book Synopsis Polymer Green Flame Retardants by : Constantine D. Papaspyrides
Download or read book Polymer Green Flame Retardants written by Constantine D. Papaspyrides and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2014-08-14 with total page 943 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymer Green Flame Retardants covers key issues regarding the response of polymers during fire, the mechanisms of their flame retardation, the regulations imposed on their use, and the health hazards arising from their combustion. Presenting the latest research developments, the book focuses in particular on nanocomposites, believed to be the most promising approach for producing physically superior materials with low flammability and ecological impact. The fire properties of nanocomposites of various matrixes and fillers are discussed, the toxicological characteristics of these materials are analyzed, addressing also their environmental sustainability. Edited by distinguished scientists, including an array of international industry and academia experts, this book will appeal to chemical, mechanical, environmental, material and process engineers, upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines, and generally to researchers developing commercially attractive and environmentally friendly fire-proof products. Provides recent findings on the manufacture of environmentally sustainable flame retardant polymeric materials Covers legislation and regulations concerning flame retarded polymeric material use Includes tables containing the fire properties of the most common polymeric materials
Book Synopsis Taking an Exposure History by : Arthur L. Frank
Download or read book Taking an Exposure History written by Arthur L. Frank and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Flame Retardants:tris(2-butoxyethyl) Phosphate, Tris(2-ethlyhexyl)phosphate and Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium Salts by :
Download or read book Flame Retardants:tris(2-butoxyethyl) Phosphate, Tris(2-ethlyhexyl)phosphate and Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium Salts written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Environmental Risk Limits for Several Phosphate Esters, with Possible Application as Flame Retardant by : Eric Mario Joan Verbruggen
Download or read book Environmental Risk Limits for Several Phosphate Esters, with Possible Application as Flame Retardant written by Eric Mario Joan Verbruggen and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Indoor Environment by : Lidia Morawska
Download or read book Indoor Environment written by Lidia Morawska and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-12-13 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering the fundamentals of air-borne particles and settled dust in the indoor environment, this handy reference investigates: * relevant definitions and terminology, * characteristics, * sources, * sampling techniques and instrumentation, * exposure assessment, * monitoring methods. The result is a useful and comprehensive overview for chemists, physicists and biologists, postgraduate students, medical practitioners, occupational health professionals, building owners and managers, building, construction and air-conditioning engineers, architects, environmental lawyers, government and regulatory professionals.
Book Synopsis Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials by : Eli Pearce
Download or read book Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials written by Eli Pearce and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Flammability has been recognized as an increasingly important social and scientific problem. Fire statistics in the United States (Report of the National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control. "America Burning:' 1973) emphasized the vast devastation to life and property--12.000 lives lost annually due to fire. and these deaths are usually caused by inhaling smoke or toxic gases: 300.000 fire injuries: 11.4 billion dollars in fire cost at which 2.7 billion dollars is related to property loss: a billion dollars to burn injury treatment: and 3.3 billion dollars in productivity loss. It is obvious that much human and economic misery can be attributed to fire situations. In relation to this. polymer flammability has been recognized as an in creasingly important social and scientific problem. The development of flame-retardant polymeric materials is a current example where the initia tive for major scientific and technological developments is motivated by sociological pressure and legislation. This is part of the important trend toward a safer environment and sets a pattern for future example. Flame retardancy deals with our basic everyday life situations-housing. work areas. transportation. clothing and so forth-the "macroenvironment" capsule within which "homosapiens" live. As a result. flame-retardant polymers are now emerging as a specific class of materials leading to new and diversified scientific and technological ventures.
Book Synopsis Developmental Toxicity of Organophosphate-based Flame Retardants by : Sean P. McGee
Download or read book Developmental Toxicity of Organophosphate-based Flame Retardants written by Sean P. McGee and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture known as PentaBDE was once the primary flame retardant (FR) used in the US to comply with California's Technical Bulletin 117 (TB117) - a mandated flammability standard for polyurethane foam within upholstered furniture and baby products. In 2004, due to concerns about persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity, PentaBDE was voluntarily phased out, prompting an industry-wide shift toward the use of alternative flame retardant formulations containing at least one of the two major classes of organophosphate-based flame retardants (OPFRs) - chlorinated phosphate esters (CPEs) and aryl phosphate esters (APEs). Due to rapid adoption as PentaBDE replacements, organophosphate-based flame retardants (OPFRs) have been detected at concentrations comparable to and, in some cases, higher than total PBDE concentrations in household dust, suggesting that chronic human exposure to these alternative flame retardants following leaching from treated products is common within the United States. Despite the need for a better understanding of the potential developmental effects of OPFRs (since infants and children tend to (1) ingest more house dust than adults due to crawling and mouthing behaviors and (2) be exposed up to five times the acceptable daily OPFR intake level due to use in residential furniture), most studies to date have focused on the genotoxicity or neurotoxicity of OPFRs within adult animals. Using zebrafish as an animal model, the objective of these studies was to begin uncovering the mechanisms of developmental toxicity for OPFRs commonly detected within indoor environments. Our results demonstrate that the two major classes of OPFRs - CPEs and APEs - exhibit distinct mechanisms of toxicity during zebrafish embryogenesis. Specifically, exposure to the high-production volume CPE tris(1,3- dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) delayed zygotic genome remethylation during early embryogenesis, while exposure to triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and monoisopropylated triaryl phosphate (Mono-ITP) - two APEs that account for 49% of Firemaster 550, a major PentaBDE replacement - resulted in severe cardiac abnormalities during early vertebrate development. Overall, these results are the first to show early developmental toxicity of widely used and detected OPFRs.