Pharmacological targeting of tumor microenvironment: From bench to bedside, volume II

Download Pharmacological targeting of tumor microenvironment: From bench to bedside, volume II PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 283252379X
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pharmacological targeting of tumor microenvironment: From bench to bedside, volume II by : Chang Zou

Download or read book Pharmacological targeting of tumor microenvironment: From bench to bedside, volume II written by Chang Zou and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-05-18 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism

Download The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331977736X
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism by : Anne Le

Download or read book The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism written by Anne Le and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-26 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic alterations in cancer, in addition to being the fundamental drivers of tumorigenesis, can give rise to a variety of metabolic adaptations that allow cancer cells to survive and proliferate in diverse tumor microenvironments. This metabolic flexibility is different from normal cellular metabolic processes and leads to heterogeneity in cancer metabolism within the same cancer type or even within the same tumor. In this book, we delve into the complexity and diversity of cancer metabolism, and highlight how understanding the heterogeneity of cancer metabolism is fundamental to the development of effective metabolism-based therapeutic strategies. Deciphering how cancer cells utilize various nutrient resources will enable clinicians and researchers to pair specific chemotherapeutic agents with patients who are most likely to respond with positive outcomes, allowing for more cost-effective and personalized cancer therapeutic strategies.

Frontiers in Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery

Download Frontiers in Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bentham Science Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1681083892
Total Pages : 181 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frontiers in Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery by : Atta-ur Rahman

Download or read book Frontiers in Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery written by Atta-ur Rahman and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2017-07-06 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frontiers in Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery is a book series devoted to publishing the latest and the most important advances in anti-cancer drug design and discovery. Eminent scientists write contributions on all areas of rational drug design and drug discovery including medicinal chemistry, in-silico drug design, combinatorial chemistry, high-throughput screening, drug targets, recent important patents, and structure-activity relationships. The book series should prove to be of interest to all pharmaceutical scientists involved in research in anti-cancer drug design and discovery. Each volume is devoted to the major advances in anti-cancer drug design and discovery. The book series is essential reading to all scientists involved in drug design and discovery who wish to keep abreast of rapid and important developments in the field. The eighth volume of the series features chapters covering the following topics: - T cells in gastrointestinal cancers - The pharmacology of adjudin – a male contraceptive with anti-cancer properties - Manipulating the tumor microenvironment - Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma - Gold-based compounds as potential anti-cancer drug candidates - Oral nanostructure drug delivery for anti-cancer treatment

Advanced Drug Delivery Systems in the Management of Cancer

Download Advanced Drug Delivery Systems in the Management of Cancer PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323900798
Total Pages : 572 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Drug Delivery Systems in the Management of Cancer by : Kamal Dua

Download or read book Advanced Drug Delivery Systems in the Management of Cancer written by Kamal Dua and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-06-24 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced Drug Delivery Systems in the Management of Cancer discusses recent developments in nanomedicine and nano-based drug delivery systems used in the treatment of cancers affecting the blood, lungs, brain, and kidneys. The research presented in this book includes international collaborations in the area of novel drug delivery for the treatment of cancer. Cancer therapy remains one of the greatest challenges in modern medicine, as successful treatment requires the elimination of malignant cells that are closely related to normal cells within the body. Advanced drug delivery systems are carriers for a wide range of pharmacotherapies used in many applications, including cancer treatment. The use of such carrier systems in cancer treatment is growing rapidly as they help overcome the limitations associated with conventional drug delivery systems. Some of the conventional limitations that these advanced drug delivery systems help overcome include nonspecific targeting, systemic toxicity, poor oral bioavailability, reduced efficacy, and low therapeutic index. This book begins with a brief introduction to cancer biology. This is followed by an overview of the current landscape in pharmacotherapy for the cancer management. The need for advanced drug delivery systems in oncology and cancer treatment is established, and the systems that can be used for several specific cancers are discussed. Several chapters of the book are devoted to discussing the latest technologies and advances in nanotechnology. These include practical solutions on how to design a more effective nanocarrier for the drugs used in cancer therapeutics. Each chapter is written with the goal of informing readers about the latest advancements in drug delivery system technologies while reinforcing understanding through various detailed tables, figures, and illustrations. Advanced Drug Delivery Systems in the Management of Cancer is a valuable resource for anyone working in the fields of cancer biology and drug delivery, whether in academia, research, or industry. The book will be especially useful for researchers in drug formulation and drug delivery as well as for biological and translational researchers working in the field of cancer. Presents an overview of the recent perspectives and challenges within the management and diagnosis of cancer Provides insights into how advanced drug delivery systems can effectively be used in the management of a wide range of cancers Includes up-to-date information on diagnostic methods and treatment strategies using controlled drug delivery systems

Systems Biology of Tumor Microenvironment

Download Systems Biology of Tumor Microenvironment PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319420232
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Systems Biology of Tumor Microenvironment by : Katarzyna A. Rejniak

Download or read book Systems Biology of Tumor Microenvironment written by Katarzyna A. Rejniak and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-13 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume discusses the complexity of tumor microenvironments during cancer development, progression and treatment. Each chapter presents a different mathematical model designed to investigate the interactions between tumor cells and the surrounding stroma and stromal cells. The topics covered in this book include the quantitative image analysis of a tumor microenvironment, the microenvironmental barriers in oxygen and drug delivery to tumors, the development of tumor microenvironmental niches and sanctuaries, intravenous transport of the circulating tumor cells, the role of the tumor microenvironment in chemotherapeutic interventions, the interactions between tumor cells, the extracellular matrix, the interstitial fluid, and the immune and stromal cells. Mathematical models discussed here embrace both continuous and agent-based approaches, as well as mathematical frameworks of solid mechanics, fluid dynamics and optimal control theory. The topics in each chapter will be of interest to a biological community wishing to apply the mathematical methods to interpret their experimental data, and to a biomathematical audience interested in exploring how mathematical models can be used to address complex questions in cancer biology.

Macrophages and Natural Killer Cells

Download Macrophages and Natural Killer Cells PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1468443941
Total Pages : 814 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (684 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Macrophages and Natural Killer Cells by : Sigurd J. Normann

Download or read book Macrophages and Natural Killer Cells written by Sigurd J. Normann and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 814 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the outcome of a meeting held in Davos, Switzerland, February 7-12, 1982 focused primarily on mononuclear phagocytes and on natural killer (NK) cells. This IX International RES Congress was attended by 489 scientists from 31 countries and there were 340 scientific presentations in oral or poster session. The essential purpose of the Congress was to bring together scientists representing various aspects of mononuclear phagocyte biology to review and examine cri~ically the effects and mechanisms of macrophage growth control as well as the participatio~ of these cells in the afferent and efferent limbs of the immune response. Additional topics included the production and distribution of mono nuclear phagocytes; the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of these cells; and the origin, nature, function and regulation of NK cells. The ultimate goal of the Congress was to enhance communication between scientists in various countries and disciplines so that new research directives could be defined with which to explore basic aspects of macrophage and NK cell participation in the control of cancer and infection.

Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: Novel Concepts, Mechanisms and Applications

Download Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: Novel Concepts, Mechanisms and Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889458105
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: Novel Concepts, Mechanisms and Applications by : Qingxin Mu

Download or read book Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: Novel Concepts, Mechanisms and Applications written by Qingxin Mu and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-04-03 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the invention of nanomedicine decades ago, considerable progresses have been made, especially with cancer as a target. Nanoparticles have been proven to be powerful imaging tools or potent agents for cancer diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Active research spread from fundamental research to clinical investigations. This topic intends to cover several important aspects in this field including nanocarrier development, gene delivery, intrinsically active nanoparticles, tumor microenvironment, immunology, and toxicity.

Bio-Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy

Download Bio-Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030581748
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bio-Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy by : Flavia Fontana

Download or read book Bio-Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy written by Flavia Fontana and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-04 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book covers the latest developments in biologically-inspired and derived nanomedicine for cancer therapy. The purpose of the book is to illustrate the significance of naturally-mimicking systems for enhancing the dose delivered to the tumor, to improve stability, and prolong the circulation time. Moreover, readers are presented with advanced materials such as adjuvants for immunostimulation in cancer vaccines. The book also provides a comprehensive overview of the current status of academic research. This is an ideal book for students, researchers, and professors working in nanotechnology, cancer, targeted drug delivery, controlled drug release, materials science, and biomaterials as well as companies developing cancer immunotherapy.

Multifunctional Nanocomposites for Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy

Download Multifunctional Nanocomposites for Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323953042
Total Pages : 435 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Multifunctional Nanocomposites for Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy by : Awesh K. Yadav

Download or read book Multifunctional Nanocomposites for Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy written by Awesh K. Yadav and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-12-01 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multifunctional Nanocomposites for Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy explores the design, synthesis, and application of different multifunctional nanocomposites drug delivery system for cancer treatment. It encompasses initial chapters discussing introductory information about cancer, followed by chapters focusing on the detailed information about various novel drug delivery systems for treatment of several organ site cancers such as prostate, skin, breast, lung, liver, pancreas, stomach, colon, blood, mouth and throat. It is a valuable resource for cancer researchers, oncologists, graduate students, and members of biomedical research who need to understand more about novel nanotechnologies applied to cancer treatment. Discusses a wide range of promising approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer using the latest advancement in cutting-edge nanomedical technologies Presents chapters dedicated to each cancer type and the best nanocomposite therapies used, making the content easily discoverable by readers Written by world-renowned experts and researchers in the areas of nanomedicine, drug delivery and cancer research to explore thoroughly the topic with diverse perspectives

Cancer Nanotheranostics

Download Cancer Nanotheranostics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030762637
Total Pages : 379 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cancer Nanotheranostics by : Muthupandian Saravanan

Download or read book Cancer Nanotheranostics written by Muthupandian Saravanan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-10-05 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cancer Nanotheranostics, Volume 2 continues the discussion of the important work being done in this field of cancer nanotechnology. The contents of these two volumes are explained in detail as follows. In the first volume of Cancer Nanotheranostics, we discuss the role of different nanomaterials for cancer therapy including lipid-based nanomaterials, protein and peptide-based nanomaterials, polymer-based nanomaterials, metal-organic nanomaterials, porphyrin-based nanomaterials, metal-based nanomaterials, silica-based nanomaterials, exosome-based nanomaterials, and nano-antibodies. This important second volume discusses nano-based diagnosis of cancer, nano-oncology for clinical applications, nano-immunotherapy, nano-based photothermal cancer therapy, nanoerythrosomes for cancer drug delivery, regulatory perspectives of nanomaterials, limitations of cancer nanotheranostics, safety of nanobiomaterials for cancer nanotheranostics, multifunctional nanomaterials for targeting cancer nanotheranostics, and the role of artificial intelligence in cancer nanotheranostics. Volume 2 is a vital continuation of this two-volume set. Together, these two volumes create a comprehensive and unique examination of this important area of research.

Intracellular Delivery III

Download Intracellular Delivery III PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319435256
Total Pages : 453 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Intracellular Delivery III by : Aleš Prokop

Download or read book Intracellular Delivery III written by Aleš Prokop and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-31 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A critical review is attempted to assess the status of nanomedicine entry onto the market. The emergence of new potential therapeutic entities such as DNA and RNA fragments requires that these new “drugs” will need to be delivered in a cell-and organelle-specific manner. Although efforts have been made over the last 50 years or so to develop such delivery technology, no effective and above all clinically approved protocol for cell-specific drug delivery in humans exists as yet. Various particles, macromolecules, liposomes and most recently “nanomaterials” have been said to “show promise” but none of these promises have so far been “reduced” to human clinical practice. The focus of this volume is on cancer indication since the majority of published research relates to this application; within that, we focus on solid tumors (solid malignancies). Our aim is critically to evaluate whether nanomaterials, both non-targeted and targeted to specific cells, could be of therapeutic benefit in clinical practice. The emphasis of this volume will be on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) in animal and human studies. Apart from the case of exquisitely specific antibody-based drugs, the development of target-specific drug–carrier delivery systems has not yet been broadly successful at the clinical level. It can be argued that drugs generated using the conventional means of drug development (i.e., relying on facile biodistribution and activity after (preferably) oral administration) are not suitable for a target-specific delivery and would not benefit from such delivery even when a seemingly perfect delivery system is available. Therefore, successful development of site-selective drug delivery systems will need to include not only the development of suitable carriers, but also the development of drug entities that meet the required PK/PD profile.

Drug Resistance in Colorectal Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies

Download Drug Resistance in Colorectal Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128199385
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Drug Resistance in Colorectal Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies by : Chi Hin Cho

Download or read book Drug Resistance in Colorectal Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies written by Chi Hin Cho and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-05-24 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drug Resistance in Colorectal Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies, Volume Eight, summarizes the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in colorectal cancer, along with the most up-to-date therapeutic strategies available. The book discusses reasons why colorectal tumors become refractory during the progression of the disease, but also explains how drug resistance occurs during chemotherapy. In addition, users will find the current therapeutic strategies used by clinicians in their practice in treating colorectal cancer. The combination of conventional anticancer drugs with chemotherapy-sensitizing agents plays a pivotal role in improving the outcome of colorectal cancer patients, in particular those with drug-resistant cancer cells. From a clinical point-of-view, the content of this book provides clinicians with updated therapeutic strategies for a better choice of drugs for drug-resistant colorectal cancer patients. It will be a valuable source for cancer researchers, oncologists and several members of biomedical field who are dedicated to better treat patients with colorectal cancer. Presents a systemic summary of molecular mechanisms for a quick and in-depth understanding Updates current trends in the field with pioneering information on drug resistance Encompasses both basic and clinical approaches for a better understanding of unsolved problems from a holistic point-of-view

Systemic Drug Delivery Strategies

Download Systemic Drug Delivery Strategies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0323909256
Total Pages : 590 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Systemic Drug Delivery Strategies by : Mansoor M. Amiji

Download or read book Systemic Drug Delivery Strategies written by Mansoor M. Amiji and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-08-21 with total page 590 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Systemic Drug Delivery Strategies: Delivery Strategies and Engineering Technologies in Cancer Immunotherapy, Volume 2 examines the challenges of delivering immuno-oncology therapies, focusing specifically on the multiple technologies of affective drug delivery strategies. Immuno-oncology (IO) is a growing field of medicine at the interface of immunology and cancer biology leading to development of novel therapeutic approaches, such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) and immune checkpoint blockade antibodies, that are clinically approved approaches for cancer therapy. Although currently approved IO approaches have shown tremendous promise for select types of cancers, broad application of IO strategies could even further improve the clinical success, especially for diseases such as pancreatic cancer, brain tumors where the success of IO so far has been limited. This volume of Delivery Strategies and Engineering Technologies in Cancer Immunotherapy discusses methods of targeting tumors, CRISPR technology, and vaccine delivery among many other delivery strategies. Systemic Drug Delivery Strategies: Delivery Strategies and Engineering Technologies in Cancer Immunotherapy, Volume 2 creates a comprehensive treaty that engages the scientific and medical community who are involved in the challenges of immunology, cancer biology, and therapeutics with possible solutions from the nanotechnology and drug delivery side. Comprehensive treaty covering all aspects of immuno-oncology (IO) Novel strategies for delivery of IO therapeutics and vaccines Forecasting on the future of nanotechnology and drug delivery for IO

Biomedical Chemistry

Download Biomedical Chemistry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110468751
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biomedical Chemistry by : Nuno Vale

Download or read book Biomedical Chemistry written by Nuno Vale and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2015-01-01 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomedical Chemistry provides readers with an understanding of how fundamental chemical concepts are used to combat some diseases. The authors explain the interdisciplinary relationship of chemistry with biology, physics, pharmacy and medicine. The results of chemical research can be applied to understand chemical processes in cells and in the body, and new methods for drug transportation. Also, basic chemical ideas and determination of disease etiology are approached by developing techniques to ensure optimum interaction between drugs and human cells. This Book is an excellent resource for students and researchers in health-related fields with frontier topics in medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry, organic chemistry and biochemistry.

New Nanomaterials and Techniques for Tumor-targeted Systems

Download New Nanomaterials and Techniques for Tumor-targeted Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811551596
Total Pages : 462 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Nanomaterials and Techniques for Tumor-targeted Systems by : Rongqin Huang

Download or read book New Nanomaterials and Techniques for Tumor-targeted Systems written by Rongqin Huang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-28 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarizes the latest advances in nanomaterials and techniques in the field of tumor-targeted diagnosis and therapy. It provides valuable information for beginners and senior researchers, and stimulates new research directions by offering novel and provocative insights into the properties and technical principles of nanomaterials. The book systemically discusses the challenges in tumor treatment, current tumor-targeted strategies, drug-release strategies, diagnosis and therapeutic patterns, and also explores newly developed multifunctional nanomaterials and related systems.

Multifaceted Approaches Combining Low or High LET Radiation and Pharmacological Interventions in Cancer and Radioprotection: From Bench to Bedside

Download Multifaceted Approaches Combining Low or High LET Radiation and Pharmacological Interventions in Cancer and Radioprotection: From Bench to Bedside PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889749487
Total Pages : 197 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Multifaceted Approaches Combining Low or High LET Radiation and Pharmacological Interventions in Cancer and Radioprotection: From Bench to Bedside by : Pankaj Chaudhary

Download or read book Multifaceted Approaches Combining Low or High LET Radiation and Pharmacological Interventions in Cancer and Radioprotection: From Bench to Bedside written by Pankaj Chaudhary and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-04-20 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Combinational Immunotherapy of Cancer: Novel Targets, Mechanisms, and Strategies

Download Combinational Immunotherapy of Cancer: Novel Targets, Mechanisms, and Strategies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832539726
Total Pages : 537 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Combinational Immunotherapy of Cancer: Novel Targets, Mechanisms, and Strategies by : Xuyao Zhang

Download or read book Combinational Immunotherapy of Cancer: Novel Targets, Mechanisms, and Strategies written by Xuyao Zhang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-01-15 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cancer immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy, has revolutionized the paradigm in cancer treatment. However, the clinical outcome of immunotherapy varies considerably among patients and only a minority of patients achieve long-term clinical benefits. This is largely attributed to the fact that existing cancer immunotherapies, which concentrate on several classical targets (CTAL-4, PD-1/PD-L1, etc.) and limited types of immune cell populations (T cells), are insufficient to cope with the complexity of highly heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (TME). This calls for more efforts to not only expand our toolbox for manipulating anticancer immunity but also diversify our combinational strategies. To this end, it is urgent to deeper our understanding of cancer immunotherapy by using both experimental and computational methodologies from multi-scale perspectives: 1) novel targets from either tumor cells or non-tumor cells within TME (e.g., tumor intrinsic resistance drivers, new immune checkpoints, neoantigens), 2) in-depth characterization of more immune cell populations (e.g., macrophages, Tregs, B cells) and their interactions and dynamics within TME, 3) landscape of actionable targets in patient populations for combination design. These efforts will open the avenue of rational design of combinational immunotherapies, allowing researchers and clinicians to design novel targeting therapeutics or to optimally orchestrate combinatory strategies aiming to surmount resistance mechanisms and improve clinical outcomes.