Petrogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons In The Aquatic Environment Analysis Synthesis Toxicity And Environmental Impact

Author : Chimezie Anyakora
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788130801889
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (18 download)

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Download or read book Environmental Impact of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, 2007 written by Chimezie Anyakora and published by . This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contamination of the environment by polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is becoming a rising environmental concern. Since the implication of these compounds as cancer causing agents several years ago, there has been a renewed interest in them. Many regulatory bodies have continually pushed for tighter legislature on PAHs. Hundreds of research papers have focused on this subject. In these papers the angle of focus varies. Some focused on the impact on the environment in general, some focused on carcinogenesis, carcinogenicity and toxicity of these compounds. Others focused on the analytical methodologies. All these papers have contributed a lot to deeper understanding of the nature and importance of PAHs. This book is an attempt to assemble several experts in the field to bring out some up to date experiences in different aspects of PAHs hence allowing the impact on the environment to be better appreciated. This book is aimed at researchers, scientists and regulators in environmental sciences. It is made up of 14 chapters which focus on different aspect of PAHs. The chapters include: Chemistry of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons; Toxicity, gentocity and carcinocity of PAHs; Toxicokinetics of PAHs; Bioremediation of PAHs; Structure activity relationship of PAHs; Biomarkers of PAHs exposure; Impact of PAHs on marine organisms in polluted sites; Embryotoxicity of PAHs; Application of PAHs in Chemical Fingerprinting; Sample Preparation; Analysis of PAHs with HPLC; Analysis of PAHs with GC and Analysis of PAHs with MECC. The first chapter of the book serves as a brief introduction to PAHs. It focuses on the Chemistry of these compounds. It briefly describes classification, nomenclature, properties and reactions of PAHs, laying more emphasis on sixteen US EPA priority PAHs. The next chapter goes straight to the toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of PAHs. This chapter reviews widely the important findings on the toxicity, cytotoxicity, ecotoxicity, neurotoxicity of PAHs. Epidemiological studies on PAHs are also reviewed and monitoring methods are well described. Third chapter reviews the vast literature on the toxicokinetics of PAHs. It briefly describes the concept of toxicokinetics in general (absorption, distribution metabolism and excretion) and the reviews important findings on the toxicokinetics of PAHs in the body. This chapter gives more emphasis on sixteen EPA priority PAHs especially benzo(a)pyrene because of the widespread study on them. Chapter four of this book deals with Biomarker of Exposure of PAHs. It reviews a total of 132 studies on biomarkers of PAHs exposure which include studies on children, and workers of various occupations. The review focuses on the use of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) as a biomarker of environmental and occupational exposure to PAHs. Chapter five of this book looks at Fish Embryos and PAH toxicity. Based on years of study, this chapter proposes that embryonic exposure to PAHs causes a wide variety of effects, many of which extend to later life stages including morphological defects, reduced growth, reduced predator avoidance and prey capture, depressed immune function, cancer, genetic changes, and population declines. This chapter is of great interest since most bioassay procedures do not capture the later life impact. The next chapter deals with Structure Activity Relationship. This handles the topic in a unique way by looking at PAH molecules that have been implicated in cancer and correlating their carcinogenic activities with known structural features that promote the ability of the compound to bind to the DNA molecule. Chapter seven looks at the Impact of PAHs on Marine Organisms in Polluted Sites. This chapter shows the levels of PAH contamination in various regions across the world stressing their hazards. It also presents fate, uptake and elimination of PAHs from marine organisms. The next chapter deals with bioremediation of PAHs. This chapter describes various treatment methods for PAH contaminated soils including: incineration, fixation, solvent extraction wet oxidation, landfill and bioremediation, but focuses more on bioremediation method and technology. Chapter nine deals with the Application of PAHs in Chemical Fingerprinting. It reviews various diagnostic ratios that are employed in determining source specific information for contaminated sites. The last five chapters focus on the analysis of PAHs which are very important. Without a proper measurement for the amount of PAHs in the environment we will not be able to assess their impact. Among the chapters that focus on the analysis of PAHs the first two deal with pre analysis which are extraction and sample preparation. The others deal with PAH analytical techniques such as high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Various chapters of this book were written by several scientists who have good experience in the field hence combining existing body of knowledge in the field with practical research findings. For instance, Dr. Mark Carls and Dr. Jeep Rice wrote on embryotoxicity which is mainly a result of their several years of study at NOAA Alaska. Prof. Philip Marrriot and his coauthors in their chapter on GC analysis of PAHs gave a great insight on the result of their research using GCxGC which they have been working on at Australian Centre for Research on Separation Sciences. Dr. Arbabi and his coauthors gave an insight on their research on bioremediation of PAHs in Iran. Dr. Hansen s chapter on Biomakers of PAHs exposure (coauthored by some of her colleagues) is a result of several years of research at the National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Denmark. Toxicity, genotocity and Carcinogenicity of PAHs written by Dr. Delia of National Institute of Occupational Safety and Prevention, Rome had a slant of her research and findings on PAH contamination over several years. The chapter on sample preparation was written by Dr. Marvin of Environment Canada who has been involved in PAH research at the agency for some years. Prof. John Hardley and his coauthors wrote on PAH extraction which is the core of their research. Dr. Said of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Egypt gave a good insight on the effect of PAH contamination on marine life in the world with more emphasis on the Red Sea. Prof. Gonzalez and his colleagues gave an overview based on extensive experience on HPLC analysis of PAHs, while Prof. Chang of Taiwan National University (and his coauthors) explored all the relevant issues in PAH analysis using MECC. Prof. Coker and I reviewed the extensive literature on Toxicokinetics of PAHs and Structure Activity Relationship of the compounds. This book is certainly not exhaustive but all the chapters were written with sufficient relevant and recent references to help both advanced and intermediate audience get deeper insight on the subject. There are a number of materials on PAHs which have played important role in this book. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Ronald G. Harvey has been of great importance and provided initial reading for the first chapter of this book. I thank very much Prof. Zhendi Wang, who even though was not able to contribute to this book nominated a number of authors. Over these years of my research on PAHs, a number of people have played outstanding and prominent role, among them are Prof. Herbert Coker of University of Lagos and Prof. Pete Palmer of San Francisco State University. I thank very much Prof. Vincent Anigbogu, formerly at Clarke Atlanta University who was part of the initial plan for this book and who has encouraged and given important inputs throughout this period. Dr. Cornelius Uboh of University of Pennsylvania gave some useful insight for the book. I thank very much my colleagues at the University of Lagos especially Dr. Biodun Ayoola who read through some of the chapters and provided her kind input. I also wish to express my gratitude to some other scientists at the University of Lagos who are also seriously engaged in PAHs research namely Dr. Kehinde Olayinka and Prof. Babajide Alo, and so many colleagues and students with whom I have discussed this project.